Direction Of Philosophy Research Articles

The Viola Music of Yevhen Stankovych as a Phenomenon of Composer`s Creation

Instrumental music occupies one of the leading positions in the Ye. Stankovych’s creativity – great connoisseur of the orchestra and the leading composer-symphonist of modern Ukraine. He makes excellent use of his knowledge not only in orchestral and chamber-instrumental works, but also in solo – mainly instrumental concertos. Viola compositions occupy a special position among them. This fact is directly indicated by the personal attitude of Ye. Stankovych – both of his viola concertos were included to the programs of his anniversary evenings in 2002 and 2007. The lack of comprehensive research of his viola works determines the obvious relevance and scientific novelty of our article. Its main objective is to create an integral panorama of composer’s viola music and determine the dramatic role of viola’s solo in his scores.The research methodology is represented by a complex of various methods, among which especially important are: historical and biographical (applied during the study of the circumstances of viola works creation); structural and intonational analysis (during musicological analysis of music), as well as comparative (when comparing them with each other).The results of the research. The analytical section of the article includes all viola compositions written by composer: «Concerto No. 1 for viola and orchestra»; «The highland legend» for viola and piano (orchestra); «Symphony-concerto for viola and orchestra», «Chamber Symphony No. 15 for viola and chamber orchestra». The author studies the history of the creation and subsequent concert life of these opuses, as well as their compositional structure and features of instrumental embodiment. Particular attention is paid to the way, in which Ye. Stankovych uses the capabilities of the solo viola, interprets its timbre. It was found that the uniqueness and exceptional richness of the timbre palette of this instrument, which in the world music history the most often associated with compositions of philosophical direction, is maximally revealed by the composer and, obviously, attracts him with its unlimited possibilities for embodying such imagery, key to his style.Based on this, the conclusions focus on the fact, that viola personifies the own voice of the composer, his personal thoughts and experiences. It is also said about the significance of this article – it can serve as a basis for further researches and draw more attention to the considered works.

New Media Business Philosophy in Conditions of Mass Media Convergence

The article discusses the problems of new media business philosophy in conditions of mass media convergence. The main directions of philosophy of modern media business are considered. The choice of a way is defined: accurate information reflection of reality or information monetization. It is established that with the advent and development of various types of media, different models of mass media business philosophy were transformed, which were formed in the first half of the 20th century. However, the process of mass media convergence that began at the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century led to global changes not only at all stages of creation to distribution of content but also in the search for other models for the development of the media business philosophy. This article analyzes the philosophy of innovative models for financing media business in conditions of mass media convergence. The empirical base of the research was made up of materials from online publications, reviews of the media markets in Russia and the world, as well as the results of interviews with the experts interviewed on the topic of the monetization philosophy of media business in terms of convergence. The authors identified the following models of media business philosophy in conditions of mass media convergence: 1) product range expansion – sale of content and other goods; 2) data transactions – sale of received data and their visualization; 3) material optimization on space and time – cost reduction by eliminating waste. The considered models of new media business philosophy for the development of the media business in conditions of mass media convergence can only be viewed as additional sources of financing in the 21st century.

Philosophy as transformative practice: a proposal for a new concept of philosophy that better suits philosophy education


 
 
 The source of the following considerations is the observation that academic philosophy at universities does not fit well with philosophy education processes, e.g., those at school. Both sides seem to be separate from each other. I assume that the two areas rely on two very different concepts of philosophy. To work out a concept of philosophy more appropriate to the educational context, I methodically apply the practical turn to our philosophising in very different contexts. Moreover, I elaborate that it is precisely the modern scientific paradigm that underlies philosophy as scientific practice and that the former represents a problematic con-striction of philosophising in educational contexts. For where the ideal is objective scientific knowledge — from which everything subjective has been removed — there can be no deeper transformation of the subject through philosophy. My thesis is that philosophy is better suited to the educational context as transformative and not as scientific practice. As a consequence, the question arises as to whether the study of philosophy on teacher training courses needs a new impulse in the direction of philosophy as transformative practice.
 
 

ГЕРМЕНЕВТИКА Х.-Г. ГАДАМЕРА ЯК ФІЛОСОФІЯ МОВИ

The sequential development of H.-G. Gadamer philosophical doctrine of language as the basis of its philosophical hermeneutics. The various stages of representations of the language are analyzed in connection with the criticism of the instrumental approach and understanding of the language as the foundation of historical discourse and poetic creativity. The latter is considered as the pre-reflexive basis of the language, a fundamental expression of its essence. Moreover, artistic experience is presented as a procedure for knowing the truth, to the extent that this experience contains understanding, it itself is a hermeneutical phenomenon.The linguistic turn, which marked one of the turning points in the development of modern philosophy, led to the formulation of a fundamentally new question about the essence of language. We are, of course, not talking about some kind of planned event or about any single process that coincides in its characteristics, or is something close to different philosophical directions. It is difficult to say how correctly it is to compare interest in language within the framework of linguistic philosophy and the phenomenological school, in the framework of which the development of hermeneutics took place.The latter, from a method that was essentially intended to serve historical-philological and religious discourse, hermeneutics has evolved into an independent philosophical discipline that reflects the very essence of metaphysical issues. First of all, this change is connected with the development of the phenomenological tradition, and especially with the works of M. Heidegger, who was able to free hermeneutics from the excessive influence of theories of language and to base it on metaphysical inquiry. This, of course, does not mean that the language itself has been given to philosophical oblivion; it is only a matter of changing the accents and research attitudes.This task, in our opinion, was set and largely solved by H.-G. Gadamer, in any case, if we accept his theoretical assumption about the transcendence of the meaning of the interpreter.Gadamer interprets the hermeneutic phenomenon very broadly, in which he sees the integral unity of the three aspects – understanding, interpretation and application. Gadamer argues for their inseparability, an actual identity: understanding is always an interpretation and always implies an application of what is to be understood. The concept of application in Gadamer outlines the limits of the phenomenon to be interpreted and establishes the fact that all phenomena of spiritual culture in a particular situation must be understood differently.

ГЕРМЕНЕВТИЧНА ІНТЕРПРЕТАЦІЯ ЯК ПОРЯДОК ДИСКУРСУ

The modern philosophical hermeneutics is considered in the context of ideas about the transformation of discursive practices and their influence on the formation of philosophical theories. Hermeneutics as a theory of understanding and interpretation itself acts as a family of discursive strategies, conditionally combined into a single whole and representing a new type of communication with the primary source of philosophical knowledge, which is especially important for understanding its individual components. The relationship of philosophical hermeneutics with the philosophy of language and the theoretical uncertainty of the most important elements of hermeneutic discourse are shown. In this article, we combine the idea of philosophical hermeneutics, as it developed in German philosophy of the XIX-XX centuries. with the notion that every philosophical theory, not to mention philosophical directions, develops, establishes a new, own order of discourse and that it is philosophical hermeneutics that is this new order that is somehow present in all directions of twentieth-century philosophy without exception: phenomenology, analytical philosophy, Marxism, psychoanalysis, etc. This interpretive discourse penetrates the flesh and blood of modern philosophy, being its quintessence and main motive.One can imagine the space of interpretation as a certain common space of the collective unconscious in which each interpreter, as a dreamer, moves along its own path, i.e. this interpreter’s dream is something larger, larger than what each of us sees in a dream. Then the figure of the coordinator, meta- interpreter, moderator, standing above individual interpretations, arises or becomes in demand.For all its ambiguity and vagueness of its theoretical foundations, philosophical hermeneutics undoubtedly seeks to constitute itself as a discursive norm, absorbing and subjugating all other speech practices. This allows us to talk about the hermeneutic paradigm of modern philosophy, the ideal of discourse, developing since antiquity and finding its embodiment and resolution in a wide range of modern philosophical theories. In a certain sense, one can speak of hermeneutics as a specific agent that penetrates into the very depths of interpretation schemes and methodologies. Perhaps this position of hermeneutics may cause criticism and suspicions of inescapable totality and peculiar repressiveness if the very nature of hermeneutic discourse did not contradict this point of view. Hermeneutics, by definition, opposes any violence against interpreted material, striving to reflect the whole spectrum of possible meanings and definitions.

Гра як міждисциплінарний феномен науки (філософський аспект)

Актуальність. Філософське осмислення гри є важливим аспектом її міждисциплінарних досліджень, який сприяє всебічному й ґрунтовному вивченню цього наукового феномену, уможливлює ефективне використання його потенцій у різних сферах життєдіяльності людини. Визнання гри глобальним й універсальним явищем, невід’ємною складовою частиною життя означає, що будь-які перетворення та зміни в життєдіяльності кожної людини прямо чи опосередковано співвідносяться з ігровим чинником. Мета роботи – розкрити основні положення філософського напряму міждисциплінарних досліджень гри. Методи дослідження – аналіз, синтез та узагальнення наукової інформації з проблеми дослідження, навчально-методичної літератури й Інтернет-джерел. Результати роботи. Логіка пізнання ігрового феномену веде до синтезу наук, котрі його вивчають, формуючи таким чином взаємозв’язаний комплекс наукових уявлень щодо гри як цілісної різноманітної системи. Гра розкриває єдність динамічного зв’язку людини й світу. Вона уможливлює зустріч та осягнення іншого співбуття, через яке відбувається пізнання себе. Унікальність ігрового буття зумовлена здатністю людини осмислювати світ, можливістю надавати певний сенс речам, подіям, явищам. Сутність гри становлять правила й порядок, які утворюють ігровий простір. Головним у грі є не сама ігрова ціль чи завдання, а динамічність цього процесу, що визначає шляхи й способи її реалізації. Висновки. Гра як міждисциплінарний феномен науки є всеосяжним інтегративним чинником існування людини та пізнання нею навколишнього світу й самої себе. Філософія розглядає гру світоглядною категорією, за допомогою якої формується розуміння природи світу та людської сутності, здійснюється пошук сенсу життя. Гра виступає фундаментальною характеристикою буття, універсальним механізмом реалізації всього сущого, а ігрова діяльність є дієвим способом поєднання свободи та необхідності, безперервного й дискретного, сталого та перемінного. Синтезуючи минуле й майбутнє, відоме з незнайомим, ігровий феномен дає змогу можливе перетворити в реальне.

POSTMODERNISM AS A METHODOLOGY OF MODERN SEMANTIC WARS

Problem setting. The information war is not a united one, it includes three different aspects - the information and technical war (aimed at cyber resources), the information and psychological war (designing to make an opponent decide in the way necessary for an attacking side) and the semantic war. Researchers note that, in contrast to others, the semantic war has far goals that lie even beyond the limits of the life of a generation. Unlike facts that are constantly changing, meanings remain valid for a long time as they reflect the model of the world. The semantic war deals with interpretations based on the existing model of the world. Interpretation processes, being more complex, become more important than just informational ones.Thus, the problem of searching for the methodological foundations of conducting semantic confrontation, changing the value system, and the world picture of the general public of the society is becoming more and more topical.Recent research and publications analysis. The issues of certain aspects of semantic wars are in the centre of attention of such researchers as Yu. Gromyko, A. Dzholos, R. Marutyan, A. Pelin, G. Pocheptsov, Yu. Solomonov and others. However, the methodology of semantic warfare remains insufficiently studied although this can help freely “enter” the “territory of meanings” of the victim of aggression, change the value system, and the picture of the world.Paper objective. The goal of this paper is to clear up the methodological foundations of modern semantic wars.Paper main body. The article attempts to determine the methodology of modern semantic wars. It is justified that postmodernism is one of the methodologies that can be used to explain the phenomenon of semantic weapons. Postmodernist discourse greatly differs from other philosophical directions in terms of topics, conceptual apparatus, and ideological foundations, especially in the context of the formation of a modern information society.It is determined that several basic ideas can be distinguished within the postmodern discourse, these ideas being successfully used in the present semantic confrontations.First, this is the textualization of the world. The world should be understood as a text. Second, since everything is understood as a text, the subject exists within the text. Moreover, the subject is absorbed by the text. A person appears as a set of different identities that are tied to one or another local-cultural condition or socio-political context. Third, postmodernism is characterized by disillusionment with the ideals of the Enlightenment. In particular, the Reason is not believed in any more, causal relationships and absolute values are denied. Fourth, the postmodernist discourse is principally anti-fundamental, it is not interested in substantial unity and ultimate (metaphysical) causes but in decentralized, scattered sets - differences. Fifth, an important place in the modern postmodern discourse belongs to the theory of simulacrum.A simulacrum is a product of simulation, which replaces the real world with an imaginary one but which is more acceptable for a person as a real one. A simulacrum produces (simulates) a similarity but only as an external effect. Its internal principle is the difference, due to which it eludes of identity, similarity, likeness. It destroys the sample and multiplies the copies so that it is not possible any longer to tell where the copy is and where the original is. Simulacra give rise to the phenomenon of masses. Masses are defined as the silent majority, a black hole absorbing social aspects. The masses gravitate toward a physical and static form, which is simultaneously non-social and supra-social.Conclusions of the research. It is concluded that postmodernism brings about new ways of understanding social and political reality since it offers own type of rationality. Based on the postmodern discourse, a characteristic basic semantic toolkit arises as a feature of semantic wars: the simulation, that is the creation of simulacra – missing reality images that lack originality and that are superficial, hyper-realistic objects that do not have any reality behind them; reinterpretation of events and phenomena of reality; the coverage of not just one segment of the population but the general public; more interest that does not focus on a fact but on its rethinking, the creation of an apparatus for rejecting own “incorrect” interpretations.

Polycultural Phenomenology

The paper deals with the issue of the phenomenological foundations of polyculturalism on the basis of the categories of the following concepts: multi-layer being, concretization, intentionality, life world, and epoché. A comparison of phenomenology with eastern psychotechnics allows us to stress the importance of Husserl’s break with the tradition of speculative philosophy. Phenomenology is a pure experience of selfobservation. Such a radical intellectual position is similar to that of yoga and Buddhism which is also built after breaking with past traditions. They all reformat the cultural shell in order to reset and justify the experience of transcendental meditation. The achievement of the phenomenology lies not only in its reformist direction in philosophy, but also in that it solves the problem of overcoming the crisis of social sciences in Europe due to breaking the deadlock of speculative philosophy and positivism. Its universal value is in the development of cross-cultural research methodology, with the help of which such systems as Vedanta, yoga, Buddhism and phenomenology itself can be in a single intersubjective field.
 Keywords: phenomenology of culture, phenomenology of education, multiculturalism, Husserl, life world.

PHILIPPE GRANDRIEUX’S TRANSVERSAL CINEMA

The article deals with the examination of philosophical reflections as to the interrelation of a film and philosophy. The purpose of article is to research the anthropological aspects of various directions in philosophy of cinema forming from the beginning of the XXI century. The presented research will also help to designate the feature of the articulation of “human body/visual image” in the modern philosophical and culturology conceptions. The examination of philosophy of cinema of the end of the beginning of the XXI century allows allocating of several strategies for understanding the subject “a body and image”. These strategies of philosophical anthropology of cinema do not present integrally all possible directions of conceptualization of the interrelation of an affect and image in Grandrieux’s films. Yet, the given schemes have drawn the basic configurations of dispositives, which distribute the economy of the human/animal, natural/artificial, inherent/cultural, human/technical. The specified strategies are evident not only in various philosophical conceptions, but also in theoretical research of cinema, which deal with the studies of the subject “a transversal and film”. In a number of modern philosophical conceptions, the transversal concept is defined even more broadly and is corresponded to the concept of actual. The transversal in Grandrieux’s films is an extension of the visual turn and is one of the most important tendencies of hot cognition. Therefore, in the philosophy of the beginning of the XXI century the interpretation of Grandrieux’s films is used in three nominal deuce: 1) image and affect; 2) dispositive and transversal; 3) vision and touch. These strategies of reconstruction of Grandrieux’s films do not present integrally all possible.

Концептуальное осмысление политической, национальной и религиозной безопасности в западной политической и философской науке

The article is devoted to the analysis of the security philosophy formation, the central concept of which is security, differently understood by different philosophical directions. The purpose of the study is the need to analyze the process of the security concept formation in the history of Western philosophy. To achieve the goal, a comparative analysis methodology was applied based on a cultural-historical approach associated with the procedures for analyzing philosophical texts on security issues. The novelty of the research is provided by the analysis of the evolution of ideas about security as a concept, the structure of which has expanded, gradually including the sphere of not only real, material, but also imaginable, spiritual security. The authors note that for a long time it was customary to talk about the phenomenon of security only in the aspect of substantiating the reasons for the unification of the population within the boundaries of state formations. However, under the influence of Christian ideology, security began to be understood as a person’s inner experience of his spiritual state. At the same time, the actualization of the concept of “unity” within the framework of the national states of the New Age led to the development of the idea of national security, the accumulation of knowledge about which served as the beginning of a wide range of ideas about economic, cultural, legal and personal security formation. Now security has been understood as a system of measures within which definitions of protection and preservation, the state and the local group, material goods and spiritual interests, real and imaginary danger are divided

Islamic perspective on the social cataclysms in the history of Kazakhstan (on the example of the heritage of the school “Zar zaman”)

The texts of traditional poetry «Zar zaman» («the era of sorrow») are a special reflection of the pessimistic, anti-colonial and religious sentiments of the Kazakhs in connection with the negative perception in the collective memory of the colonial system of the Russian Empire on the territory of Kazakhstan. These samples of poetry, which illustrate the Islamic self-consciousness of educated Kazakhs, such as the poets Shortanbai, Dulat, Murat, and others, remained insufficiently studied during the Soviet period. Although over the years of political Independence in Kazakhstan, an objective study of this topic has begun, but in the available studies, a philological approach prevails, and the connection with Islam is not considered. The spiritual heritage of the Kazakh school «Zar zaman» requires deep interdisciplinary research. It is not excluded that they can be used as alternative historical sources in the study of issues of religion, ethnic consciousness and culture of Kazakhs. In these works, created by the Kazakh poets of a religious and philosophical direction that are opposed to the political regime, a peculiar Kazakh historical self-consciousness is reflected, an interesting interpretation of the civilizational conflict between the empire and the nomads is given. At the same time, the general characteristic of the “Zar zaman” school is regret and lamentation over the fact of political defeat from tsarism and the moral degradation of the people in the spirit of the religious and eschatological ideas of Sharia and Sufism. The poetry texts “Zar zaman” are interesting in the context of the discourse on Kazakh Islamic identity related to the 19th century, since the assessment of social cataclysms in them is given in accordance with one of the main plots of the Muslim worldview - the expectation of the End of the World (“Akyr zaman”).

Intersubjective aspects of the social communication process in Plekhanov's Marxist analysis

The article deals with the correlation of transformations of social processes and their reflection in the social theory of philosophy. Comparative analysis of the classical form of Marxism and the concept of G.V. Plekhanov as a representative of ‘Russian’ Marxism reveals differences in the interpretation of the main methodological principle — the principle of materialistic understanding of history. According to the research hypothesis, there are existential characteristics found in G.V. Plekhanov’s Marxism in the interpretation of the essence of social subject. The paper reveals the intersubjective nature of social subject, which is considered in the concept of G.V. Plekhanov as the main driving force in history. It is shown that «Russian» Marxism is always demarcated from the position of economic determinism. In this context, an attempt is made to minimize the risk of social analysis losing its effectiveness in the existing philosophical directions of thought. The paper proves the leading role of the principle of materialistic understanding of history in modern social analysis. The analysis of modern social relations allows us to note high relevance of studying the essence of social subject. The author emphasizes the contradictory nature of human inclusion in society, which, in the context of the difficult geopolitical situation in the world and globalization of communication flows, acquires the status of a problem of individual peoples’ culture security. In this context, the importance of analyzing the existential characteristics of social subject is noted. The main characteristics of the productive forces of society as a source of social stability are formulated in order to minimize the risk of massization of social subject. The research results can be applied both in the subsequent analysis of the specifics of Russian philosophical thought and in the theoretical consideration of the social relations dynamics and the logic of history.

Structures of experience and philosophical analysis in the phenomenology of Giovanni Piana

A contribution discussing Giovanni Piana’s phenomenology implies—for those who have been his pupils and have approached phenomenology through his teachings—a type of discourse in which biography and theoretical reflection intertwine. Why, in the early 1980s, was I struck not so much by phenomenology, of which there were a variety of versions, but by Piana’s interpretation thereof? This is a biographical question, no doubt, but one which, addressing a particular historical milieu as well as Piana’s interpretative distinctiveness, also allows us to focus on elements of some significance beyond their insignificant singularity. From this point of view, I believe that Piana embodied a powerful countertrend to what was the dominant, universally accepted, koiné. In particular, Piana’s investigations pointed to a different way to answer questions such as: ‘What does it mean to appeal to reason?’, ‘What does rational and philosophical analysis mean?’. Piana’s approach to these questions, indeed, differs from that of hermeneutics, post-structuralism, and analytic philosophy, namely from that of the so-called linguistic turn. In this paper, I sketch the general constellation of problems with which a young philosophy student was confronted in the early 1980s, and then discuss the specificity of the philosophical direction outlined by Piana.

Primary health care policy and vision for community pharmacy and pharmacists in Australia

There is evidence that the Australian Government is embracing a more integrated approach to health, with implementation of initiatives like primary health networks (PHNs) and the Government’s Health Care Homes program. However, integration of community pharmacy into primary health care faces challenges, including the lack of realistic integration in PHNs, and in service and remuneration models from government. Ideally, coordinated multidisciplinary teams working collaboratively in the community setting are needed, where expanding skills are embraced rather than resisted. It appears that community pharmacy is not sufficiently represented at a local level. Current service remuneration models encourage a volume approach. While more complex services and clinical roles, with associated remuneration structures (such as, accredited pharmacists, pharmacists embedded in general practice and residential aged care facilities) promote follow up, collaboration and integration into primary health care, they potentially marginalize community pharmacies. Community pharmacists’ roles have evolved and are being recognized as the medication management experts of the health care team at a less complex level with the delivery of MedChecks, clinical interventions and medication adherence services. More recently, vaccination services have greatly expanded through community pharmacy. Policy documents from professional bodies highlight the need to extend pharmacy services and enhance integration within primary care. The Pharmaceutical Society of Australia’s Pharmacists in 2023 report envisages pharmacists practising to full scope, driving greater efficiencies in the health system. The Pharmacy Guild of Australia’s future vision identifies community pharmacy as health hubs facilitating the provision of cost-effective and integrated health care services to patients. In 2019, the Australian Government announced the development of a Primary Health Care 10-Year Plan which will guide resource allocation for primary health care in Australia. At the same time, the Government has committed to conclude negotiations on the 7th Community Pharmacy Agreement (7CPA) with a focus on allowing pharmacists to practice to full scope and pledges to strengthen the role of primary care by better supporting pharmacists as primary health care providers. The 7CPA and the Government’s 10-year plan will largely shape the practice and viability of community pharmacy. It is essential that both provide a philosophical direction and prioritize integration, remuneration and resources which recognize the professional contribution and competencies of community pharmacy and community pharmacists, the financial implications of service roles and the retention of medicines-supply roles.

Развитие гендерных исследований в мире и в Азербайджане

The large-scale development of gender research in the world took place in the 1960s. These studies in the post-Soviet space made serious changes in the world view, philosophy and social knowledge, which experienced a deep crisis after the collapse of the Marxist-Leninist methodology. In philosophy, a new era of postmodernism began, in which gender studies, along with synergy, ecology, a culture of peace and other non-classical directions, laid the foundations for the newest directions of knowledge. The development of the «second nature» - culture until today permanently carries out the process of segregation of women and men, establishing temporary norms of their behavior, consolidating certain values, in general worldviews of the two sexes, which differ significantly from each other, sometimes reaching a polar opposite. In this regard, gender relationships and roles often fit into the pattern of binary opposition, widely represented in historical types of knowledge, in different social and humanitarian sciences. In this context, it is possible to imagine an initial, somewhat simplified definition of gender, which should be understood as the scientific and philosophical direction of research into the totality and characteristics of the behaviour, roles and values of men and women in each particular society. The paper attempts to reconstruct the nodal moments of history, theory, methodology and practice of gender philosophy development in the world and Azerbaijan. The method of research in the article is selected historical and philosophical analysis. The scientific novelty consists in reconstruction of the stages of transformation of world feminism into gender research, summing up the results of the first stage of gender research development in Azerbaijan and determining the essential features of its second stage. The author believes that the first phase, which was educational and feminist, has now been completed. On the basis of the analysis undertaken, it is stated that the forthcoming second stage in Azerbaijan will involve a shift to a gender approach and a study of men ‘s issues, with a view to determining the necessary procedures for the establishment of true gender equality.

What Is Hermeneutic Philosophy?

The aim of this article is to characterize hermeneutic philosophy in a manner that differs from the usual attempts at defining this philosophical direction, especially in German philosophy, that is by referencing traditional hermeneutics. I would like to propose expounding its characteristics not in a historical, but theoretical manner. This task involves analysing the place of hermeneutic philosophy among other tendencies in contemporary philosophy as well as showcasing the advantages of its way of philosophizing. The article does not discuss issues related to this philosophy such as its limitations and unilaterality.

Philosophical aspects of literary-critical creative work of I.B. Rodnyanskaya

In most literary and critical articles of I. Rodnyanskaya, regardless of the originally chosen topic, the reasoning affects the laws of human nature in general. The explanation of this sustained interest in the philosophical aspect can be found in Rodnyanskaya’s methodological guidelines, namely in the commitment to the direction chosen by V. S. Solovyov in literary criticism. The essence of this approach is to correlate observations on the aesthetic side of the works with the truth in the highest sense of the concept. Solovyov’s method is evaluated positively, because he managed to point out the absence of contradictions between the careful study of the artistic aspect and the reading of the text from a philosophical perspective. The purpose of this article is identifying patterns that indicate the impact of creativity Solovyov on the methodology of literary criticism Rodnyanskaya in general and poetics of articles in particular. Referring to the literary and critical work of Solovyov, it is possible to comprehend goals of Rodnyanskaya herself. Close attention to the one of the sixties’s philosophical criticism suggests: in the era of the Thaw in literary criticism revived philosophical direction.

The Realistic Genre and its Development in World Literature

Realism is a way of expressing life through images in accordance with real events and events. Realism strives to embrace reality with all its contradictions, given the literature itself and its role as a means of knowing the outside world, giving the writer the opportunity to reflect on all aspects of life. In the literature based on the method of realism, the principle of describing reality is a priority. Consequently, the literature of Realism is the highest stage in the development of world literature. Realism (Latin realis - material, real) is a philosophical direction. According to him, the reality outside the consciousness consists of the existence of ideal objects (Plato, medieval scholasticism) or objects of cognition, which are not related to the subject matter, process or experience.Realism and realistic features of the world literature is on the point of the article to be discussed about.

The Notebooks of Alexander Skryabin by Nicholls Simon (review)

REVIEWS 781 Nicholls, Simon and Pushkin, Michael (trans). The Notebooks of Alexander Skryabin. Annotations and commentary by Simon Nicholls. Foreword by Vladimir Ashkenazy. Oxford University Press, Oxford and New York, 2018. xxi + 263 pp. Illustrations. Notes. Biographical Notes. Bibliography. Index. £53.00. Amidwarandrevolution,admirersofcomposerAleksandrSkriabin(1872–1915) compiled his philosophical notebooks from fragmentary sketches, preserving a creative world threatened by oblivion after his untimely death. Published in Russian in 1919, the mystical striving and thirst for unity expressed in these notebooks found little resonance within the newly formed Soviet state. Meanwhile, English-language scholarship was until recently dominated by Faubion Bowers’s unreliable biography of Skriabin (1969/1996), which luxuriated in an exoticized image of the composer as an extreme solipsist with delusions of godhood. In contrast to this caricatured image, music theorists tended to divorce study of the composer’s music from his cultural context and philosophical views (Baker, 1986). While recent studies have offered a more nuanced reading of the composer by situating his music and ideas within the historical context of the Russian Silver Age (Taruskin, 1997; Morrison, 2002; Gawboy, 2010; Smith, 2013; Mitchell, 2015; Ballard/Bengtson, 2017), Nicholls and Pushkin’s translation of Scriabin’s philosophical notebooks finally makes the composer’s meditations available in their entirety for an English-language audience. The task of this volume ‘is to present as clearly and fully as possible the documents that record the development of [Skriabin’s] world view’ (p. 1). Because any detailed analysis of the eclectic range of influences on the composer would threaten to be disjointed, Nicholls provides a brief overview as a launching point for scholars, musicians and audiences to delve deeper into the composer’s creative world. In his carefully crafted introduction and commentary, Nicholls contextualizes key concepts within Skriabin’s worldview , including the mystical calling for art to spiritually unify humanity, the apocalyptic expectation of a new era to be sparked by artistic creation, ecstasy as the basis of artistic creation, and the dual equation of the individual self with the divine principle and the artist’s creative work with the creation of the cosmos (p. 4). Skriabin’s philosophical directions creatively synthesized German idealism, Eastern philosophy (read largely through the prism of Russian émigré Helena Blavatskii’s theosophical writings), and contemporary trends in Russian Silver Age thought. Nicholls highlights the importance of religious philosopher Vladimir Solov´ev’s ideas about the theurgic power of art and their reception amongst Russian Symbolist poets (particularly Viacheslav Ivanov, Valerii Briusov and Konstantin Bal´mont), as well as other members of the cultural elite whose career paths intertwined with Skriabin (Boris Shletser, SEER, 97, 4, OCTOBER 2019 782 Leonid Sabaneev, Mikhail Gershenzon). Particular aspects of the Russian intellectual tradition with relevance for Skriabin’s creative world-view are highlighted, including an emphasis on feeling over thought, the ‘Russian idea’ (the claim that Russia has some unique spiritual task to fulfil in world history) and the importance of the concept of ‘unity’ (edinstvo). The heart of the book is a translation of the 1919 Russian-language publication of Skriabin’s notebooks alongside selected additional texts illustrating the composer’s evolving creative world. Many of the translated texts are fragmentary, representing less a well-reasoned world-view than a series of creative explorations. After a naive celebration of Orthodox Christian faith at age 16 (p. 49), a number of poetic texts and a libretto for an unfinished opera demonstrate an embrace of a Nietzschean world-view in which art is celebrated as a source of triumph over the sufferings of the physical world (pp. 50–61). These are followed by philosophical musings on questions of experience, knowledge, striving, the essence of space and time, ecstasy, creativity and the place of individual consciousness (pp. 61–115). Following this are two poetic texts with direct connection to musical works: the ‘Poem of Ecstasy’ (related to the symphonic work of the same name) (pp. 115–25) and ‘The Preliminary Action’ (the composition that Skriabin was working on at the end of his life) (pp. 125–73). Also included are excerpts from several letters and texts that shed further light on Skriabin’s philosophical development (pp. 231–44). Nicholls and Pushkin’s...

Research on Hegel’s View of Practice

The discussion on practice has a long tradition in the history of Western philosophy. However, from Marx, practical philosophy has began a special research of direction of philosophy. Marxist philosophy has realized the revolution of philosophy history with its view of practical activity. But as far as the concept of practice is concerned, it is Hegel’s view of practice that is fully discussed and can be used as a source of Marxist philosophy of practice. Hegel takes free will as the essence of man, and the practice of rational choice itself is not only a manifestation of freedom, but also a manifestation of the whole essence of man. Therefore, Hegel’s practice not only contains theory, but also manifests through intermediary.