Direct Relation Research Articles

Tissue factor-heparanase complex: intracellular nonhemostatic effects

BackgroundHeparanase, known to be involved in angiogenesis, cancer progression, and inflammation, was shown to form a complex with tissue factor (TF) via its procoagulant domain and to enhance the hemostatic system. ObjectivesTo reveal a potential role of heparanase procoagulant domain in nonhemostatic effects. MethodsEffects of peptides 16 and 16AC derived from the heparanase procoagulant domain, discovered by our group, were studied using the XTT proliferation assay, western blot analysis, and immunostaining in vitro and a mouse wound-healing model. ResultsProcoagulant peptides induced increased proliferation, release of heparanase, and upregulation of heparanase, TF, tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), and TFPI-2 in U87, T47D, and MCF-7 tumor cell lines and in endothelial cells. These results were reversed by a peptide derived from TFPI-2 that inhibited the heparanse procoagulant domain-TF complex. Thrombin had a similar effect on tumor cell proliferation and heparanase release, although the impact of thrombin on cell proliferation was mediated by the heparanase procoagulant domain. A mouse model of full-thickness skin incision exhibited higher levels of heparanase, TF, TFPI, and TFPI-2 in the healing skin, mainly in the blood vessel wall and lumen in animals injected with the procoagulant peptides compared to controls. The cells transfected to overexpress full-length TF or TF devoid of the cytoplasmic domain demonstrated that the procoagulant domain conveyed intracellular signaling via TF. ConclusionHeparanase procoagulant domain induces nonhemostatic effects via TF. The finding that TF serves as a receptor to heparanase supports the close direct relation between the hemostatic system and cancer progression.

Performance Evaluation of Computer Science Students in Mathematical Courses Over Prgramming Language Courses

Abstract: The low level of performance observed among many computer science students in mathematical and computer programming courses served as the motivation for this work. The prediction of computer science students’ overall performance in mathematical courses over programming courses was done using WEKA and machine learning algorithms. Dataset of students performance from Yaba College of Technology, Lagos, Nigeria and Lagos State Polytechnic, Lagos, Nigeria, for both National Diploma and Higher National Diploma were used. These data set were studied and analyzed using WEKA and Random Forest, J48, Naïve Bayes and Logistic Regression algorithms. The algorithms were applied for the HND and ND dataset and there was comparison based on their accurancy, learning time and percentage of correctly classified instances. This comparison showed that there is direct relation between the execution time in building models and volume of data records. This shows that the predictor did not only predict the number of students that are likely to be in distinction, upper credit, lower credit, pass and fail but also show the relationship between having the knowledge of mathematics and programming language for an overall performance in computer science. The knowledge pattern represented further satisfies the exertion that it is imperative for students to have a standard knowledge of mathematics as this will help in being the best in their chosen profession.

Influence of the pivot player on the effectiveness of back players in team-handball

In handball there is a consensus among the experts on the importance of the pivot player in the team's tactical effectiveness, not only because of his direct participation in the actions to finish off the attack, but also because of his influence on the actions of the rest of the players. In addition, playing in this specific position, most of the actions are carried out without the ball and take place inside the defensive system. These reasons make his influence on the outcome very difficult to analyze. In order to assess it, the present study has been carried out by collecting, through the observational instrument known as Influence of the pivot in the final situation, data from a sample of 1815 offensive sequences given in the medal matches of five top-level masculine tournaments. Different descriptive and correlational statistical analyzes were applied, among which the use of Chaid's decision tree technique stands out. It is concluded that the presence of the pivot in direct relation with the ball holder when the sequences are finished increases the probability that the back players will shoot, as well as increasing their effectiveness. Consequently, the influence of the pivot proves to be decisive for the game outcome.

Enhanced electrical transport properties of Cr-substituted Mg2–Y-type hexaferrites for power applications

The impact of Cr3+ substitution on the electrical and dielectric properties of Y-type hexaferrites with composition Ba2Mg2CrxFe12-xO22 (x = 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0) was synthesized by the sol-gel auto combustion technique. The lattice parameters 'a' and 'c' slightly increase with the substitution content of Cr3+, and some other physical parameters, including porosity, microstrain, dislocation density, specific surface area, and stacking fault coefficient, were determined from XRD data. FTIR spectra confirm the formation of iron oxide base material by the appearance of three signature bands at precisely 429, 474, and 499 cm-1 due to Fe–O vibrations at octahedral and tetrahedral sites. Substituting Cr3+ at the octahedral site enhanced the room temperature DC electrical resistivity from 6.89 × 109 to 2.27 × 1010 Ω-cm. Temperature-dependent DC electrical resistivity exhibits semiconducting behavior. There is a direct relation between resistivity and activation energy. The dielectric behavior of Cr3+ substituted samples in the frequency range of 1 MHz–6 GHz was understood based on the conduction mechanism through the hopping of electrons between Fe3+ and Fe2+ ions and the Maxwell-Wagner Model. In impedance spectroscopy studied using Cole-Cole plots, most dielectric response arises from the contribution of the grain boundary effect. With the substitution of Cr3+, dielectric losses decreased. A very high Q-value around 1 GHz was observed, suggesting that these hexaferrites are efficient materials for many high-frequency applications, such as multi-layer chip inductors (MLCI), dielectric resonators, and power applications.

A Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis in Adult Subjects: The Relationship between Phase Angle and Body Cell Mass.

The correct assessment of body composition is essential for an accurate diagnostic evaluation of nutritional status. The body mass index (BMI) is the most widely adopted indicator for evaluating undernutrition, overweight, and obesity, but it is unsuitable for differentiating changes in body composition. In recent times, bioelectrical impedance analyses (BIA) have been proven as a more accurate procedure for the assessment of body composition. Furthermore, the efficiency of bioelectrical impedance vector analyses, as an indicator of nutritional status and hydration, has been demonstrated. By applying a bioimpedance analysis, it is possible to detect fat mass (FM), fat free mass (FFM), phase angle, and body cell mass (BCM). It is important to point out that phase angle and BCM are strongly associated with health status. The aim of this research was to examine body composition and the association between the phase angle and BCM in 87 subjects (14 males and 73 females), aged between 23 and 54 years, with BMIs ranging from 17.0 to 32.0 kg/m2, according to sex. The BMI results revealed that the majority of the assessed subjects were within the normal range and had a normal percentage of FM. Our data indicate that a direct relation exists between phase angle and cellular health and that these values increase almost linearly. Consequently, a high phase angle may be related to increased BCM values.

Deployable strip structures

We introduce the new concept of C-mesh to capture kinetic structures that can be deployed from a collapsed state. Quadrilateral C-meshes enjoy rich geometry and surprising relations with differential geometry: A structure that collapses onto a flat and straight strip corresponds to a Chebyshev net of curves on a surface of constant Gaussian curvature, while structures collapsing onto a circular strip follow surfaces which enjoy the linear-Weingarten property. Interestingly, allowing more general collapses actually leads to a smaller class of shapes. Hexagonal C-meshes have more degrees of freedom, but a local analysis suggests that there is no such direct relation to smooth surfaces. Besides theory, this paper provides tools for exploring the shape space of C-meshes and for their design. We also present an application for freeform architectural skins, namely paneling with spherical panels of constant radius, which is an important fabrication-related constraint.

Screening of Renal Function among a Group of Physicians Working in a Hospital Who are Often Self Neglected

Background: Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) has been increasing rapidly worldwide and early screening to detect kidney disease, particularly at its early stages is pivotal to stop its further deterioration. Population-based study on detection at early-stage of kidney disease and it’s prevalence are scanty in our country, especially among the medical professional personnel. Hence taking advantage of the observance of World Kidney Day’ 2020, we conducted a screening pro-gram for kidney disease organized at the Chattagram Maa-O-Shishu Hospital (CMOSH) premises among a group of physicians of the hospital.
 Materials and methods: This was a cross-sectional observational study among 67 physicians of different ranks (Medical Officer to Professor) working at CMOSH in different discipline. Age, body weight, height, Body Mass Index (BMI), blood pressure were documented, and urinary protein and serum creatinine were measured at a single sitting. Kidney function was estimated by calculating the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) formula. Kidney function was classified according to estimated GFR (eGFR) and Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI) guidelines.
 Results: A total of 67 working physicians of the hospital were studied. Majority subjects (30) were in the age group of 20-29 years. Among all 11.9% participants had proteinuria (Trace to 1 plus). The distribution of eGFR was symmetrical, with the majority (70.10%) of subjects in the 60–89 ml/min category, 11.90% had 30-59 ml/min category and only 17.90% of the study population had eGFR > 90 ml/min. An inverse relation between eGFR and age, and a direct relation between eGFR and BMI were observed.
 Conclusion: Proteinuria low eGFR levels might be related with future decline in renal function among the studied subjects and so regular health check-up is important to abate the potential epidemic of kidney disease among the health professionals.
 Chatt Maa Shi Hosp Med Coll J; Vol.22 (1); January 2023; Page 14-18

Influence of physical fitness and retinal microcirculation on the development of cognitive abilities from childhood to preadolescence

The retinal microcirculation serves a proxy of cerebrovascular function and has been linked with both physical fitness and cognitive function. We investigated the role of physical fitness for the development of executive function in children as well as its mediation by microvascular health. Using a cross-lagged panel design, 365 children aged six to eight years completed a baseline assessment, which was followed up after four years. Retinal vessel analysis was performed on digital retinal images obtained with a fundus camera. Additionally, a computerized Flanker task was administered to assess the inhibitory aspect of executive function. With regard to physical fitness tests, participants completed a shuttle run and 20-m sprints. Path-analyses showed that higher performance on the shuttle run and 20-m sprint at baseline were both associated with lower reaction times on the Flanker task at follow-up, when autoregressive effects were accounted for. Stages achieved on the shuttle run at baseline were further related to narrowing of retinal venular diameters, which in turn predicted performance on the Flanker task. However, the direct relation of physical fitness components to reaction time was higher compared to the indirect relation via retinal venular diameters. High physical fitness contributes to the development of cognitive abilities from childhood to preadolescence. This association is not mediated by retinal vessel diameters, while the microvascular phenotype of narrower retinal venules is independently related to a better development of information processing and inhibitory control.

Compassion fatigue and compassion satisfaction among Romanian emergency medicine personnel.

Contemporary scientific literature has emphasized two specific aspects of healthcare professionals: compassion satisfaction and compassion fatigue. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has placed significant strain on health systems and healthcare workers, the Russian-Ukrainian crisis appears to have a magnifying effect, particularly on mental health. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between threat perception, daily worries, and professional quality of life in a sample of Emergency Medicine Personnel during two major events mentioned above. The sample included 372 participants (56.7% nurses and 43.3% physicians) from emergency units in five county hospitals in the Eastern region of Romania. The study revealed that threats related to the pandemic were positively linked to secondary traumatic stress, and daily worries were positively linked to both secondary traumatic stress and burnout. Threats generated by the war did not manifest a direct relation with any of the indicators of professional quality of life, but daily worries generated by war positively predicted both secondary traumatic stress and burnout. Both the pandemic, which involved cumulative exposure, and the war, which involved a lower and more distant level of exposure, had the potential to generate worries and predict a low quality of life. However, our results did not reveal any association between threats, worries, and compassion satisfaction. As a result, this positive indicator of quality of life remained stable despite the presence of threats and worries.

Gas plasma-induced platelet activation corresponds to reactive species profiles and lipid oxidation

Surgical-induced hemostasis is a critical step in the closure of incisions, which is frequently achieved via electrocauterization and subsequent tissue necrotization. The latter is associated with postoperative complications. Recent in vivo work suggested reactive species-producing gas plasma technology as a pro-homeostatic agent acting via platelet activation. However, it remained elusive how platelet activation is linked to lipid and protein oxidation and the reactive species compositions. A direct relation between the reactive species composition and platelet activation was revealed by assessing the production of several reactive species and by using antioxidants. In addition, platelet lipidome and proteome analysis identified significantly regulated key lipids in the platelet activation pathway, such as diacylglycerols and phosphatidylinositol as well as oxylipins like thromboxanes. Lipid oxidation products mainly derived from phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine species were observed at modest levels. In addition, oxidative post-translational modifications were identified on key proteins of the hemostasis machinery. This study provides new insights into oxidation-induced platelet activation in general and suggests a potential role of those processes in gas plasma-mediated hemostasis in particular.

Evaluation of finite high cycle fatigue life of hard steels using the elliptical curve method

AbstractA direct relation where fatigue life can be determined as a function of macroscopic normal and shear stress amplitudes and is established. Using the Carpinteri & Spagnoli (C&S) criterion as a survey tool, elliptical‐level curves in the domain were revealed and further generalized, providing means to determine for any given combination. Predictions obtained through the elliptical curve method (E) were compared with experimental observations, as well as with predictions obtained from adapted versions of popular fatigue criteria, namely, Findley (F), Matake (M), McDiarmid (McD), Susmel & Lazzarin (S&L), C&S, and Papadopoulos (P). The proposed model delivered predictions in fair agreement with experimental observations, and its predictive capability was seen to be the best among all the considered criteria. Finally, a slight bias toward conservativeness was attenuated with the introduction of an adjusting parameter, further improving the predictive capability of the model.

Association Between Financial Efficiency and Credit Risk of SMEs—A Study Using DEA and Altman Z-score

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) have encountered several threats resulting in a high failure rate vis-à-vis unavailability of financial assistance from funding institutions. Financial assistance is triggered through financial efficiency of SMEs and an error-free credit risk assessment. This article attempts to evaluate SMEs’ financial efficiency and credit risk. Data from 2016 to 2020 are collected for 36 listed companies and analysed using the Altman Z-score to predict leeway of bankruptcy and data envelopment analysis to study the financial efficiency. Association between results of both the models shows that there does not exist a direct relation between credit risk and financial efficiency. SMEs can build a comprehensive financial portfolio using the findings of this study The study findings indicated that it lowers the asymmetry of information and leads to deciding on proper interest rates to reduce borrowers’ substantiated credit risk, as this would result in ease of funding to financially distressed SMEs.

All professions can benefit — a mixed-methods study on simulation-based teamwork training for operating room teams

BackgroundOperating rooms have become more technically complex due to new advanced procedures, which has increased demands on teamwork in the operating room. In response, team training has been proposed to improve team performance, workplace culture, and patient safety. We developed and delivered a simulation-based team training course for entire professional surgical teams. This type of intervention has been proposed by researchers but has not been widely published. The aims of this intervention study were to examine participants’ reactions to the course in terms of their motivation for the training and their self-efficacy in relation to their performance, as well as their views on transferring the lessons learned in the course to their workplace.MethodsIn a prospective mixed-methods intervention study, operating room professionals participated in a full-day simulation-based teamwork training course. Learning objectives were nontechnical skills, specifically communication and collaboration across the team.Seventy-one staff members representing 5 operating room professions were included, and the average work experience of participants was 6 years.Quantitative data on self-efficacy and situational motivation were collected by questionnaires before and after training. Qualitative data were collected through 5 focus group interviews that took place in direct relation to the courses and included a total of 31 participants. Transcripts were coded and analyzed using thematic analysis.ResultsAll occupations showed a similar pattern in terms of increases in self-efficacy and intrinsic motivation after the training. Analysis of the qualitative data showed that training in one’s profession and in authentic multiprofessional teams was important factors for motivation. Participating staff described an awareness of undesirable communication barriers in surgical teams that can lead to risks for patients. Systematic training was definitely perceived as a means to reduce barriers and improve communication and collaboration.ConclusionSimulation-based training was equally well received by all professional groups. Our results confirm the feasibility of this type of training for professional teams and promising opportunities for improving teamwork skills. The qualitative data reveal both opportunities and limitations for transferring the learning experiences to the workplace.

Deammonification Potential of Pig Slurries and Vapor Condensates from Sewage Sludge Drying-Substrate Quality and Inhibition.

Deammonification is a well-established process for sludge liquor treatment and promising for wastewaters with high nitrogen loads because of its low energy demand compared to nitrification/denitrification. Two wastewaters with high NH4-N concentrations and a rising significance in Germany-pig slurry (12 samples) and condensates from sewage sludge drying (6 samples)-were studied for their deammonification potential. Furthermore, a comprehensive quality assessment is presented. Both wastewaters show a wide range in terms of CODt, CODs, TN and NH4-N, whereby condensates show a greater variability with no direct relation to dryer type or temperature. In the slurries, CODt shows a relative standard deviation of 106% (mean 21.1 g/L) and NH4-N of 33% (mean 2.29 g/L), while in condensates it reaches 148% for CODt (mean 2.0 g/L) and 122% for NH4-N (mean 0.7 g/L). No inhibition of ammonium-oxidizing-bacteria was detected in the slurries, while two out of five condensates showed an inhibition of >40%, one of >10% and two showed no inhibition at all. Since the inhibition could be avoided by mixing, deammonification can be recommended for condensate treatment. For slurry treatment, the importance of employing some form of solid-liquid-separation as a pretreatment was noted due to the associated COD.

Do superplasticizers work the way we think? New insights from their effect on the percolation threshold of limestone pastes

Superplasticizers are polymeric dispersants that play a major role in concrete technology. Despite their ubiquity and much research on their working mechanisms, many questions remain about the effects of their molecular structures on their working mechanism, in particular their ability to lower the yield stress of particulate suspensions. It is generally recognized that superplasticizers decrease attractive interparticle forces, thereby reducing or eliminating yield stress. It is also often assumed that changes in yield stress should be proportional to changes in interparticle forces. This paper takes a fresh look at this question, revisiting Yodel (YD) and modified shifting factor (MSF) models that not only incorporate interparticle forces, but also percolation thresholds. This leads us to conclude that a major impact of superplasticizers is to modify the percolation threshold in direct relation to their adsorption.

Paired associated SARS-CoV-2 spike variable positions: a network analysis approach to emerging variants.

Amino acids in variable positions of proteins may be correlated, with potential structural and functional implications. Here, we apply exact tests of independence in R × C contingency tables to examine noise-free associations between variable positions of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, using as a paradigm sequences from Greece deposited in GISAID (N = 6,683/1,078 full length) for the period 29 February 2020 to 26 April 2021 that essentially covers the first three pandemic waves. We examine the fate and complexity of these associations by network analysis, using associated positions (exact P ≤ 0.001 and Average Product Correction ≥ 2) as links and the corresponding positions as nodes. We found a temporal linear increase of positional differences and a gradual expansion of the number of position associations over time, represented by a temporally evolving intricate web, resulting in a non-random complex network of 69 nodes and 252 links. Overconnected nodes corresponded to the most adapted variant positions in the population, suggesting a direct relation between network degree and position functional importance. Modular analysis revealed 25 k-cliques comprising 3 to 11 nodes. At different k-clique resolutions, one to four communities were formed, capturing epistatic associations of circulating variants (Alpha, Beta, B.1.1.318), but also Delta, which dominated the evolutionary landscape later in the pandemic. Cliques of aminoacidic positional associations tended to occur in single sequences, enabling the recognition of epistatic positions in real-world virus populations. Our findings provide a novel way of understanding epistatic relationships in viral proteins with potential applications in the design of virus control procedures. IMPORTANCE Paired positional associations of adapted amino acids in virus proteins may provide new insights for understanding virus evolution and variant formation. We investigated potential intramolecular relationships between variable SARS-CoV-2 spike positions by exact tests of independence in R × C contingency tables, having applied Average Product Correction (APC) to eliminate background noise. Associated positions (exact P ≤ 0.001 and APC ≥ 2) formed a non-random, epistatic network of 25 cliques and 1-4 communities at different clique resolutions, revealing evolutionary ties between variable positions of circulating variants and a predictive potential of previously unknown network positions. Cliques of different sizes represented theoretical combinations of changing residues in sequence space, allowing the identification of significant aminoacidic combinations in single sequences of real-world populations. Our analytic approach that links network structural aspects to mutational aminoacidic combinations in the spike sequence population offers a novel way to understand virus epidemiology and evolution.

Self-prediction of relations in GO facilitates its quality auditing

As applications of the gene ontology (GO) increase rapidly in the biomedical field, quality auditing of it is becoming more and more important. Existing auditing methods are mostly based on rules, observed patterns or hypotheses. In this study, we propose a machine-learning-based framework for GO to audit itself: we first predict the IS-A relations among concepts in GO, then use differences between predicted results and existing relations to uncover potential errors. Specifically, we transfer the taxonomy of GO 2020 January release into a dataset with concept pairs as items and relations between them as labels(pairs with no direct IS-A relation are labeled as ndrs). To fully obtain the representation of each pair, we integrate the embeddings for the concept name, concept definition, as well as concept node in a substring-based topological graph. We divide the dataset into 10 parts, and rotate over all the parts by choosing one part as the testing set and the remaining as the training set each time. After 10 rotations, the prediction model predicted 4,640 existing IS-A pairs as ndrs. In the GO 2022 March release, 340 of these predictions were validated, demonstrating significance with a p-value of 1.60e−46 when compared to the results of randomly selected pairs. On the other hand, the model predicted 2,840 out of 17,079 selected ndrs in GO to be IS-A’s relations. After deleting those that caused redundancies and circles, 924 predicted IS-A’s relations remained. Among 200 pairs randomly selected, 30 were validated as missing IS-A’s by domain experts. In conclusion, this study investigates a novel way of auditing biomedical ontologies by predicting the relations in it, which was shown to be useful for discovering potential errors.

Development a Proposed System of Organization Structure to Management Multi Construction Projects

The purpose of this study is aimed to lay down an arranged platform suited to Iraqi constructional associations which in charge to carry out multi constructional projects, as it fulfilled management requirements and supervising, so that low - cost projects will be controlled in due term and quality. Based on primary info and observed data collected, the study thesis has been formulated in this way: Iraqi constructional sector bodies which are in charge to implement simultaneously multi constructional projects in need to reformulate its organized structure so that it will be more fitted to management and control of these projects. This thesis includes a theoretical part contained presenting the most important resources locally and internationally where it has direct relation with this study subject. Also it touches on the arrangement term and the kinds of organized structure of the multi constructional projects and control it. And its field part included in its first section studying the organized structure and functional arrangement practised in one of the Iraqi constructional projects. in charge of implemented simultaneously multi construction and exposing the defection of this arrangement. The second section of this study included reviewing the organized structure used by some of constructed corporations and foreign companies of implementing multi constructional projects .Thus, the deficiency points of the organized structure and the arrangement followed in Iraqi conduction sectors recognized and what it causes of control defections in the limitation of these projects. The deficiency points have been solved by developing a proposed system of the organized structure to administering and controlling of the multi constructional projects. The implementation of these projects have been controlled from its draw phase and passing the design phase and reference and implementation phase till the first deliver.

Does Mentoring Directly Improve Students’ Research Skills? Examining the Role of Information Literacy and Competency Development

This work proposes a structural model highlighting the research skills of undergraduate students. Due to the stages in their research project implementation, mentoring students becomes a crucial initiative in higher education institutions. Despite substantial progress in the literature linking mentoring and skills development, there is a lack of greater emphasis on research skills, especially for undergraduate students facing research work for the first time. Consequently, the direct relation between mentoring and research skills may not be straightforward. Thus, driven by social learning theory, the proposed model highlights the mediating effects of information literacy constructs and competency development on the relationship between mentoring and research skills. An empirical study of 539 participants via Partial Least Squares–Structural Equation Modeling supports six of the seven hypothesized paths. Three major theoretical contributions arise from the findings. Firstly, mentoring improves information-seeking skills and information-sharing behaviors and facilitates students’ competency development due to the technical knowledge transfer from the faculty mentor to student mentees. Secondly, information literacy constructs and competency development promote research skills, emphasizing that students with those behaviors and capacities will achieve enhanced research skills. Finally, our findings suggest that mentoring does not directly translate to improved research skills; instead, information-seeking and sharing behaviors and competency development fully mediate such a link. Thus, mentors must shape these behaviors for mentoring to develop students’ research skills. Theoretical and practical insights are outlined from these findings for university leadership to inform the design of mentoring initiatives for undergraduate students.

Scour hole reduction at a diversion channel junction using different entrance edge shapes

In the current study, the effect of the entrance edge shape on the scour hole in the diversion junction region was experimentally investigated. The investigation has considered three entrance models-rounded edge shapes on one or both sides of the diversion channel entrance-with five different inlet edge radius ratios (rr) of 25%, 37.5%, 50%, 62.5%, and 75% and five different diversion discharge ratios (Qr) of 7.5%, 12.5%, 17.5%, 22.5%, and 30%. The results have found the direct relation between Qr and the scour depth to the diversion channel water depth ratio (ds/yb). Moreover, the use of a rounded edge shape on one or both sides of the diversion channel entrance instead of a sharp shape results in a reduction in scour depth to diversion channel water depth ratio (ds/yb) when the Qr is greater than 20%. The results also indicated that the largest decrease in the scour coefficient (Kds) for the model with a rounded downstream edge compared with the sharp edge diversion channel entrance shape was 22% at a discharge ratio of 22.5% and an edge radius ratio of 37.5%. In addition, the entrance shape model with a rounded edge at the upstream outperformed other models in scour reduction with an average of all experiments of 5.77%. Finally, empirical relations for estimating scour depth for different rounded edge models in terms of the effective dimensionless parameters were established with coefficients of determination (R2) of not less than 0.853.