Direct Acquaintance Research Articles

Direct acquaintance with intrinsic value

Abstract Upon introspection, we judge that suffering feels bad. I argue there is no appearance-reality gap when it comes to introspective judgments about simple, intrinsic, nonrepresentational phenomenal states like itches, tingling, and suffering's feeling bad. On constitutivism about phenomenal introspection, there is no appearance-reality gap here because these judgments are literally constituted by the phenomenal states they are about. As a result, we are directly acquainted with the intrinsic properties of experience in having these judgments. Reflecting on our direct acquaintance with intrinsic badness, we can know that our suffering instantiates this judgment-independent evaluative property.

Американская литература в библиотеке И.С. Тургенева

The article is devoted to the study of a particular aspect of the dialogue between Ivan Turgenev and the literature of the United States of America. The piece of research focuses on the Russian writer’s book collection, namely that part of it, which contains the works of American authors in English and French. According to the existing catalogs and inventories all the surviving copies of Turgenev’s library have been identified with maximum details. As a result, the “American Foundation” today consists of four representatives of romanticism: J. Cooper, W. Irving, N. Hawthorne and E. Poe. All discovered books of American literature are carefully described. The object of the description is the publication history of the book, the features of its external design and, which is especially important, the traces left by the reader on the pages, i. e. nail marks and underlines and notes made by a pencil. Thus, the earliest by the date of publication in Turgenev’s library is the novel by J. Cooper “The Pioneers”, published in French as part of the fourth volume of the massive series of Cooper’s works. Several nail marks were left on the pages of the novel, which certainly belong to Turgenev’s reading style. In addition, in the process of studying Turgenev’s library, it was possible to establish that the collection of fantastic fiction stories by E. Poe, translated by S. Baudelaire, which stands farthest in the chronology of publication, did not really belong to a Russian writer and could not be the subject of his reading. As a result, the works of American authors preserved in Turgenev’s library make it possible to reproduce a picture of the direct acquaintance of the Russian writer with the literature of the United States, and the marks and notes on particular books open up the prospect of setting and solving new problems (“I. Turgenev and N. Hawthorne”, “I. Turgenev and J. Cooper”) in the aspects of both the reader’s acquaintance and subsequent creative reflection.

EDUCATION OF STUDENTS IN THE SPIRIT OF THE CULTURE OF INTERETHNIC COMMUNICATION IN THE PROCESS OF TEACHING FOREIGN LANGUAGES: POLITICAL ASPECTS

In the modern world, language is a mechanism of intercultural communication, a means of peoples’ mutual understanding, self-development and enrichment of the inner world, a means of direct acquaintance with the achievements of foreign literature, culture and technology. The language functions within a certain culture, and the student of a foreign language should be familiar with the peculiarities of this culture, the specific use of language in this culture. The culture of interethnic communication is a person's respectful attitude towards people of different nations, respect for their culture, history, and national dignity. Education of students in the spirit of the culture of interethnic communication in the process of teaching foreign languages is carried out in the education system. The communication of knowledge, the implementation of skills and abilities at all levels of education is linked with the gradual formation of a personality whose ideals of interethnic culture become the content of his\her life. To combine teaching foreign languages and education in the spirit of the culture of interethnic communication, it is necessary to create a research, methodological and pedagogical system which provides a combination of these two processes.

Social upbringing and an example of Antiquity in the writings of J.J. Rousseau

The article analyses the influence of Antiquity on J.-J. Rousseau’s ideas of social education. It is noted that Rousseau's interest in Antiquity emerged in childhood and was stimulated by Plutarch's works. In later years, he studied Latin and elements of the ancient Greek language, and translated the works of Tacitus and Seneca into French. Modern scholars place an emphasis on Rousseau's direct acquaintance with the works of ancient authors, in particular, under the influence of the home education that he received from his father, a Geneva watchmaker. At the same time, the article draws attention to the fact that Rousseau's interest in Antiquity coincided with his life choice: he decided to make a career as a writer and composer, and therefore focused on popular examples of creative writing. Montesquieu, Fenelon, Marquis d'Argens introduced ancient themes into the context of literary and academic polemics. Their example was followed by Rousseau, which is convincingly illustrated by the comparative analysis of Fenelon’s Dialogues of the Dead and Prosopopoeia of Fabricius in Rousseau's first Discourse. While retaining the main intention of the great moralist, namely the moral education of society by the writer on the examples of Antiquity, Rousseau rethinks it in the context of his own social anthropology. Antiquity is not an example to follow, but a starting point for a person of his time to think about their own social and cultural identity that is different from the past. Being a writer-moralist and political thinker, Rousseau essentially solved the problem of moral education regarding the perception and assessment of the ancient culture by his contemporaries and society.

Communication aspect of museum activities (experience and innovation of museums of florence)

The aim of the research presented in the article is to study the directions and mechanisms of action of museums in innovative practice. The modern museum as a cultural center is more focused on the individual, takes on the functions of organizing the leisure of citizens, responding to the social order, lifestyle. The study of the experience of museums in this context is focused on considering innovation at the local level - the museums of the city of Florence (center of Tuscany), which are a vivid example of the communicative model of the museum. This model of the museum is especially in demand today against the background of the problem of attracting (and retaining) visitors existing in museums around the world and in Kazakhstan. The study of valuable experience and innovative approaches in the communication activities of the best museums in the world can give impetus to the development of museums in Kazakhstan. The situation with the COVID–19 Pandemic has made its own adjustments in the relationship between visitors and museums. Both Florentine and Kazakhstani museums reacted to the situation with interesting projects. It is concluded that the introduction and development of information systems in museums in Italy made it possible to significantly optimize their work, and this, in turn, allowed them to reach a qualitatively new level of presentation of their services and collections. There are ample opportunities for the world museum community to access the Italian heritage.A great help in this study was the master's thesis by Irene di Pietro, which was written in the city of Bologna in 2017. An important source was the personal observations of E.I. Kubasheva in direct acquaintance with the museums of Florence. The research was carried out using narrative and historical-genetic methods.

Justification by acquaintance

While there is no shortage of philosophical literature discussing knowledge by acquaintance, there is a surprising dearth of work about theories of epistemic justification based on direct acquaintance. This paper explores a basic framework for a thoroughly general account of epistemic justification by acquaintance. I argue that this approach to epistemic justification satisfies two importance aspects (objective and subjective) of justification. After sketching how the acquaintance approach can meet both objective and subjective aspects for epistemic justification, I will outline how this general account of justification by acquaintance can be applied to the analysis of justification for many types of beliefs (e.g., non-inferential, inferential, a priori, empirical justification, etc.). Finally, some of the objections to the acquaintance approach will be considered and answered.

PAINTING PERFORMANCES: METHODOLOGICAL TOOLS FOR FUTURE EDUCATORS TRAINING

The article discusses the issue of future educators’ professional training as a complex problem. The artistic component of future educators’ professional training is singled out. The mechanisms and methods of forming the creative potential of future educators are revealed, among which a special place is occupied by methods related to the increase of reflexive culture, with the stimulation of a special mental state of creative activity, with the use of techniques to intensify the search for ideas, the development of imaginative abilities, the search for internal motivating reasons for the intensification of creative activity. Effective means of future educators’ training are identified: communication on the materials of art, the basis of which is subject-subject interaction in the “teacher-student” system, which is retransmitted into the “educator-child” system. The tool of development of creative potential of future educators is given — acquaintance with works of art: direct acquaintance with art objects during art excursions, art walks, visits to theater, etc.; artistic reflection; art technologies, art techniques, and art methods. The results of approbation of painting performances in the format of offline and online as a tool for the development of creative potential and raising the level of general culture of future educators are described. The algorithm of creation of painting performances is characterized: presentation of idea; elaboration of literature and other sources; work by the method of creative structured improvisation to characterize the images of the characters; choice of props; modeling of painting performances; artistic reflection at the final stage (reflection exercises that motivate students to self-knowledge and determine their own emotions; develop the ability to analyze and evaluate their feelings, process and results of artistic activity). The presented methods of acquaintance with the art of painting as a means of developing the creative potential of future educators and preschool children are implemented in the direction of perception — reflection — attitude, allow to appropriate the experience, work on the formation of life competence, as related to the analogy of art and life.

Fashion fades, Chanel No. 5 remains: Epistemology between Style and Technology.

Perfumes embody a chemical record of style and technology. Blurring the boundary between what counts as natural and artificial in both a material and a perceptual sense, perfumery presents us with a domain of multiple disciplinary identities relevant to social studies: art, craft, and techno-science. Despite its profound impact as a cultural practice, perfume has seldom featured in historical scholarship. The reason for this neglect is its inherently qualitative dimension: perfume cannot be understood via codified representation but requires direct acquaintance with its sensory and material basis. The historical study of perfumery thus necessitates an experimental approach that comes not without challenge. This article looks at contemporary recreations of old perfumes to identify the difficulties involved in the experimental recreation of fragrances as sensory and performative artifacts. We highlight the need for a reconceptualization of methodology for inconcrete objects of study as part of the broader interest in experimental approaches to the humanities.

How the Gospels Became History: Jesus and Mediterranean Myths

How the Gospels Became History: Jesus and Mediterranean Myths

How God Knows Counterfactuals of Freedom

One problem for Molinism that critics of the view have pressed, and which Molinists have so far done little to address, is that even if there are true counterfactuals of freedom, it is puzzling how God could possibly know them. I defuse this worry by sketching a plausible model of the mechanics of middle knowledge which draws on William Alston’s direct acquaintance account of divine knowledge.

An improved method of dyeing of bakery yeast according to Gram

Knowledge and practical skills of working with microorganisms are required for mastering the modern level of development of veterinary and biological sciences. Microorganisms are the main objects of biotechnology, molecular biology and genetics, and they constantly accompany human and animals in the environment and cohabit inside the body. Direct acquaintance with them and the development of the principles of microbiological research will not only improve their professional level, but also to acquire knowledge and skills are not superfl uous in everyday life. The microscopic method involves the study of living or killed representatives of the microbial (bacteria, bacilli, clostridiums and plectridia) and yeast (bakery, fruit and vegetable, berry and grape yeast) world in a colored or unpainted state using a binocular light microscope. An improved technique of the famous Danish microbiologist G. K. Gram for coloring bakery’s yeast has been presented in the article. On the basis of laboratory researches it has been shown that the diff erentiated coloring according to Gram can be changed on color scale, depending on dyes. Classically according to Gram used: gentian violet, Lugol solution, fuchsin Pfeiff er (based on carbolic fuchsin), but in our technique instead of gentian violet methylene blue has been used, Lugol solution, instead of fuchsin Pfeiff er took red safranin and additionally in the manufacture of the third drug – diamond green dye. It has been shown that the coloring of microbial or yeast cultures has being achieved through the latter dye. So, for example with methylene blue, microbes or yeast are colored blue, with safranin in red and with diamond green in green.

Max Weber in America: On the History of His St. Louis’s Paper

The paper highlights the context and the main points of the speech given by Max Weber at the International Congress of Arts and Science in St. Louis in September, 1904. It analyzes Weber’s views on the dynamics of social change as presented by the German classic in the shape of the comparative historical sociology of the European and American versions of modernity. The first part of the article covers the background and the most significant episodes of the trip to the United States undertaken by Max Weber and his wife Marianne. The second part of the article elucidates the main points of Weber’s speech in St. Louis. The third part examines the observations and conclusions of the specifics of American modernity made by Weber through his direct acquaintance with life in the United States. In conclusion, the paper proposes a brief analysis of Weber’s contribution to the development of historical sociology’s ideas about the nature and pathways of Western modernity.

Tamgas and Runic Inscription on Two Vessels from Muruisky Island on the Angara River

The article deals with the attempt to comprehensively study of two metal vessels found in the treasure on Muruisky island on Angara river, which became known to the general public in 2008. Based on a comparative analysis of the findings of similar products torevtics in the memorial and funeral complexes of the Türkic period in Inner Asia, it is concluded that they belong to the category of prestigious objects as attributes of the nomadic social elite of the 8th – early 9th centuries A.D. Сomparing the signs of identity (tamga) applied to the vessels with the famous monuments of the region allows it is possible to identify two of them as belonging to the ruling clans of the Eastern Türks and Uyghurs (the Ashina and Yaγlaqar dynasties respectively), as well as to clans of other important nomadic unions of central areas of Mongolia of the same period. For tamga signs on the neck of vessel 2 it is possible to find analogies mainly among the monuments of Tuva and the Minusinsk depression. The fact of their relatively late application to the surface of the vessel refers to the time of the fall of the Uyghur Qaghanate and the expansion of the Qïrqïz in Inner Asia.A new reading of the runic inscription on vessel 2 is based on the personal direct acquaintance with the artifact at the State Historical Museum in Moscow and subsequent work with its photographs of high-quality. In general, the identification of runic characters does not cause difficulties, the fact of which caused to offer an accurate reading of the inscription without assumptions and grammatical stretches. At the same time, it is possible that part of the inscription, which placed on the damaged field of the surface of the vessel, was created earlier than the rest of the text. Since the inscription was not completely restored, it seems correct to consider any interpretations premature. An analysis of spelling of the inscription shows the possibility to compare it with the monuments of the period of the Uyghur Qaghanate (747–840/847). The fact is partially contradicted by some features of the graphics, which, however, may be explained by the presence here of some signs of the mentioned above the earlier inscription.

LOCAL CULTURE-BASED READING MATERIALS FOR EFL CONTEXT

Teaching English to non-native learners is always a challenging task for any teacher in EFL contexts. One perpetual reason is the lack of exposure to the target language both orally and in writing. Debate continues about two opposing views on the utilization of authentic reading materials and the utilization of local-based reading. This paper attempts to defend the latter view by elaborating the potentials of local culture-based materials and their role in the EFL Classroom. This is a library research where the information is gathered from studies by other researchers. In EFL context, where the learners rarely have a direct acquaintance with native speakers, the benefits of making use of authentic reading book are not meaningful especially for the beginner level students due to the issues such as text readability, cultural understanding, and experiential input. Therefore, local culture-based reading materials are recommended to be developed since it suggests many benefits for the students in English as a Foreign Language context.

ФОРМУВАННЯ КУЛЬТУРИ ІНШОМОВНОГО ПРОФЕСІЙНОГО СПІЛКУВАННЯ МАЙБУТНІХ ЮРИСТІВ

A role and value of foreign language which predetermines professional training of future lawyers’ grows in the conditions of euro integration processes. The author emphasizes that the first condition of the formation of culture of foreign professional intercourse of the future lawyers is stimulation of professional motivation of students in mastering foreign intercourse as an important component of professionalism of modern lawyers. For development of professional motivation of mastering foreign professional communication at the first English lessons students were given the special purpose of mastering a select profession on the whole and the special meaningfulness for the modern specialist was given to communicative activity which requires mastering of foreign professional communication in connection with the increase of role of connections with foreign partners for providing of efficiency of production process. For the formation of positive motivation of professional training of students the following forms of work were used: a direct acquaintance with the real production, meetings with graduating students, who convinced present students in importance of mastering foreign professional communication as important constituent of their competitiveness in a future profession, co-operating with foreign partners in modern market relations, etc. An important place at the lessons was given to trainings (training of foreign intercourse, training of motivation of achievement of success, image-training) during which students were oriented on the formation of culture of professional intercourse on the whole and foreign professional communication in particular, and also on a correction and development of the motivational settings. The task of trainings consisted in the formation of positive estimation of the «I», directed imagination, confidence, management of the students' opinions and feelings. Besides teachers turned the special attention on positiveness of socializing with students, strengthening of their faith, created the special trustful atmosphere, promoted activity of participants. Key words: motivation, foreign professional intercourse, future lawyers, training, foreign professional communication.

Zum 2. Korintherbrief: Drei wichtige Parallelen zur Qumrangemeinde (Gemeinde Gottes, neuer Bund und Neuschöpfung)

Abstract In the Second Epistle to the Corinthians Paul uses three concepts, which have very close parallels in contemporary non-Christian texts only in the writings of the Qumran community (“the community of God”, “new covenant” and the idea of new creation already in the present). Since the concept of new creation in the so-called Community Songs of 1QHa is under discussion, a thorough interpretation is of great importance, esp. of 1QHa XI 22. The “new covenant” in Paul’s letters is more than the “renewed covenant” of the Qumran community. The background of ἐκκλησία τοῦ θεοῦ is Jewish even though Hellenistic-Roman associations and political assemblies have to be discussed concerning ἐκκλησία. There is no direct acquaintance of Paul with texts of the Qumran community. The relevance of these texts for understanding Paul is found in several respects.

Impact of Terrorism Act on Child Psychology and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Direct or indirect acquaintance to terrorism violence aggravates a state of terror in the general public through the use of calculated acts of violence, which includes mutilation, murder, and explosions that affect acquitted people, often including children. In the present review, various medium through which the children get exposed to the terrorism acts and its effect on their mental health was summarized. Some leads towards their rehabilitation were also addressed. Some precaution measures should be taken for the child protection against terrorism or their rehabilitation. Children should have restricted media access which should not include any act of terrorism or any media coverage regarding it. Internalizing disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), suicidal thoughts, anxiety and depression, as well as externalizing behaviors, are prevalent following exposure to war and terrorism. So, affords should be taken to minimize them.

MATHEMATICAL INFERENCE AND LOGICAL INFERENCE

AbstractThe deviation ofmathematical proof—proof in mathematical practice—from the ideal offormal proof—proof in formal logic—has led many philosophers of mathematics to reconsider the commonly accepted view according to which the notion of formal proof provides an accurate descriptive account of mathematical proof. This, in turn, has motivated a search for alternative accounts of mathematical proof purporting to be more faithful to the reality of mathematical practice. Yet, in order to develop and evaluate such alternative accounts, it appears as a necessary prerequisite to first possess a clear picture of what the deviation of mathematical proof from formal proof consists in. The present work aims to contribute building such a picture by investigating the relation between the elementary steps of deduction constituting the two types of proofs—mathematical inferenceandlogical inference. Many claims have been made in the literature regarding the relation between mathematical inference and logical inference, most of them stating that the former is lacking properties that are constitutive of the latter. Suchdifferentiating claimsare, however, usually put forward without a clear conception of the properties occurring in them, and are generally considered to be immediately justified by our direct acquaintance, or phenomenological experience, with the two types of inferences. The present study purports to advance our understanding of the relation between mathematical inference and logical inference by developing a detailed philosophical analysis of the differentiating claims, that is, an analysis of themeaningof the differentiating claims—through the properties that occur in them—as well as thereasonsthat support them. To this end, we provide at the outset a representative list of the different properties of logical inference that have occurred in the differentiating claims, and we notice that they all boil down to the three properties offormality,generality, andmechanicality. For each one of these properties, our analysis proceeds in two steps: we first provide precise conceptual characterizations of the different ways logical inference has been said to be formal, general, and mechanical, in the philosophical and logical literature on formal proof; we then examine why mathematical inference does not appear to be formal, general, and mechanical, for the different variations of these notions identified. Our study results in a precise conceptual apparatus for expressing and discussing the properties differentiating mathematical inference from logical inference, and provides a first inventory of the various reasons supporting the observations of those differences. The differentiating claims constitute thus a set of data that any philosophical account of mathematical inference and proof purporting to be more faithful to mathematical practice ought to be able to accommodate and explain.

To Repeat or Not To Repeat: That is the Question

I had never been in Copenhagen before, yet this was my second visit to the city. The purpose of my travel was to inhabit, at least for several days, the urban environment that once contained the peripatetic musings of Søren Kierkegaard. I went to Denmark’s capital in order to get closer to a vanished writer, a person now gone and replaced by his textual remnants. Words incite motions: I was there, standing right in front of the Vor Frue Kirke, in response to certain pages once read and pondered. My trip was a tribute to the affective consequences of libraries- books can be-come maps, passions, curiosities, displacements, attractions, resistances, temporalities. Ink in-flects life. In addition, after being in Europe I was planning on spending the upcoming summer back in the United States, learning the Danish language at the Kierkegaard Center in St. Olaf Col-lege, Minnesota. I’d reached the point where translation was no longer enough- I demanded a direct acquaintance with the original sound of Kierkegaard’s multiple voices. After many years of conversations and reasonings and debates, our friendship had turned into a relationship.

Editorial Volume 13

Dear Reader, Those among us who have reached a certain age tend to have developed a long-term perspective and inclination to look back on individual years and to compare them for their respective blessings and injuries. In that sense, 2016 seems to take a special rank as an annus horribilis not just in my own assessment but in numerous commentaries we have come across over the past weeks. Foremost in our awareness featured the surprises: Nobody in my direct acquaintance foretold the Trump phenomenon or the Brexit decision. To find events equally unanticipated and far-reaching, one would have to go back to the 2007/8 financial crash, the 9/11 attacks, the dissolution of the USSR, or the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989.