Direct Purchase Research Articles

Psychological Ownership of Avatars in the Metaverse: Its Key Antecedents and Outcomes

ABSTRACTThis study developed and tested a model exploring the antecedents and outcomes of psychological ownership of avatars in the metaverse, considering the moderating role of virtual currency acquisition methods. Using data from 252 ZEPETO users and Partial Least Square‐Structural Equation Modeling (PLS‐SEM), the study found that the ability to control, intimate knowledge, and invest in self significantly enhances psychological ownership of avatars, which extends to virtual products. Notably, the reward system (versus direct purchase) for acquiring virtual currency amplified this ownership extension, and the transference of psychological ownership from avatars to virtual products significantly influenced the intention to purchase corresponding real‐world products. The study underscores the interplay between virtual and real‐world dynamics, highlighting the impact of digital activities on real‐world consumer behavior.

A game-based power system planning approach considering real options and coordination of all types of participants

With the ongoing advancement of global power marketization, the increasing diversity of stakeholders in the power market and their interactions have a significant impact on power system planning and operation. Traditional methods employ game theory to describe the interactions among market participants. However, these approaches fail to include all relevant participant types and overlook the long-term uncertainty value of planning schemes. Therefore, this paper proposes a game theory-based power system planning approach considering real options (RO) and coordination of all types of participants. First, the dynamic gaming interaction among supply-transmission-demand is studied, and the independent system operator is integrated into the game planning framework based on the overall perspective of power market operation. Moreover, the new power supply, grid planning, and operation of distributed generation (DG) are taken as decision variables based on the RO theory, and a game decision model of all participants in the power system planning considering the investment uncertainty is constructed. Finally, the iterative search algorithm is employed to solve the model, and the framework is validated based on the IEEE 30-bus system. The results indicate that through collaborative planning involving various market participants, Generation Companies and Transmission Companies expand their investments to maximize profits, while large power consumers reduce their investment in DG and instead increase their direct power purchases to lower costs. Moreover, these participants are inclined to pursue projects with higher asset value volatility, which further enhances their profit. By integrating RO theory with game theory, the proposed approach establishes a comprehensive planning framework that effectively addresses investment uncertainty. This integration enables market participants to make more optimal decisions, ultimately leading to an enhancement in the long-term economic performance of the power system.

The Impact of Direct Purchase Policy on Stock Price Trend: Evidence from China in First Quarter of 2024

In recent years, with the global economic recession brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic and the turbulence in the international situation, countries have been actively rescuing financial markets. Particularly in China, the national team has invested hundreds of billions of yuan to directly purchase stocks from the stock market to save the market. Research indicates that the direct purchase of stocks indeed leads to an increase in the price of these stocks. Conversely, stocks that are sold within this plan have also clearly experienced a decline. However, it is important to note that this impact is most pronounced in the initial thirty trading days. Over time, the influence gradually diminishes, especially by the fourth thirty-trading-day period, there is a significant drop in stock prices.

Two-Stage Distributed Robust Optimization Scheduling Considering Demand Response and Direct Purchase of Electricity by Large Consumers

The integration of large-scale wind power into power systems has exacerbated the challenges associated with peak load regulation. Concurrently, the ongoing advancement of electricity marketization reforms highlights the need to assess the impact of direct electricity procurement by large consumers on enhancing the flexibility of power systems. In this context, this paper introduces a Distributed Robust Optimal Scheduling (DROS) model, which addresses the uncertainties of wind power generation and direct electricity purchases by large consumers. Firstly, to mitigate the effects of wind power uncertainty on the power system, a first-order Markov chain model with interval characteristics is introduced. This approach effectively captures the temporal and variability aspects of wind power prediction errors. Secondly, building upon the day-ahead scenarios generated by the Markov chain, the model then formulates a data-driven optimization framework that spans from day-ahead to intra-day scheduling. In the day-ahead phase, the model leverages the price elasticity of the demand matrix to guide consumer behavior, with the primary objective of maximizing the total revenue of the wind farm. A robust scheduling strategy is developed, yielding an hourly scheduling plan for the day-ahead phase. This plan dynamically adjusts tariffs in the intra-day phase based on deviations in wind power output, thereby encouraging flexible user responses to the inherent uncertainty in wind power generation. Ultimately, the efficacy of the proposed DROS method is validated through extensive numerical simulations, demonstrating its potential to enhance the robustness and flexibility of power systems in the presence of significant wind power integration and market-driven direct electricity purchases.

Indirect Savings from Public Procurement Centralization

Centralization of public procurement can lower prices for the government’s direct purchase of goods and services. This paper focuses on indirect savings. Public administrations that do not procure directly through a central procurement agency might benefit from the availability of centrally procured goods. We exploit the introduction of a central purchasing agency in Italy and find that prices came down by 22 percent among administrations that bought autonomously. These indirect effects appear to be driven by informational externalities, especially for less competent public buyers purchasing technologically more complex goods. Accounting for indirect savings increases the estimate of direct ones. (JEL D83, H57, H83)

중국 해외직구 물류서비스 품질이 전환비용과 재구매 의도에 미치는 영향

Purpose: This study examined the impact of overseas direct purchase logistics service quality on the repurchase intention and how switching costs affect the repurchase intention for existing services. Research design, data, and methodology: A survey was conducted targeting people with overseas direct purchase experience in China, and confirmatory factor analysis and structural equations were used. Results: Among the perceived logistics service qualities, the order accuracy, delivery accuracy, payment convenience, and delivery speed had a significant impact on switching costs. Conclusions: When pursuing new logistics strategies, overseas e-commerce companies should recognize logistics service quality, which is the essence of logistics services, as an essential factor rather than introducing various services and excessive price competition.

식이 보충제 해외직구 행동에 영향을 미치는 요인 탐색: 한국 인터넷 기사를 바탕으로

식이 보충제 해외직구 행동에 영향을 미치는 요인 탐색: 한국 인터넷 기사를 바탕으로

Effects of Cosmetic Advertising Image Recognition and Advertising Credibility on Purchasing Action of Cosmetic Products

Investigating how advertising-related factors affect cosmetic purchasing action may be necessary for the cosmetics industry or consumers. Therefore, this study targeted women who have purchased or used cosmetic products. The following results were obtained as a result of analyzing 388 copies collected through a survey conducted from March 11 to March 15, 2024. The survey results show that the medium having the greatest influence on purchasing cosmetic products is social media, and the biggest influencing factor for direct purchases is an advertisement emphasizing the efficacy of the product. Teenagers and people in their 20s or 30s answered social media as a medium for purchasing action, but those in their 40s and up answered broadcasting as the most efficient medium. The efficacy of the product was given top priority as an influencing factor in purchasing. Advertisement image recognition and advertising credibility directly influenced purchasing action, and it was found that advertisement image recognition had a greater influence. The biggest factor influencing purchasing action is product information, and it can be seen that consumers place great importance on the content of advertisements. Therefore, it can be concluded that purchasing action of cosmetic products highly depends on the information learned from advertisements, and so in order for cosmetics companies to be recognized by consumers, it is necessary to focus on advertising strategies that accurately and quickly deliver product information.

Investigate Live Streaming Commerce on Tiktok as Trends New Online Shopping: Exploration Perception and Intention Consumer

The Covid-19 pandemic has changed the way people interact with digital technology. The increased use of the internet is not limited to activities such as searching for information and communicating; it has also entered the realm of the economy with online trading of goods and services. Social media platforms like TikTok have become places not only for social interaction but also for direct purchasing. Guided by the Technology Acceptance Model and the Theory of Planned Behavior, this study explores consumers' perceptions and intentions regarding using the live-streaming commerce feature on TikTok for purchasing goods. Through semi-structured interviews with consumers who actively use this feature to shop for products, the research findings indicate that consumers have perceptions about using the live-streaming commerce feature on TikTok. External influences can affect consumers' interest in using TikTok's live-streaming commerce feature. Some barriers affect consumers' intentions to use the live-streaming commerce feature on TikTok. There is also perceived ease of use and usefulness in using TikTok's live streaming commerce feature. The implications of this research can help platform developers and businesses better understand the needs and preferences of consumers when using the live streaming commerce feature on TikTok and adjust their marketing strategies accordingly

A STUDY ON ONLINE SHOPPING HABITS OF WORKING PROFESSIONALS

Online shopping is a type of electronic commerce in which customers use a web browser to make direct purchases of goods or services from sellers online. An increasing number of customers use the internet to make purchases of goods and services, gather product information, learn about market trends, and even for entertainment. This makes it easier to study the purchasing habits of customers with a variety of employment backgrounds, such as students, professionals, self-employed individuals, and salaried individuals, as well as their gender, age, and other demographic factors. and the additional factors that influence their online purchase decision. The respondents provided the source of the data for the analysis, and various strategic tools were used to analyze the factors. Online shopping also saves time, making it easier to compare a product's price and features. In addition, there is a significant correlation between occupation and frequency of online product purchase, as well as the expansion of online sales, which indicates the future of online sales and customers' online purchasing decisions. KEY WORDS- Online shopping, Purchase behavior,Demographic factors, factor analysis

Crisis rescue via direct purchase: Evidence from China

During the 2015 stock market crisis, the Chinese government used hundreds of billions of dollars to purchase shares directly in the secondary market. We find that compared with non-rescued firms, rescued firms have significantly lower liquidity after being rescued. Policy uncertainty regarding subsequent interventions better explains the reduction in liquidity than the liquidity dry-up and bad firm signaling hypotheses. Inconsistent with the potential moral hazards associated with government bailouts, the investment policies of rescued firms become more conservative after being rescued. Our evidence warns of the unintended consequences of direct purchase rescue programs.

COVID 19 Vaccination implementation among preparatory school students in Akaki Kality Sub city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Coronavirus (COVID-19) is a global pandemic that has affected 229 countries and territories. Vaccines are one of the best ways to prevent and slow down transmission of COVID 19. Since students in school setting share teaching rooms, sport facilities, and other facilities like toilet and cafeteria, and have a higher number of social contacts, this study aimed to assess implementation of Vaccination against COVID 19 among preparatory school selected secondary preparatory schools in Akaki Kality Sub city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Descriptive cross sectional study design using multistage random sampling technique was conducted among secondary school students in Akaki Kality sub city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from March 01 – 25, 2023. A total of 349 students proportionally allocated to five schools in Akaki Kality sub city were interviewed and focus group discussion were conducted with five catchment health center immunization focal persons. In this study, preparatory students had 44.6% knowledge and 17.5% practice regarding COVID 19 vaccination. Religion, residence, and the educational level of students’ parent were found associated with students’ knowledge on vaccination against COVID 19. Previous COVID 19 illness and knowledge of students were found to be associated with students’ vaccination practice against COVID 19. In comparison to other studies, relatively limited knowledge and poor practice were observed. Knowledge was found to be associated with students’ practices indicating the need for strengthening behavioral, risk communication and community engagement activities using religious leaders and different communication platforms. Additionally, to address vaccine related shortages, partnerships should be strengthened at different levels to enable direct purchases, utilization of group financing and donation options.

Construction and Application of the Double Game Model for Direct Purchase of Electricity by Large Consumers under Consideration of Risk Factors

With the development of global clean energy and the implementation of carbon emission reduction policies, the direct purchase of electricity by large consumers has been increasingly promoted as a special form of electricity trading. Therefore, on the basis of the completion of low-carbon emission reduction targets in each country, how to rationalize the electricity purchase by large consumers in the electricity market so as to reduce their electricity purchase costs has become the main target of attention in each country. Currently, there are fewer studies in existing research on the direct electricity purchase strategy of large consumers under the consideration of the weight of consumption responsibility and risk. Based on this, this paper constructs a dual-game model for direct electricity purchase by large consumers based on the Stackelberg game and non-cooperative game theory. The concept of value at risk is further introduced, and the optimal strategy of direct electricity purchase by large consumers is proposed. The results of this study show that when market players make decisions on the purchase and sale of electricity, power suppliers will increase their biddings to obtain the highest returns, and large consumers can reduce the transaction costs by combining the medium- and long-term market with the spot market to purchase electricity. In the choice of electricity purchase market, with the increasing risk factor, large consumers shift from the risky spot market to the less risky medium- and long-term market and option market. This paper provides a reference for the issues of power suppliers’ contract bidding and large consumers’ electricity purchase strategy in the medium- and long-term contract transactions.

Analysis Of The Purchasing Mechanism For The Procurement Process Of Housekeeping Department Goods At The Four Pointby Sheraton Hotel Medan

The purpose of this study is to describe and explain the role of Purchasing in procuring goods at Four Point by Sheraton Medan Hotel. The results of the research are expected to be a reference and consideration for the Finance Department and more precisely for the Purchasing Department regarding the role of Purchasing in the procurement of Housekeeping Department goods. Purchasing is an important part of an organization where Purchasing's job is to provide all thegoods needed by the company starting from physical goods, services and services This type of research uses case studies of data collected by observation, interviews, documentation,and literature study techniques. The variables are the Purchasing Mechanism and Procurement of Goods (Y). this research itself uses a qualitative approach with descriptive analysis. The results of the analysis of observations and interviews conducted with Mr. Agus as Purchasing Officer stated that the role of Purchasing in the process of ordering goods, procuring goods, and distributing Housekeeping Department goods must be in accordance with the Standard Operational Procedure (SOP). In the Supplier selection process must be carried out in a transparent manner and must have at least 3 suppliers in order to avoid the unavailability of goods requested by the user. Behind that in order to minimize sudden requests made by users, of course this will help the work / activities of a Purchasing without having to make direct purchases.

Application of ABC VEN Method in Procurement Management and Its Impact on Internal Business Processes that Impact General Patient Customer Retention in 2022 (Case study at RS X)

ABSTRACT X Hospital wants to increase the efficiency of pharmaceutical services by replacing the consumption-based drug procurement method with the ABC VEN method to overcome challenges such as out-of-stock, direct purchases from other vendors, and the use of multiple vendors, with a potentially positive impact on customer retention and compliance with relevant regulations and research. This study aims to examine the application of the ABC VEN method to improve inventory procurement planning at X Hospital, compare its effectiveness with the consumption method on internal business processes, and measure its impact on customer retention. This study uses a non-experimental approach with quantitative descriptive and observational retrospective, analyzes drug procurement January-July 2022, and evaluates the ABC VEN method from December 2022 through informant interviews at X Hospital to analyze internal business processes and retention of customers using the Balanced Scorecard approach. The number of samples used was 175 samples. The analysis of validation and reliability tests showed that most of the indicators on the satisfaction aspect were in the high category, while overall patient satisfaction was in the sufficient category. The indicators on the assurance and tangible dimensions are included in the sufficient category, showing attention to the availability of drugs and seating facilities to increase customer retention. The application of the ABC VEN Method at X Hospital from August to December 2022 has a higher realization rate (87%) than the Consumption Method (66%), with a direct procurement efficiency of 57% or IDR 64,816,401. Despite payment constraints, related parties consider implementing the ABC VEN Method more effective and can improve internal business performance and customer retention. Keywords: X Hospital, ABC VEN Method, Pharmacy Services

Gambaran Penyimpangan Distribusi Obat Bebas Terbatas dan Obat Keras pada Toko Kelontong di RT 17 Wilayah “X” Kota Tarakan

Medicines are an important part of health services because it can help people overcome the disease they are experiencing. About Health regulates pharmaceutical companies that produce products called drugs. Drugs are distributed to licensed pharmaceutical facilities such as pharmacies and licensed drug stores. However, there are often distribution irregularities where drugs are found sold in non-pharmaceutical facilities such as grocery stores. This study aims to obtain an overview of the distribution of Limited Over-the-counter Drugs (OBT) and prescription medicine in Grocery Stores RT 17 area "X" Tarakan City. This study is a qualitative descriptive study using a sample of all grocery stores located in RT 17 region "X" who are willing to become respondents, namely as many as 21 stores. The results showed that most respondents sold limited over-the-counter drugs (OBT) and prescription medicine. A limited over-the-counter drug found in many grocery stores is Paramex sold in 9 stores. In addition to limited over-the-counter drugs, the region’s grocery stores also found prescription medicine such as amoxicillin, which were found in 10 stores. Based on the results of interviews and questionnaires of shop owners, it is known that the drugs are obtained through direct purchases from pharmacies and drug stores. It can be concluded that the RT 17 grocery store in area “X” of Tarakan City still sells Limited Over-the-counter Drugs and prescription medicine.

The National Team: Stock market interventions and corporate catering behavior

We examine corporate catering behavior following the Chinese government's stock market interventions in 2015, which result in significant stock overvaluation. The government's direct share purchases cause higher levels of horizontal agency conflicts between the controlling and minority shareholders, and the affected firms are more likely to cater to the controlling shareholders and top executives' aversion to receiving overvalued stocks. We focus on the changes in stock dividends and equity-based executive compensation and find evidence consistent with the catering hypothesis while employing difference-in-difference approach. Our study demonstrates the intricate interactions between state interventions and corporate decisions.

Pengelolaan Obat di Unit Farmasi RSUD Tengku Sulung

Pharmaceutical service is a direct and responsible service to patients related to pharmaceutical preparations with the intention of achieving definite results to improve the quality of life of patients. The purpose of this study was to obtain in-depth information on drug management in the Pharmacy Unit of RSUD Tengku Sulung. The research method used descriptive qualitative with purposive sampling with the number of informants 7 people. Data collection through in-depth interviews, direct observation and document review using content analysis. The results, on the input component obtained information that the lack of human resources, facilities and infrastructure are inadequate and there is no depot and SIM RS. Policies have been made in the form of Drug Management Guidelines in the Pharmacy Unit. In the process component, information is obtained that selection is based on the hospital formulary and national formulary, planning using the combination method, procurement using e-catalog and direct purchase, receipt is carried out by checking and adjusting the order letter, order invoice, and the drug received, storage based on dosage form, classification of types of drugs, medical devices, B3 and arranged alphabetically with the FIFO and FEFO systems, distribution using individual prescribing and Floor Stock systems, deletion is carried out by involving third parties, control is carried out by controlling drug inventory and quality, administration based on recording, reporting and financial administration. The output component obtained by the availability of drugs is still not effective and efficient. In conclusion, the pharmaceutical supply management system in the Pharmacy unit of RSUD Tengku Sulung is not in accordance with the established standards. Suggestions, the need for additional human resources, the fulfillment of infrastructure such as depot procurement and SIMRS, monitoring and evaluation, improved communication during drug selection and budget planning in the fulfillment of facilities and infrastructure.

Analisis Penerapan Halal Supply Chain Management dalam Meningkatkan Kepercayaan Konsumen UMKM Al-Izza

This article aims to analyze the application of Halal Supply Chain Management in increasing consumer confidence in UMKM Al-Izza products.The research method carried out is descriptive research with a qualitative approach. Data was collected through interviews with UMKM owners and consumers, as well as direct observation at production sites. This study concludes The implementation of halal supply chain management in UMKM Al-Izza includes a series of activities involving the provision of materials, including the stage of direct purchase of goods and storage of goods. The next step includes production activities that involve taking materials from storage warehouses, product production processes, and continued with distribution activities that include delivering products to sales locations and sales processes. Islamic consumers who consume UMKM Al-Izza products argue that halal products are very important, especially for Muslims, related to the belief that the products sold by UMKM Al-Izza are halal products because of clean sales places, clean safe production sites avoid haram substances, neat packaging and there are halal compositions and logos, and the ingredients used, and also Muslim-majority neighborhoods

What COVID-19 Vaccine Distribution Disparity Reveals About Solidarity

What COVID-19 Vaccine Distribution Disparity Reveals About Solidarity