Direct Route Research Articles

SINGLE CROSS-BORDER FREE ROUTE AIRSPACE CONCEPT IN THE ASEAN REGION

Single Cross-Border Free Route Airspace (FRA) represents the ultimate long-term idealistic routing rules allowing airspace users freely plan a route in en-route airspace, which is not immediately possible from the administrative and technological point of view. In Single Cross-Border FRA, the whole ASEAN airspace is treated as a single-large FRA where all 12 Flight Information Regions (FIRs) implement FRA, with direct routing between the entry (horizontal entry into FIR or end of Standard Instrument Departure Route, SID) and the exit (horizontal exit from FIR or beginning of Standard Arrival Route, STAR). Single Cross-Border FRA is the most fuel-efficient reference that we could ever reach in the future.All otherhypothetical routing rules fall between the Single Cross-Border FRA and those hypo-thetical routing rules in terms of fuel efficiency. In this paper, we described the potential in fuel efficiency (or benefit achievement scaling) with refer-ence to this ultimate basic fuel requirement and scaled the excess fuel with different routings. We evaluated the fuel burn with a fast-time simulation (FTS) in 12 different scenarios (3 traffic volume levels × 4 routing scenarios). As for the traffic volume scenarios, we simulated 1-day of commercial ASEAN flight schedule data of 3 traffic volume levels (100%, 150%, and 200% of pre-COVID19 traffic volume). As for four routing scenarios with increasing levels of directness: conventional Air Traffic Service route network (ATS) (R1), hypothetical Several-Small FRA route network (R2), Single Cross-Border FRA route network with Danger Areas (R3) and Single Cross-Border FRA network without Danger Areas (R4). Results showed that flight time, fuel burn, and distance travelled were less in R2, R3, and R4 than in R1. There was an average difference of 2.2% in flight time, 1.9% in fuel burn, and 2.2% in distance travelled from R1 to R4.

Interfacial synergistic catalysis of Cun single-cluster catalysts anchored on α-Al2O3(0001) for promoting hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol

The size-selected copper single-cluster catalysts(SCCs) play a crucial role in catalyzing of CO2 hydrogenation. However, nature of size effect and hydrogenation mechanism is still unclear. Here, Density functional theory(DFT) calculations were performed to investigate activation and reaction mechanism of CO2 hydrogenation to methanol over copper single-clusters catalyst anchored on α-Al2O3(0001). Our results show that Cun(n = 1–9)/Al2O3 catalysts significantly promote activation of CO2 in a bent configuration due to the synergistic interaction associated with Cun-Al2O3(0001) interfacial site. Bader charge analysis suggested electron transfer occurring from Cun-Al2O3(0001) interface to CO2, leading to negatively charged CO2. We find descriptors of deviation of CO2 bonds length and bonds angle, d-band center of Cun(n = 1–9) cluster that can well descript for determining activation degree of CO2. Especially, the Cu5/α-Al2O3(0001) has the best activity for CO2 hydrogenation among them. Furthermore, reaction mechanism of CO2 hydrogenation at Cu5/Al2O3 interface have been explored. Methanol synthesis takes formate route and direct CO bond cleavage route competitive with rate-dominant step of HCOO* and HO* hydrogenation, respectively. While CO-hydrogenation produced by RWGS route is not feasible because of high activation barrier of formed CO intermediate(1.95 eV). This study will provide insight into designing and application of ultrahigh-performance Cu-based single-cluster catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation.

An Analysis of Rainfall Characteristics and Rainfall Flood Relationships in Cities along the Yangtze River Based on Machine Learning: A Case Study of Luzhou

Cities along rivers are threatened by floods and waterlogging, and the relationship between rainstorms and floods is complex. The temporal and spatial distributions of rainstorms directly affect flood characteristics. The location of the rainstorm center determines the flood peaks, volumes, and processes. In this study, machine learning algorithms were introduced to analyze the rain–flood relationship in Luzhou City, Sichuan Province, China. The spatial and temporal patterns of rainstorms in the region were classified and extracted, and flood characteristics generated by various types of rainstorms were analyzed. In the first type, the center of the rainstorm was in the upper reaches of the Tuojiang River, and the resulting flood caused negligible damage to Luzhou. In the second type, the center of the rainstorm occurred in the Yangtze River Basin. Continuously high water levels in the Yangtze River, combined with local rainfall, supported urban drainage. In the third type, the rainstorm center occurred in the upper reaches of the Yangtze and Tuojiang rivers. During the flooding, rainfall from Yangtze River and Tuojiang River moved towards Luzhou together. The movement of the rainstorm center was consistent with the flood routing direction of the Yangtze and Tuojiang rivers, both of which continued to have high water levels. The flood risk is extremely high in this case, making it the riskiest rainfall process requiring prevention.

Wide tuning of epsilon-near-zero plasmon resonance in pulsed laser deposited ITO thin films

Oxygen vacancies in indium tin oxide (ITO) thin films provide a direct route to effectively tune the free electron density and thereby, controlling the epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) cut-off wavelength, the wavelength at which the real part of permittivity crosses zero of the permittivity axis. In this report, oxygen vacancies in pulsed laser deposited ITO thin films are systematically tuned using different background gases (O2, N2, Ar, and He). ENZ cut-offs are observed for the films deposited under He and Ar gases. In contrast, no such cut-offs are observed in the case of other two gases. An ITO thin film deposited under He gas exhibits deeper resonance signal than the one deposited under Ar gas. As expected, no such dip in the resonance spectra is observed for the films deposited under O2 and N2 gases. This observation is directly correlated to the change in the number of oxygen vacancies under different ambient gases. A modified transfer matrix method which incorporates surface roughness as an effective medium layer is developed to describe the experimentally observed resonance spectra numerically. Angular invariancy of ENZ plasmon resonance and the difference in absorption values for ITO films deposited under different gases is understood in terms of local field intensity enhancement factor. The study presented here will certainly be very useful in understanding the ENZ plasmon resonance phenomena as a whole. Additionally, ITO films deposited under an inert gas environment could be excellent material platforms for realizing several exotic ENZ applications.

A class of their own? Water-soluble polymer pollution impacting a freshwater host-pathogen system

While the inclusion of synthetic polymers such as primary microplastics within personal care products have been widely restricted under EU/UK Law, water-soluble polymers (WSPs) have so far slipped the net of global chemical regulation despite evidence that these could be polluting wastewater effluents at concentrations greatly exceeding those of microplastics. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) represent WSPs with common industry and household uses, down-the-drain disposal and a direct route to wastewater treatment plants, conveying high risk of environmental leaching into freshwater ecosystems. The current study is the first investigating the impacts of predicted environmental concentrations of these WSPs on life-history traits of two freshwater species also constituting a disease model (fish - Poecilia reticulata and parasite - Gyrodactylus turnbulli). Single effects of WSPs on fish as well as their interactive effects with infection of the ectoparasite were determined over a 45-day exposure. Generally, WSPs reduced fish growth and increased routine metabolic rate of fish implying a depleted energetic budget, however these effects were dose, exposure time and polymer dependent. Parasitic infection alone caused a significant reduction in fish growth and enhanced fish routine metabolic rate. In contrast, a non-additive effect on metabolic rate was evident in fish experiencing simultaneous infection and WSP exposure, suggesting a protective effect of the two WSPs for fish also exposed to a metazoan ectoparasite. Off-host parasite survival was significantly lowered by both WSPs; however, parasite counts of infected fish also exposed to WSP were not significantly different from the control, implying more complex mechanisms may underpin this stressor interaction. Distinct detrimental impacts were inflicted on both organisms implying environmental leaching of WSPs may be causing significant disruption to interspecies interactions within freshwater ecosystems. Additionally, these results could contribute to sustainable development in industry, as we conclude PVA represents a less harmful alternative to PVP.

Case Report: Prostate adenocarcinoma presented with inguinal lymph node metastasis

Prostate cancer has the highest chance of spreading to the bones. After pelvic and bone involvement, pulmonary metastases and extensive lymphadenopathy are expected consequences. Some men with prostate cancer develop symptomatic metastatic lung lesions and lymphadenopathy despite the absence of other signs of distant spread. Prostate cancer is exceedingly common and the leading cause of cancer in males. Prostate cancer patients with metastases account for half of all cases. In some cases, it occurs in the peritoneum but can also invade the surrounding structures, the bladder, seminal vesicles, and urinary sphincters. For example, we report the case of a 62-year-old man who presented to our hospital with inguinal swelling as his primary symptom. The patient has a history of constipation, burning micturition, and weight loss. The patient was advised of ultrasonography (U.S.G.) abdominonopelvic, which revealed enlarged, irregular, heterogeneous prostate and cystitis and multiple hepatic metastases. Also, there was a lobulated mass lesion in the inguinal canal. The most common spread occurs in bone and lymph nodes. It's uncommon to witness inguinal lymph node metastasis without pelvic lymphadenopathy or other metastasis. The spread occurs usually through a hematogenous, lymphatic, or direct route. Hence this one is a rare presentation. One possible explanation might be abnormal or aberrant lymphatic drainage of the prostate to the inguinal lymph node.

Isolation of (Aryl)-(Imino) Phosphide and (Aryl)-(Phosphaalkene) Amide Complexes of Alkali Metals from Carbene-Phosphinidenes under Reductive-Thermal Rearrangements.

Two-electron reduction of cyclic alkyl(amino) carbene (cAAC)-supported chloro-phosphinidene cAAC=P-Cl (1) followed by unprecedented thermal rearrangements afforded the alkali metal complexes of (aryl)-(cyclic alkyl(imino)) phosphides 3 a-3 c, 4 a-4 b through migration of the 2,6-diisopropylphenyl (dipp) group from N to the P centre, and the (aryl)-(cyclic alkyl(phosphaalkene)) amide 5 through cleavage of the CMe2 -N bond followed by energetically favoured 5-exo-tet ring-closure in the presence of the alkali metals Cs (3 a-3 c), K (4 a, 4 b), and Li (5). Compound 3 a was found to be photoluminescent (PL), emitting bright orange light under a laboratory UV lamp of wavelength 365 nm with PL quantum yield (ϕPL ) of 2.6 % (λem =600 nm), and an average lifetime (τ) of 4.8 μs. Reaction of 3 a with CuCl and AgOTf afforded (aryl)-(cyclic alkyl(imino)) phosphide-stabilized tetra-nuclear CuI (6), and octa-nuclear AgI (7) clusters, respectively. Moreover, complexes 3 a-3 c provided a direct route for the stabilization of cyclic alkyl(aminoboryl) phosphaalkenes 8 a-8 c when treated with 1-bromo-N,N,N',N'-tetraisopropylboranediamine.

Exploring the Limitations of Pedestrian Route Directness: A Correlation between Sensitivity and Radius Variability

Amid the growing emphasis on the environmental and health benefits of walking, enhanced network connectivity emerges as a significant determinant in promoting pedestrian activity, as proven by scholars statistically and theoretically. Recent academic endeavors have introduced metrics such as pedestrian route directness (PRD) to measure connectivity, which maps the directness of routes between critical origins and destinations of the urban layout. However, there have been concerns from scholars about the limitations of PRD in theory, especially its sensitivity to larger radii of analysis. Addressing this theoretical inconsistency, this paper employs Pearson’s correlation and linear regression analysis to explore the correlation between the radius of analysis and variance of results, the significance of this correlation for subsequent research, and the geographical context’s influence on metric selection. The findings have revealed an r-value of −0.82, suggesting a strong and negative correlation. Moreover, the p-value of 0.0003 demonstrates the significance of the correlation and the rejection of the null hypothesis. These results bridge the gap between theoretical discussions and empirical analysis, revealing that, as the analysis radius expands, the sensitivity of results diminishes. The findings of this study hold significant implications for policy development and regulation of PRD, offering crucial insights that particularly advance the field of street connectivity.

보육교사의 직무환경과 직무스트레스가 소진에 미치는 영향

Objectives The purpose of this study is to examine ow the job environment, job stress, and resilience level of childcare teachers affect the burnout of childcare teachers in direct or indirect routes.
 Methods To this end, data were collected by 227 childcare teachers working at daycare centers located across the country and a survey. SPSS 22.0 program were used to find out the relationship among the variables. The cor-relation analysis, multiple regression analysis and verification of mediating effect were used.
 Results The burnout of childcare teachers showed a significant negative correlation with job environment, resil-ience, and a significant positive correlation with job stress. Job stress had a effect on burnout. The job environ-ment and job stress of childcare teachers had a indirect effect on burnout through resilience.
 Conclusions It was found that as childcare teachers positively perceived the job environment and received less job stress, resilience increased and burnout decreased. The results of this study can be utilized as a theoretical basis for teacher education, confirming the significance of multifaceted approaches to prevent burnout and pro-mote resilience among childcare teachers.

Mitigation of Sinkhole Attack in Dynamic Directional Routing for Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks

Mitigation of Sinkhole Attack in Dynamic Directional Routing for Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks

Branched Porous Ni3N as a Catalytic Electrode for Selective Semidehydrogenation of Tetrahydroisoquinoline.

Oxygen evolution in electrochemical water splitting needs a high overpotential that significantly reduces the energy efficiency. To explore an alternative anodic reaction to promote the production of hydrogen at the other end of water splitting and at the same time to get high-value-added chemicals is highly desirable. Herein, we demonstrate a novel branched porous Ni3N catalyst that is prepared for dehydrogenation of tetrahydroisoquinoline, which acts as an anodic oxidation reaction to promote H2 formation on the other end. Interestingly, the Ni3N catalytic electrode can induce effective semidehydrogenation with the selective formation of dihydroisoquinoline, which is difficult to be obtained by the usual direct synthesis route. The catalytic electrode exhibits a low potential of 1.55 V (vs RHE) for a catalytic current density of 61 mA cm-2 with dehydrogenation of tetrahydroisoquinoline and hydrogen production. In situ Raman spectra studies suggest that NiOOH is formed on the electrode surface, which mediates the oxidation semidehydrogenation process. This work also provides a strategy to fabricate nitride materials for applications beyond selective semidehydrogenation of tetrahydroisoquinoline.

Examining Dynamics of Emerging Nipah Viral Infection with Direct and Indirect Transmission Patterns: A Simulation-Based Analysis via Fractional and Fractal-Fractional Derivatives

In this study, we examine the transmission dynamics of global Nipah virus infection under direct (human-to-human) and indirect (contaminated foods-to-human) transmission routes via the Caputo fractional and fractional-fractal modeling approaches. The model is vigorously analyzed both theoretically and numerically. The possible equilibrium points of the system and their existence are investigated based on the reproduction number. The model exhibits three equilibrium points, namely, infection-free, infected flying foxes free, and endemic. Furthermore, novel numerical schemes are derived for the models in fractional and fractal-fractional cases. Finally, an extensive simulation is conducted to validate the theoretical results and provide an impact of the model on the disease incidence. We believe that this study will help to incorporate such mathematical techniques to examine the complex dynamics and control the spread of such infectious diseases.

Dynamical analysis of an age-structured cholera transmission model on complex networks

Cholera is a water- and food-borne infectious disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. In this paper, we present a novel modeling framework to investigate the effect of infection age on cholera transmission in a heterogeneous population. Our model is constructed on a system with infection age on complex networks, including both direct and indirect transmission routes and demographics. The basic reproduction number R0 is derived as the spectral radius of the next generation operator, and it is verified that R0 is a sharp threshold that determines whether cholera becomes extinct or not. Numerical simulations are performed to confirm the theoretical results. Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis of the basic reproduction number to the parameters suggests that the implementation of effective drug treatment for infected individuals and the timely removal of pathogens from contaminated water are beneficial to control the spread of cholera.

Catalytic CO2 Conversion to C1 Chemicals over Single‐Atom Catalysts

AbstractCarbon dioxide, as an abundant and nontoxic C1 resource, can be extensively applied to produce C1 building blocks via direct and indirect routes. On account of the stable electronic structure and high activation energy of CO2, the most challenging problem of CO2 conversion is the rational design of low‐cost and efficient catalysts with attractive performance. Single‐atom catalysts (SACs) with atomically dispersed metal atoms, strong metal–support interaction, and tunable/unsaturated coordination environment offer a potential choice by achieving maximum atomic utilization and lowering the CO2 activation barrier. Furthermore, the geometric and electronic structure of SACs can be easily regulated by tuning the coordination environment of single atoms, which significantly affects their catalytic performance. In this review, therefore, a comprehensive review of thermocatalytic CO2 conversion to C1 chemicals over SACs is presented. Specifically, the physiochemical and electronic properties, synthesis methods, and characterization technologies are introduced. Thereafter, an overview of catalytic performance and mechanism of SACs is described during thermocatalytic CO2 conversion to C1 chemicals. Finally, the main limitations of current studies on CO2 conversion to C1 chemicals over SACs are summarized, and simultaneouslyperspectives on the future are proposed, in order to provide a guidance for decarbonizing the industries and cycling greenhouse gases.

Microbubble Intensification of Bioprocessing

Microbubbles are famed for their large surface area-to-volume ratio, with the promise of intensification of interfacial phenomena, highlighted by more rapid gas exchange. However, for bioprocessing, it has been recognised for many decades that surfactant-rich fermentation media hinders mass transfer and possibly other interfacial processes due to surfactant loading on the interface. This article focuses on the roles of microbubble size and bubble bank, dispersed microbubbles that are sufficiently small to be non-buoyant, in mediating other modes of interfacial transfer via collisions with microorganisms and self-assembled clusters of microorganisms and microbubbles. These provide a more direct route of mass transfer for product gases that can be released directly to the microbubble with ~104 faster diffusion rates than liquid mediated gas exchange. Furthermore, secreted external metabolites with amphoteric character are absorbed along the microbubble interface, providing a faster route for liquid solute transport than diffusion through the boundary layer. These mechanisms can be exploited by the emerging fields of symbiotic or microbiome engineering to design self-assembled artificial lichen dispersed structures that can serve as a scaffold for the selected constituents. Additionally, such designed scaffolds can be tuned, along with the controllable parameters of microbubble mediated flotation separations or hot microbubble stripping for simultaneous or in situ product removal. Staging the product removal thus has benefits of decreasing the inhibitory effect of secreted external metabolites on the microorganism that produced them. Evidence supporting these hypotheses are produced from reviewing the literature. In particular, recent work in co-cultures of yeast and microalgae in the presence of a dispersed bubble bank, as well as anaerobic digestion (AD) intensification with dispersed, seeded microbubbles, is presented to support these proposed artificial lichen clusters.

A glimpse into the fungal metabolomic abyss: Novel network analysis reveals relationships between exogenous compounds and their outputs.

Fungal specialized metabolites are a major source of beneficial compounds that are routinely isolated, characterized, and manufactured as pharmaceuticals, agrochemical agents, and industrial chemicals. The production of these metabolites is encoded by biosynthetic gene clusters that are often silent under standard growth conditions. There are limited resources for characterizing the direct link between abiotic stimuli and metabolite production. Herein, we introduce a network analysis-based, data-driven algorithm comprising two routes to characterize the production of specialized fungal metabolites triggered by different exogenous compounds: the direct route and the auxiliary route. Both routes elucidate the influence of treatments on the production of specialized metabolites from experimental data. The direct route determines known and putative metabolites induced by treatments and provides additional insight over traditional comparison methods. The auxiliary route is specific for discovering unknown analytes, and further identification can be curated through online bioinformatic resources. We validated our algorithm by applying chitooligosaccharides and lipids at two different temperatures to the fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. After liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry quantification of significantly produced analytes, we used network centrality measures to rank the treatments' ability to elucidate these analytes and confirmed their identity through fragmentation patterns or in silico spiking with commercially available standards. Later, we examined the transcriptional regulation of these metabolites through real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Our data-driven techniques can complement existing metabolomic network analysis by providing an approach to track the influence of any exogenous stimuli on metabolite production. Our experimental-based algorithm can overcome the bottlenecks in elucidating novel fungal compounds used in drug discovery.

Ni12P5 Confined in Mesoporous SiO2 with Near-Unity CO Selectivity and Enhanced Catalytic Activity for CO2 Hydrogenation.

CO2 hydrogenation via the reverse water gas shift (RWGS) reaction is a promising strategy for CO2 utilization while constructing Ni-based catalysts with high catalytic activity and perfect CO selectivity remains a great challenging. Here, we demonstrate that the product selectivity for CO2 hydrogenation can be significantly tuned from CH4 to CO by phosphating of SiO2-supported Ni catalysts due to the geometric effect. Interestingly, nickel phosphide catalysts with different crystalline phases (Ni12P5 and Ni2P) differ sharply in CO2 conversion, and Ni12P5 is remarkably more active. Furthermore, we developed a facile strategy to confine small Ni12P5 nanoparticles in mesoporous SiO2 channels (Ni12P5@SBA-15). Enhanced activity is exhibited on Ni12P5@SBA-15, ascribed to the highly effective confinement effect. The in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations unveil that catalytic CO2 hydrogenation follows a direct CO2 dissociation route with adsorbed CO as the key intermediate. Notably, strong multibonded CO (threefold and bridge-bonded CO) is feasibly formed on the Ni catalyst accounting for CH4 as the dominant product whereas only weak linearly bonded CO exists on nickel phosphide catalysts resulting in almost 100% CO selectivity. The present results indicate that Ni12P5@SBA-15 combining the geometric effect and the confinement effect can achieve near-unity CO selectivity and enhanced activity for CO2 hydrogenation.

Breaking azeotropes by reactive adsorption: A case for sorption-enhanced dimethyl carbonate synthesis

This work investigates the direct production of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) from CO2 by sorption-enhanced DMC (SEDMC) synthesis, employing modelling techniques. SEDMC synthesis is shown to be an exemplary case for reactive separation, as it enhances the reaction and simplifies downstream processing through in-situ separation. By incorporating in-situ water adsorption, SEDMC achieves significantly higher methanol conversions compared to other direct synthesis routes. Simultaneously, the formation of two azeotropes can be avoided, leading to a drastic simplification of downstream separation, requiring only one-step conventional distillation. By increasing the methanol conversion to 45%, the formation of a DMC-methanol azeotrope is prevented, and the in-situ water adsorption effectively avoids the DMC-water azeotrope. Based on these findings, further research should focus on identifying suitable materials and (reactive) adsorbents, while also incorporating a more detailed process layout and cycle design. These efforts will unlock the full potential of SEDMC synthesis in the production of renewable materials.

Influence of eutectic-Si in as-cast and fibrous-eutectic-Si in LPBF-processed AlSi10Mg alloys on wear and corrosion behaviors treated with direct aging route

Influence of eutectic-Si in as-cast and fibrous-eutectic-Si in LPBF-processed AlSi10Mg alloys on wear and corrosion behaviors treated with direct aging route

Analysis of palm oil hydrodeoxygenation pathway selectivity based on oxygen quantification

Hydrogenation of palm oil over commercial NiMo/γ-Al2O3 catalysts and the effect of operating conditions were investigated in an autoclave with a continuous H2 flow mode. Methanation as the side reactions were taken into account in the reaction path selectivity for the first time. Three competing reaction pathways of hydrodecarboxylation, hydrocarbonation, and direct hydrodeoxygenation were clearly distinguished by quantifying the oxygen in the aqueous, organic, and gas phases. The results corroborated that the temperature and hydrogen supply were crucial to oxygen removal and the selectivity of the HDO pathways. Methane is the predominant gas product rather than propane during triglyceride deoxygenation, in which 87–100% of the methane production comes from the glycerol skeleton of the triglyceride and the rest comes from the CO methanation. Lower temperature favored the direct HDO route, while the selectivity of the HDCO and HDCO2 reactions preferred a higher temperature. HDO dominated the hydrodeoxygenation process under all H2 supply conditions, followed by the HDCO2 pathway and the HDCO reaction. This study brings the understanding of the vegetable oil triglyceride hydrodeoxygenation process to the molecular level and can potentially guide the optimization of process conditions.