Dipsacus Fullonum Research Articles

Novel bis-iridoid glucosides from Dipsacus sylvestris

In addition to the known iridoid glucosides loganin, sweroside and cantleyoside, Dipsacus sylvestris has provided 4 novel bis-iridoid glucosides named sylvestrosides I–IV, composed of swerosidic acid, secologanic acid, loganin and loganin aglucone. Sylvestroside I, II and III have been fully characterized by chemical conversions and by 13C NMR spectroscopy. A probable formula for sylvestroside IV is presented.

Transient Behavior and Life History Analysis of Teasel (Dipsacus Sylvestris Huds.)

A transient behavior analysis of the population dynamics of an herbaceous plant species (teasel, Dipsacus sylvestris Huds.) was developed to contrast with the long—term limiting response analysis of an earlier study. Following the arrival of a cohort of seeds at a site, there is typically an immediate increase in the rate of growth of rosette cover and the rate of seed production, followed by a decline several years later. This decline, caused by shifts in the stage structure of the population, may be critical in determining success or failure of a colonization episode. Simple calculations of the rate at which a population of Dipsacus might expand in space show that density effects on numbers of adult plants will become important in 15—20 yr. This conclusion supports the use of transient analysis in addition to the standard limiting behavior analysis, which assumes a constant environment over long time intervals. The reproductive value of Dipsacus increases exponentially from one stage to the next, and as a power function of accumulated biomass. A hint of a sigmoid response of reproductive value to biomass suggests that the transition from the vegetative rosette to the flowering stage may have evolved in response to the rate of accumulation of reproductive value as plant biomass increases. The response of Dipsacus to a variety of hypothetical changes in life history parameters was examined. A general method of calculating the sensitivity of population growth rate (lamda)_m was developed; when applied to the teasel model it showed that (lamda)_m is most sensitive to changes in the growth and reproduction of early stages. Delayed seed germination is not important to long—term population growth; the complete elimination of delayed germination from the model caused no more than a 4% decrease in (lamda)_m. It may be much more important in terms of transient behavior; elimination of delayed germination depressed the initial decline in rosette cover by up to 72%. If this decline delays the colonization process, the most important populational effect of delayed germination would be an increase in the probability that an attempted colonization will be successful. We also examined the optimality of the current biennial life history of Dipsacus, relative to both annual and perennial alternatives. The shift to an annual strategy is rendered suboptimal by the low probability of germination and survival of seeds relative to the probability of survival of rosettes, and by the high growth potential of rosettes. This growth potential increases the energy available for seed production by an order of magnitude over the hypothetical annual strategy, greatly increasing the reproductive value of the biennial flowering plants. The switch to a perennial habit is suboptimal because of the cost, in annual reproductive output, of maintaining a perennial flowering plant. This effect is greatest in rapidly growing populations. There seem to be no important differences between the transient and the limiting behavior analyses of life history optimality. Our direct, rather than inferred, demonstration of the optimality of teasel's life history supports the development of current theory based on optimality assumptions

Population Growth Rates and Age Versus Stage‐Distribution Models for Teasel (Dipsacus Sylvestris Huds.)

Mathematical models are developed to examine the population—level response of an herbaceous plant species (teasel, Dipsacus sylvestris Huds.) which was experimentally introduced into several habitats and monitored for 5 yr. Models based on morphological stages (size) rather than chronological age give more satisfactory results. Populations growth rates (λm) range from 0.63 to 2.60, which are likely typical for fugitive plants. Values are interpreted as responses to both external and internal factors. Grass litter, and the presence of other dicotyledonous species, and the overall primary productivity of the rest of the community are important factors determining the success or failure of an attempted colonization by teasel. Individual plant and population—level growth rates seem to be determined independently.

Colonization Success of a "Biennial" Plant Species: Experimental Field Studies of Species Cohabitation and Replacement

In order to gain understanding of the relationships of life history characteristics to colonization success, species cohabitation, and species replacement, a known number of seeds (fruits, achenes) of teasel, a biennial' plant species, Dipsacus sylvestris Huds. were experimentally introduced into 52 permanent plots within each of 8 contiguous abandoned fields of various vegetation types in Michigan, USA. The nearest naturally occurring teasel population was 11.2 km from the study site; no teasel seeds or plants were present in the fields except where controlled introductions were made for this study. Permanently marked teasel and control plots were monitored over a 5—yr period for colonization success of teasel, species compositions, and species net annual primary production. Results fall into three categories, the first of which has implications for studies of plants strategies and the last 2 have implications for studies of community structure and succession. 1) Life history characteristics of teasel and initial colonization success: A cohort of teasel seeds spreads its germination over more than one growing season; the length of time in the rosette stage may extend to 4 yr or more. Teasel did not successfully colonize the field that had thick quackgrass litter due to low germination of seed and high mortality of seedlings. In other fields, teasesl rosettes grew ate various mean rates, depending upon the presence of grass, other herbaceous dicots, and shading shrubs. Critical size for flowering was reached in either 2, 3, or 4 yr in six of the eight fields and these populations produced °7x more seeds than was originally introduced. 2) A mechanism for recolonizaton on a site: A teasel rosette creates an opening in vegetation that is colonized by teasel seedlings, or if teasel seeds are unavailable, by short—lived winter annuals, specially Barbarea vulgaris L. The number of species in a field (excluding teasel) increased with teasel colonization, probably due to the creation of these openings by teasel rosettes. 3) Cohabitation with teasel: Grass growing with teasel was not reduced in productivity (compared to that in Control plots), despite the significant production by teasel. However, the herbaceous dicotyledonous plants were slowly reduced over 4 yr as teasel increased in biomass. Roots of flowering teasel plants do not occupy the same soil layer as roots of the shallow grasses in this study, but probably do compete with those of the morphologically similar herbaceous dicots. Studies of communinty succession have often recorded changes in the number of species and in site productivity; such changes can here be directly attributed to colonization of the sites by a new species.

On Selective Pressures and Energy Allocation in Populations of Ranunculus repens L., R. bulbosus L. and R. acris L.

On Selective Pressures and Energy Allocation in Populations of Ranunculus repens L., R. bulbosus L. and R. acris L.

THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS: 12. Dipsacus sylvestris Huds.

Dipsacus sylvestris Huds., wild teasel, is an introduced weed of pastures, abandoned fields and roadsides occurring in widely-spaced but very dense patches in southern Ontario, Quebec, northeastern U.S.A., and northwestern U.S.A. Original research and information from other studies are incorporated into a summary of the biology of this fugitive plant species.

A seed trap for determining patterns of seed deposition in terrestrial plants

A seed trap for terrestrial plants having dry seeds or fruits is described which holds seeds upon contact and whose trapped seeds are protected to a high degree from loss due to invertebrate predation or wind action. The trap makes use of "Tanglefoot," a sticky non-drying material and is easily constructed, operated, and maintained at minimal cost. The traps are used to determine the pattern of seed deposition around a parent plant. The number of seeds deposited as a function of distance from a mature teasel plant (Dipsacus sylvestris Huds.) exhibit the negative exponential function log y = 2.74−1.69x (r = −0.9731).

Predictions of fate from rosette size in teasel (Dipsacus fullonum L.).

In field populations of the biennial plant (Dipsacus fullonum L.) the probability that an individual will die, remain vegetative, or flower during a particular growing season is highly correlated with the size of its vegetative rosette at the end of the growing season of the preceding year. Further, a rosette forms a flowering stalk only after attaining a critical size. Correlations of various plant fates with rosette size are independent of rosette age; hence size provides better predictions of plant fate than age.

An Ecological Study of Water-Filled Tree-Holes and their Position in the Woodland Ecosystem

In 1928 Ludwig Varga described the various small water bodies found in or upon plants. He reviewed the observations published up to 1928 and described his own work on the water-bodies found in the leaf-axils of teasels (Dipsacus sylvestris Huds.). He named all such 'plant-waters' 'phytotelmata' (singular: 'phytotelma'). The subject was taken up by Thienemann, and, in 1934, he published a paper on the fauna of various tropical phytotelmata contrasting it with that known from similar water-bodies in the temperate zone. More recently, Thienemann (1954) published a review of all work done in these habitats with reference to the Chironomidae. Thienemann observed that by far the greater variety of phytotelmata were to be found in the tropics but they were also common, although with less variety, in the temperate zone. He classified these habitats on the basis of their position in or on the plant and on the nature of the liquid they contain. To avoid confusion I shall retain his classification in describing the occurrence of phytotelmata. In attempting to collate the information available to date I have listed only those plants from which water-bodies containing or likely to contain animal life have been reported. The survey cannot be complete but is intended to show the wide range of occurrence of these habitats.

A DISEASE OF SCABIOSA CAUCASICA CAUSED BY THE NEMATODE APHELENCHOIDES BLASTOPHTHORUS N.SP.

Scabiosa caucasica has been found affected by a new species of Aphelenchoides, herein described and named A. blastophthorus. The symptoms of disease are destruction of the inflorescences and distortion of the leaves with reduction of the laminae. Similar symptoms were produced in scabious by experimental infestation. The nematode can infest teazle (Dipsacus fullonum), but has not been found naturally occurring on any host but scabious.

The Control of Anguillulina dipsaci on the seed of Teazle and Red Clover by Fumigation with Methyl Bromide

The stem eelworm Anguillulina dipsaci (Kühn) Gerv. & v. Ben., is responsible for disease in numerous plants, amongst which are teazle, Dipsacus fullonum L., the type host and red clover, Trifolium pratense L. In both cases seed harvested from infected plants will often be infected by the stem eelworm in spite of the greatest care in dressing the seed.Kühn (1857) in describing the parasite for the first time said:— The seeds of the diseased teazles differ from those of the healthy ones. They are not half so large nor so sharply angular. Whilst the pappus of the healthy seed is stalked that of the diseased seed is sessile and almost twice as large. The worms do not completely fill the diseased seed but occur within the atrophied ovule and also as small clumps of worms within the tissue of the abnormally thickened seed coat. The worms are found not only within the diseased seeds but in all other parts of the head including the pith where they cause not only abnormal growth but death and brown discolouration of the tissues.

Studies in the Development of the Inflorescence

Journal Article Studies in the Development of the Inflorescence: II. The Capitula of Succisa pratensis Moench. and Dipsacus fullonum L Get access W. R. PHILIPSON W. R. PHILIPSON Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Annals of Botany, Volume 11, Issue 3, July 1947, Pages 285–286, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a083159 Published: 01 July 1947

Development of Head and Flower of Dipsacus sylvestris

1. The mode of branching is uniform for each individual plant. 2. New branches arise from the axils of clasping leaves. 3. The capitulum, or floral head, which terminates each branch is the first to make its appearance in the development of a branch. 4. The primordia of the bracts forming the involucre of the capitulum appear early, followed quickly by the initials of clasping leaves. 5. A twofold region of elongation sets in immediately above and below the initials of the clasping leaves of the new branch. 6. Secondary branches appear very early in the axils of the leaves clasping new branches. 7. The initials of the floral bracts appear before the papillae of the individual flowers, which they subtend. 8. The flowers are arranged in the form of a spiral. 9. The order of succession of floral members is corolla, stamens, calyx, and carpels, the calyx appearing almost simultaneously with the stamens. 10. The initials of a calyx-like involucel investing the ovary appear shortly after the initials of the calyx.

II. On the protrusion of protoplasmic filaments from the glandular hairs of the common teasel ( Dipsacus sylvestris )

The protoplasmic structures described in the following communication are connected with the glandular hairs or trichomes found on both surfaces of the leaf of the common teasel ( Dipsacus sylvestris ). The trichomes are of two kinds, differing in a marked manner in shape. The form of gland from which alone the protoplasmic filaments issue is shown in the diagram. The gland consists of a multicellular pear-shaped head, supported on a cylindrical unicellular stalk which rests on a projecting epidermic cell. The whole structure projects about 1/10 of a millimetre (1/250 inch) above the surface of the leaf. The filaments issue from inside the gland-cells, reaching the surrounding medium by passing through the external cell-wall of the gland. The point where protrusion takes place is on the summit of the gland, and usually at the point of junction of several radiating cells at the centre of its dome-like surface. The act of protrusion is rapidly effected; a previously naked gland may be seen to send forth a minute thread of trembling protoplasm, projecting from its summit freely into the surrounding water. The filament grows by clearly visible increments, and may ultimately attain the length of nearly one millimetre. The filaments appear to pass through the substance of the external cell-wall of the glands, as no apertures to allow of their passage have been observed.

On the protrusion of protoplasmic filaments from the glandular hairs on the leaves of the common teasel (Dipsacus sjlvestris).

ABSTRACT The connate leaves of the common teasel (Dipsacus sylvestris) form, as is well known, cup-like receptacles surrounding the stem of the plant. In the rain-water accumulating in these cups numerous insects are drowned, and their dead bodies convert the water in which they lie into a strongly animalised fluid.

Scientific Serials

THE Quarterly Journal of Microscopic Science for July contains several articles of special interest First is the fourth part of Mr. Archer's resume of recent contributions to our knowledge of “Fresh-water Rhizopoda,” in which Lecythium hyalinum9 Chlamidophrys stercorea, Platoum parvum, Gromia paludosa, and Cyphoderia truncata are described and figured.—Following is an abstract of Mr. E. C. Baber's researches on the lymphatics and parenchyma of the thyroid gland of the dog, with illustrations, published at length in the Philosophical Transactions.—Dr. Watney also, from the same Transactions, gives, with a plate, an account of his study of the minute anatomy of the alimentary canal.—Dr. Angelo Andres describes and figures a new genus and species of Zoanthina Malacodermaa (Panceria spongiosd).—Prof. Franz Boll follows with his “Contributions to the Physiology of Vision, and of the Sensation.of Colour.”—Mr. A. Sangster has observations on the muscular coat of sweat glands, in which it is shown that the epithelium of the gland rests directly upon the muscle surrounding it.—Dr. Klein contributes a paper on the minute anatomy of the omentum, describing certain bud-like structures occurring on the fenestrated portion, the method of production of the fenestrae, and some points in the formation of the blood-vessels.—Mr. F. Darwin writes on the protrusion of protoplasmic filaments from the glandular hairs on the leaves of the Common Teasel, in which, he helps to develop the important principles of the incipient steps in the formation of special organs.·—Mr. H. N. Moseley gives notes on the structure of several forms of Land Planarians, with a description of two new genera and several new species, and a list of all species at present known.—Notes and memoranda conclude the number.

On the Protrusion of Protoplasmic Filaments from the Glandular Hairs of the Common Teasel (Dipsacus sylvestris)

ABSTRACT The protoplasmic structures described in the following communication are connected with the glandular hairs or trichomes found on both surfaces of the leaf of the common teasel, Dipsacus sylvestris. The trichomes are of two kinds, differing in a marked manner and shape. The form of gland from which alone the protoplasmic filaments issue is shown in the diagram. The gland consists of a multicellular pear-shaped head, supported on a cylindrical unicellular stalk which rests on a projecting epidermic cell. The whole structure projects about of a millimeter ( inch) above the surface of the leaf.

3. On some Abnormal Cones of Pinus Pinaster

In their celebrated essay, “Sur la disposition des feuilles curviseriées,” the brothers Bravais describe a cone of Pinus Pinaster (Pin maritime), where the lower part of the cone exhibited secondary spirals 7S, 12 D (series ), while towards the apex the arrangement, in consequence of the disappearance of one of the spirals by 12, changed to 7S, 11D (series ). They describe another cone of the same species, in which the lower four-fifths exhibited secondary spirals 9 S, 13 D (series ), changing at the upper fifth to 8S, 13 D (ordinary series ) by suppression of one of the spirals by 9. Such cases, along with some others chiefly in the capitula of Dipsacus sylvestris, lead these authors into a discussion of the general question of the possible transition from one discussion of the general question of the possible transition from one arrangement to another by change in the number of secondary spirals.