Direct Proportion Research Articles

P‐54: Research On DGS Character Of Glass Based Mini LED BLU

This paper introduces the research on the elements that could lead to the DGS issue of Mini LED BLU, as well as a theoretical model built based on the research result. By performing a variety of experiments studying the relationship between several elements, this DGS issue was confirmed to be caused by electrochemical corrosion under the joint impact of water steam infiltrate and electric potential difference between metal pattern on the product. In this specific circumstance, the two necessary condition for DGS issue to happen are electric potential difference between 2 nd Cu layer pattern in LED zone and 1 st Cu layer pattern on the G‐ bus, and the water steam infiltrated from the via hole left for the LED chip soldering. The water steam infiltrated then diffuse through the 1 st Resin layer and the time cost for the water steam to reach the position where electric potential difference exists is in a direct proportion to the distance from such point to the soldering via. Moreover, the larger that electric potential difference is, the higher probability of DGS issue happening is, while the relationship between this probability and the distance mentioned previously is in an opposite way. Overall, by applying several optimization such cancelling the hedgehopping 1 st Cu pattern and adding extra inorganic insulating layer protection on the design of product, and applying an extra cathode protection design, the DGS issue was significantly resolved.

Electrical Conductivity and Association of 1-butyl-3-methylpyridinium bis{(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl}amide in Some Polar Solvents

The influence of alternating current frequency in the determination of the electrical conductivity of ionic liquids’ (ILs) dilute solutions in polar solvents has been considered. The frequency ranges in which the influence of polarization processes on electrodes occur and ionic relaxation occurs in the bulk of the solution have been excluded from the results of the electrical conductivity measurements. The association constants for Ka ILs in polar solvents published in literature were analyzed. A discrepancy between the values of Ka was noted, which is associated with the use of different calculation equations for electrical conductivity and the insufficiently correct consideration of the frequency dependance of the measured resistance. Based on the measured values of the electrical conductivity of dilute solutions of 1-butyl-3-methylpyridinium bis{(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl}amide ([Bmpy][NTf2]) in acetonitrile (AN), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and dimethylformamide (DMF) in the 20--65 °C temperature range, the thermodynamic characteristics of the [Bmpy][NTf2] association were determined. The effect of temperature on the molar electrical conductivity of [Bmpy][NTf2] at infinite dilution λ0 and the association constant Ka have been considered. The Walden product (λ0η), where η is the viscosity of the solvent, was also analysed. It was shown that in AN, DMSO, and DMF, λ0η changes in different ways with increasing temperature; however, the value of λ0η/(εT) corrected for permittivity ε and absolute temperature T does not depend on the temperature and nature of the solvent. As the temperature rises, the electrical conductivity of the dilute solutions of [Bmpy][NTf2] increases in direct proportion to the ratio of the permittivity to dipole dielectric relaxation time of the solvent

An epidemiology study for tuberculosis in the Philippines from 1960 to 2019

Tuberculosis has long been a public health threat in the Philippines, however, there is still no recent trend study for this country’s morbidity and deaths from the said infectious disease. With that, an age-, sex-, and region-specific morbidity and mortality trend study for tuberculosis in the Philippines was conducted for these types of studies significantly help in the surveillance and control of diseases. Data from the Philippine Health Statistics from 1960 to 2019 was mined to assess the morbidity and mortality rates from tuberculosis in terms of age, sex, and regions, which were then visualized through graphs. The results revealed that the mortality rate trend for tuberculosis in the Philippines from 1960 to 2019 declined over time. Also, as for the sex-specific mortality rate trend, it was observed that males consistently had a higher death rate in comparison to females through the years. As for the age-specific mortality rates, it increased with age, showing the direct proportionality of age to the rate of deaths. Lastly, for the region-specific morbidity and mortality rates, it was observed that Region V (Bicol Region) has the highest morbidity rate. On the other hand, Region VI (Western Visayas) has the highest mortality rate from tuberculosis.

Utilization of Plastic Waste and Waste Rubber Tyres to Modify Bitumen Binder in Road Construction

In line with the recent environmental concerns due to waste, researchers focus has been shifted to finding ways of recycling the waste in a most sustainable way. Accumulation of plastic waste, and rubber tyres in the environment is a concern and a threat to the environment. The current waste management has raised public awareness to look for new technologies for handling waste and an alternative to the current disposal technique. Some of the challenges encountered with the current waste management such as recycling, includes contamination of recycling streams, inability to meet recycling demand and the quality of the recycled plastics. One of the disadvantages of recycling is that it produces wastewater and air pollutants. Since recycling degrades the plastic integrity, most recyclable plastic waste is only suitable after one round of recycling, which ultimately leaves most recyclable plastic in the landfills, environment, and oceans. In addition to landfilling (waste management) and waste disposal, waste tires are also a worldwide problem. The current waste management method for waste tires is through incineration, whereby waste tires disposed and piled up in landfills, are treated through incineration. However, this process was found to be releasing enormous emissions, such as hydrocarbons and halogen-chlorinated compounds (chlorinated methanes, dioxins, and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs)). This also produces the pyrolytic oils that contains heavy metals and toxic chemicals, which have a potential of causing severe health effects. Moreover, exhausts from incineration of waste tires are far more mutagenic compared to coal-fires plants emissions . The study investigated the potential of modifying the bitumen binder with plastic (Polyethylene Terephthalate) and tyre wastes. In bitumen-rubber tyre modified binder, increasing the rubber tyre percentage above 5% in the binder, resulted in low ductility, due to the elasticity property of rubber, for both 5.5% and 6% bitumen. For the Bitumen-plastic modified binder, the softening point and ductility had a direct proportionality relationship. As the plastic percentage in the total weight of the binder increased, so did the ductility and the softening point, due to the plasticity property of the plastic that enabled the mixture to be homogenous.

Formation of Ethnic Identity of Mari People in Absence of Single Mari Literary Language

This study is devoted to the history of the formation of the ethnic identity of the Mari people in the Republic of Mari El. Particular attention is paid to the changes in the identification of Mari, which occurred in direct proportion to extralinguistic factors. The question of the role of language, confessional affiliation, historical past, relations with nature and mythological symbols that characterize the modern ethnic Mari identity is considered. The importance of the demographic imbalance in the Republic, which played the most significant role in shaping the character of the Mari, is emphasized. The relevance of the study is due to the increased interest of science in recent decades in the topic of ethnic and Russian identity. The identity of the Mari people has not been previously studied by the author of this work, although many problems of Mari El have been analyzed and described in detail: the language situation in different time periods, language policy, the legislative framework regarding languages and the education system, the history of the Mari literary language, its writing and a number of other sociolinguistic aspects. Unlike articles by other authors on the topic of Mari identity, the novelty of this work lies in the fact that for the first time the identity is shown in the process of formation, from antiquity to the present day. A characteristic of the identity of the Mari people, formed under the influence of a variety of factors, is compiled.

Innovation network structure, government R&D investment and regional innovation efficiency: Evidence from China.

Based on the panel data of 30 provinces in China from 2011 to 2019, this paper uses a two-stage DEA model to measure regional innovation efficiency, then non-parametric test is used to examine the impact of innovation network structure and government R&D investment on regional innovation efficiency. The results show that, at the provincial level, innovation efficiency of regional R&D is not necessarily in direct proportion to the innovation efficiency in the commercialization stage. Commercialization efficiency is not necessarily high in provinces with high technical R&D efficiency. At the national level, the innovation efficiency gap between our country's R&D and commercialization stage is small, indicating that the development of the national innovation efficiency is more and more balanced. Innovation network structure can promote the R&D efficiency, but has no significant effect on the commercialization efficiency. Government R&D investment helps to improve the R&D efficiency, but it is not conducive to the improvement of commercialization efficiency. The interaction between innovation network structure and government R&D investment will have compound effects on regional innovation efficiency; the region with underdeveloped innovation network structure can increase the government R&D investment to make it have a higher level of R&D. This paper provides insights into how to improve innovation efficiency in different social networks and policy environments.

Varroa destructor infestation in honey bees in Ankara region, and antioxidant properties of produced honey

This study was undertaken to determine whether there was any correlation between the level of Varroa destructor infestation in honey bee samples collected from the Ankara region of Türkiye and the antioxidant contents of honey samples from those colonies. In terms of the severity of V. destructor infestation, the average percentage of infested bees in the first group was 16.06 ± 1.2%, the average percentage in the second group was 7.27 ± 0.71%, and the average in the third group was 1.69 ± 0.46%. Statistically significant differences were found between all honey samples collected from the three groups in terms of total phenolic contents and DPPH values. The total flavonoid levels in the honey samples taken from the third group were significantly higher than the values determined in the samples taken from the other two groups, while the ABTS and FRAP levels in honey samples from the first group were significantly higher than the values determined in samples from the other two groups. It was concluded that the total phenolic substances, total flavonoid contents, and DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP values of honey samples collected from these honey bee colonies changed in direct proportion to the severity of V. destructor infestation.

Heat transfer through a higher grade Forchheimer porous CuO–H2O-nano-medium confined between non-isothermal moving plates

In this study, the aim is to analyze numerically heat transfer through a higher grade Forchheimer porous CuO–H2O-nano-medium in an unsteady magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) porous flow. The nano-medium is confined between two non-isothermal moving infinite parallel plates. The flow governing equations are developed through variational calculus approach and are resulted in partial differential equations. The temperature of both the plates are taken to be variable. The governing flow PDEs along with the prescribed boundary conditions are solved using finite difference approach for time discretization and finite element approach for discretizing the spatial coordinate. The algorithm used is described here in detail for the numerical simulations and calculations of results. The proposed algorithm is implemented through MATLAB and simulations are performed for parameters of interest which includes: Nusselt number, skin friction coefficients, Forchheimer constant, volume fraction, Prandtl number, Grashhoff number, Hartmann number, and convection and porosity parameters. Effective implementation of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated through plots of time profiles of non-dimensionalized thermodynamic velocity and temperature against these parameters. It is observed that the larger the porosity of the nanomedium leads to the larger skin friction at both the plates. The plate's temperature gets increased with the increase in the Forchhiemer number. However, the hydrodynamic velocities get smaller as the porosity gets elevated. Forchheimer constant and skin friction coefficients are related with direct proportionality. Whereas the skin friction coefficient is observed behaving monotone in relation to the Hartman constant. The Nusselt number at both the plates get increase in its value as the nanoparticles concentration increases. By increasing the velocity ratio between the two moving plates shows opposite trend. However, the Nusselt number decreases if the porosity of the nano-fluidic medium is increased. It is pertinent to mention that the present modeling approach can be used to analyze the Forchheimer medium flows involving catalytic converters and gas turbine dynamics.

Development of STEAM-Based Mathematics Teaching Materials on Direct and Inverse Proportion to Improve Mathematical Problem-Solving Ability and Self Regulated Learning

This research was research and development whose product was in the form of teaching materials based on STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Art, and Mathematics). This research and development aims to analyze the feasibility and readability, as well as test the effectiveness of teaching materials in improving problem-solving abilities and Self Regulated Learning (SRL). The development stages include potentials and problems; data collection; product design; design validation and revision; product trials (readability tests) and revisions; trial implementation and revision; and then the final product. Furthermore, this study used a one-group pretest and posttest design, carried out at MTs Al-Utsmani with 37 class VIID students in the 2022/2023 academic year as respondents. The results of this study indicate that the developed STEAM-based teaching materials have a feasibility level of 92.82% with very feasible criteria; legibility level of 63.22% with easy-to-understand criteria; as well as effectively improve problem-solving abilities and SRL. This effectiveness is indicated by the average mathematical problem-solving abilities of students after using teaching materials is more than or equal to the Minimum Completeness Criteria, the mathematical problem-solving ability of students who achieve Minimum Completeness Criteria after using complete teaching materials in a classical manner with a proportion of at least 75%, Improvement of students' mathematical problem-solving abilities after using teaching materials is in the moderate minimal category, average SRL after using teaching materials are in the minimal moderate SRL categories, SRL that is in the minimal moderate SRL category while after using teaching materials complete in a classical manner with a proportion of at least 75%, improvement of SRL after using teaching materials is in the moderate minimal category.

Education on the Use of Iot Technology for Energy Audit and Management Within the Context of Conservation and Efficiency

Education on the use of IoT technology for energy audit and management within the context of conservation and efficiency The demand for electrical energy rises in direct proportion to a region's economy. The basic electricity rate rises in response to the steadily growing demand for electrical energy. Increased use of electrical energy is a result of wasteful conduct and a disregard for equipment standardization. increases the utilization of electrical energy. The local population still does not appear to be concerned or aware of how crucial it is to keep the electrical supply sustainable.Many studies that are pertinent to energy efficiency and conservation education have been conducted.Thus, the community needs to be informed of this information in order to, among other things, increase understanding, encourage the community to behave economically, conduct audits, and manage electrical energy in accordance with standardized practices. SMK N 1 Brebes, a vocational school for electrical and electronics, is a setting that is pertinent to the use of this technology. The development in students' abilities after engaging in this activity shows that it has delivered education in the form of reading material and energy management practice.

Education on the Use of Iot Technology for Energy Audit and Management Within the Context of Conservation and Efficiency

Education on the use of IoT technology for energy audit and management within the context of conservation and efficiency The demand for electrical energy rises in direct proportion to a region's economy. The basic electricity rate rises in response to the steadily growing demand for electrical energy. Increased use of electrical energy is a result of wasteful conduct and a disregard for equipment standardization. increases the utilization of electrical energy. The local population still does not appear to be concerned or aware of how crucial it is to keep the electrical supply sustainable.Many studies that are pertinent to energy efficiency and conservation education have been conducted.Thus, the community needs to be informed of this information in order to, among other things, increase understanding, encourage the community to behave economically, conduct audits, and manage electrical energy in accordance with standardized practices. SMK N 1 Brebes, a vocational school for electrical and electronics, is a setting that is pertinent to the use of this technology. The development in students' abilities after engaging in this activity shows that it has delivered education in the form of reading material and energy management practice.

Novel insights into diminished cardiac reserve in non-obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy from four-dimensional flow cardiac magnetic resonance component analysis.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is characterized by hypercontractility and diastolic dysfunction, which alter blood flow haemodynamics and are linked with increased risk of adverse clinical events. Four-dimensional flow cardiac magnetic resonance (4D-flow CMR) enables comprehensive characterization of ventricular blood flow patterns. We characterized flow component changes in non-obstructive HCM and assessed their relationship with phenotypic severity and sudden cardiac death (SCD) risk. Fifty-one participants (37 non-obstructive HCM and 14 matched controls) underwent 4D-flow CMR. Left-ventricular (LV) end-diastolic volume was separated into four components: direct flow (blood transiting the ventricle within one cycle), retained inflow (blood entering the ventricle and retained for one cycle), delayed ejection flow (retained ventricular blood ejected during systole), and residual volume (ventricular blood retained for >two cycles). Flow component distribution and component end-diastolic kinetic energy/mL were estimated. HCM patients demonstrated greater direct flow proportions compared with controls (47.9 ± 9% vs. 39.4 ± 6%, P = 0.002), with reduction in other components. Direct flow proportions correlated with LV mass index (r = 0.40, P = 0.004), end-diastolic volume index (r = -0.40, P = 0.017), and SCD risk (r = 0.34, P = 0.039). In contrast to controls, in HCM, stroke volume decreased with increasing direct flow proportions, indicating diminished volumetric reserve. There was no difference in component end-diastolic kinetic energy/mL. Non-obstructive HCM possesses a distinctive flow component distribution pattern characterised by greater direct flow proportions, and direct flow-stroke volume uncoupling indicative of diminished cardiac reserve. The correlation of direct flow proportion with phenotypic severity and SCD risk highlight its potential as a novel and sensitive haemodynamic measure of cardiovascular risk in HCM.

The relationship between ferrokinetic parameters and the state of cardiac remodeling in patients with coronary artery disease with concomitant iron deficiency

The aim of the study: to assess the relationship between ferrokinetic parameters and the state of cardiac remodeling in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) depending on the stage of iron deficiency (ID). Materials and methods. The study involved 90 patients with CAD: stable angina pectoris II–III FC (35 men and 55 women, age – 69 (61; 72) years). All patients were divided into 4 clinical groups depending on the parameters of iron metabolism and hemogram: I (n = 16) – patients with absolute ID; II (n = 15) – with latent ID; III (n = 14) – with functional ID; IV (n = 45) – patients with CAD without iron metabolism disorders. The parameters of cardiac remodeling, iron metabolism and their relationship were analyzed. Results. During the analysis of ferrokinetic parameters, a decrease in transport (serum iron, transferrin saturation) and tissue (ferritin) reserve of iron on the background of an increase in the total and latent iron-binding capacity depending on the stage of sideropenia was established. At the same time, latent iron-binding capacity in patients with absolute ID was less by 43 % than in patients with latent ID. Patients with latent ID demonstrated a significantly higher level of transferrin saturation by 59.9 % than in the group of patients with CAD without concomitant ID. Patients with absolute ID, compared to patients without iron metabolism disorders, demonstrated significantly higher size of RAd by 14.18 % (U = 2.0; p < 0.05); increase EDVI of LV in 1.7 times (U = 4.0; p < 0.05); higher value of LV MI by 16 % (U = 17.0; p < 0.05). Also, patients with ferrokinetics disorders demonstrated a tendency to increase LVIDd, EDV LV, ESV LV, ESVI, LV mass, Ao, RAd, RVd, IVSd compared to patients without concomitant ID. For patients with absolute ID, it was established that there a relationship between the level of ferritin and IVSd (r = +0.84; p < 0.05); serum iron and LAd (r = -0.73; p < 0.05); total iron-binding capacity and Ao (r = -0.78; p < 0.05); latent iron-binding capacity and LVIDs (r = +0.71; p < 0.05). Patients with latent ID demonstrated relationships only between the transferrin saturation and LV MI (r = +0.60; p < 0.05). There were no statistically significant correlation relationships between indicators of iron metabolism and cardiac remodeling in patients with CAD and functional ID. Conclusions. The intensity of the processes of cardiac remodeling in patients with CAD and iron deficiency increases in direct proportion to the degree of progression of sideropenia, what is confirmed by the relevant correlation relationships.

A comparative analysis of hybrid nanofluid flow through an electrically conducting vertical microchannel using Yamada-Ota and Xue models

An induced magnetic field is produced owing to an electric current flowing through the conductor. The induced magnetic field and the length of the conductor are in direct proportion. The current study examines the comparison of Yamada-Ota and Xue thermal conductivity models for a mixed convective hybrid nanoliquid flow through the permeable vertical channel influenced by an induced magnetic field. The projected model is supported by the combination of thermal radiation and heat generation and multiple slip conditions imposed on the walls. The Tiwari and Das model is adopted considering engine oil as a working liquid with immersed multiwalled and single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) nanoparticles. The unique combination of strength, conductivity, and other properties make CNTs a promising material for an extensive variety of applications. These governing partial differential equations undergo conversion to ordinary differential equations via the similarity transformation and are then numerically processed with the bvp4c technique of the MATLAB program. The outcomes are deliberated logically via illustrations and tables. It is perceived that fluid velocity is compromised by strengthening the induced magnetic field. Nevertheless, an opposing trend is witnessed for the enhanced values of the Prandtl number.

Nomophobia and its effects on seafarers.

New technologies for ships affect many aspects of seafarers' lives at work. Nowadays, many shipowners provide their ships with internet access for the personal use of the crew. After all these developments, nomophobia is no longer a phenomenon far from seafarers. Nomophobia affects mental health and motivation in seafarers, like all people who can use smartphones. Until now, there has been no study investigating nomophobia in seafarers and its effects on life at sea. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of nomophobia among seafarers and examine the causes and consequences of differences between groups. A previously designed and tested questionnaire was used to determine nomophobia and its effects on seafarers. Three hundred fifty one seafarers participated in the study. ANOVA and T-tests were performed with SPSS 22 package program to find significant differences. Nomophobia differed significantly according to age groups, gender, and education level. Headache and fatigue increased in direct proportion to the level of nomophobia. It was found that 65.2% of the seafarers had moderate to severe nomophobia.

Magnetohydrodynamic flow of Copper-Water nanofluid over a rotating rigid disk with Ohmic heating and Hall Effects

In this article, a steady flow model is developed and analyzed for a water-based nanofluid that is generated by a rigid circular disk undergoing uniform rotation. Copper nanoparticles have been used for the analysis. Region over the plate is considered porous possessing uniform porosity whereas a uniformly impinged magnetic flux is assumed in the axial direction. Considerations of Hall currents and Ohmic heating are undertaken. To simplify the problem at hand, similarity transformations are utilized to transform it into a set of ordinary differential equations (ODEs), which can be more easily solved. Additionally, no-slip conditions are enforced at the boundary of the rigid disk. Numerical solutions for resulting nonlinear system are obtained via shooting method and are presented graphically for the detailed analysis. Results indicate that for magnetohydrodynamic flow with Hall effects through a porous medium, there is a direct proportion between axial velocity and volume fraction of copper-nanoparticles. Also, as the concentration of nanoparticles in the nanofluid increases, there is a corresponding increase in the temperature of the fluid. Additionally, at higher values of the Hall parameter, the impact of the Hartman number on flow variables is reduced.

Development and Characterization of Films with Propolis to Inhibit Mold Contamination in the Dairy Industry.

Due to the number of polyphenols with multiple biological activities, propolis has high potential to be used as an active agent in food protective films. Therefore, this study aimed to develop and characterize a sodium alginate film with ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) for its potential use as protective active packaging against filamentous fungi in ripened cheese. Three different concentrations of EEP were analyzed: 0, 5 and 10% w/v. The films obtained were characterized, assessing thermal and physicochemical properties, as well as the concentration of polyphenols in the EEP and antifungal activity of the active films. The incorporation of EEP in the films generated thermal stability with respect to the loss of mass. Total color values (ΔE) of the films were affected by the incorporation of the different concentrations of EEP, showing a decrease in luminosity (L*) of the films, while the chromatic parameters a* and b* increased in direct proportion to the EEP concentration. Antifungal activity was observed with a fungistatic mode of action, stopping the growth of the fungus in cheeses without development of filamentous molds, thus increasing the shelf life of the ripened cheese under the analytical conditions, over 30 days at room temperature. Overall, EEP can be used to prevent growth and proliferation of spoilage microorganisms in cheese.

Hemodynamic performance evaluation of neonatal ECMO double lumen cannula using fluid-structure interaction.

Extra corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is an artificial oxygenation facility, employed in situations of cardio-pulmonary failure. Some diseases i.e., acute respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary hypertension, corona virus disease (COVID-19) etc. affect oxygenation performance of the lungs thus requiring the need of artificial oxygenation. Critical care teams used ECMO technique during the COVID-19 pandemic to support the heart and lungs of COVID-19 patients who had an acute respiratory or cardiac failure. Double Lumen Cannula (DLC) is one of the most critical components of ECMO as it resides inside the patient and, connects patient with external oxygenation circuit. DLC facilitates delivery and drainage of blood from the patient's body. DLC is characterized by delicate balance of internal and external flows inside a limited space of the right atrium (RA). An optimal performance of the DLC necessitates structural stability under biological and hemodynamic loads, a fact that has been overlooked by previously published studies. In the past, many researchers experimentally and computationally investigated the hemodynamic performance of DLC by employing Eulerian approach, which evaluate instantaneous blood damage without considering blood shear exposure history (qualitative assessment only). The present study is an attempt to address the aforementioned limitations of the previous studies by employing Lagrangian (quantitative assessment) and incorporating the effect of fluid-structure interaction (FSI) to study the hemodynamic performance of neonatal DLC. The study was performed by solving three-dimensional continuity, momentum, and structural mechanics equation(s) by numerical methods for the blood flow through neonatal DLC. A two-way coupled FSI analysis was performed to analyze the effect of DLC structural deformation on its hemodynamic performance. Results show that the return lumen was the most critical section with maximum pressure drop, velocity, shear stresses, and blood damage. Recirculation and residence time of blood in the right atrium (RA) increases with increasing blood flow rates. Considering the structural deformation hasled to higher blood damage inside the DLC-atrium system. Maximum Von-Mises stress was present on the side edges of the return lumen that showed direct proportionality with the blood flow rate.

Asymmetric Swelling Behaviors of High-Energy-Density Lithium-Ion Batteries with a SiOx /Graphite Composite Anode.

The battery swelling originated from the electrode swelling is a big obstacle for the practical application of high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries (HED-LIBs). Herein, the HED-LIBs are constructed by SiOx /graphite composite anode and LiNi0.8 Co0.1 Mn0.1 O2 (NCM811) cathode and their swelling behaviors are investigated at the cell, electrode, and particle scales. there are three expansion stages during the charging while one expansion followed by two contraction stages during the discharging process. The expansion ratio is in direct proportion to the ratio of SiOx content and about 10 times larger than that of the cathode. A 100nm thick double-layer solid electrolyte interface, comprises LiF, Li2 O, and Li2 CO3 , forms on the surface of the SiOx particles, and evolves into a 300nm thick triple-layer after cycling. The performance degradation of HED-LIBs is associated with the expansion of anodes, increase in resistance, and consumption of Li in the anodes during cycling. This study is expected to guide the future selection and design of HED-LIBs and battery packs.

The optoelectronic application of CsSnI3 upon substitution with Pb: A DFT approach

AbstractThe efficiency of Pb substitution on the Sn site of CsSnI3 is studied theoretically utilizing DFT as employed by Wien2k code. The energetical, structural, and thermodynamic stability criteria have been fully explained for the studied compounds. Structural and mechanical properties have shown the thermodynamic stability of the studied compounds and their ability to be formed. From their electronic properties, the electronic band gap tuning is observed by systematically substituting Pb in CsSnI3. All these compounds (Pb/CsSnI3) have shown a direct band gap nature within the range 1.11–2.95 eV, a potential indication of their possible usage in fabricating solar cells. On further investigating of their optical properties, the most stable and optically active band gap for solar cell application is observed for CsSn0.75Pb0.25I3 and CsSn0.5Pb0.5I3. Furthermore, the measured minimum thermal conductivity of Pb/CsSnI3 is greatest along the [1 1 1] direction. While the direct proportion predicts that the crystal structure with Pb atoms is anharmonic. High melting temperature, thermal stability, a wide optically active region, and a low Debye temperature indicate plausible operable conditions of these compounds under wide ambient conditions. The optical properties, ductile nature, and the bond bending attributes illustrate that CsSnxPb1−xI3 has exciting potential to be used in flexible electronic devices, solar cells, and optical sensors.