Diplomatic Initiatives Research Articles

Citizen Responses to Donor-Centeredness in the US-China Public Diplomacy Competition

The rapid expansion of China’s public diplomacy initiatives has garnered significant scholarly and popular attention as it challenges the sphere of a more traditional public diplomacy player, the United States. China’s public diplomacy efforts are frequently criticized for being overly donor-focused in contrast with conventional public diplomacy efforts, a characteristic that presumably diminishes China’s influence. While all public diplomacy activities aim to win and gain hearts and minds of citizens, donor-centeredness refers to an approach that prioritizes the interests and goals of the donor country over the needs of the recipient countries. A donor-centered approach can be distinguished from a recipient-oriented approach by its greater emphasis on self-interest versus mutual benefits. Using a multi-country survey experiment administered in 13 countries, we estimated how donor-centeredness affects recipient citizens’ preferences for inbound public diplomacy initiatives in the context of the US-China strategic competition. We found that the donor-centric approach affects recipient citizens’ preferences for inbound public diplomacy initiatives in an unbalanced manner: a donor-centered project lowers recipient citizens’ support for an inbound Chinese public diplomacy project by 3.6 percentage points while donor-centeredness does not affect US public diplomacy to a meaningful extent.

FIFA World Cup as a Catalyst for Cultural Change: A Comparative Analysis of Host Nations' Cultural Transformation from East Asia to the Middle East (2002-2022)

The FIFA World Cup's cultural impact extends beyond sporting achievement, fundamentally transforming host nations through complex social and institutional dynamics. This study examines these transformative mechanisms, with particular emphasis on Qatar 2022 as the first Middle Eastern host nation, analysing how mega-sporting events influence cultural evolution while preserving indigenous values. Through systematic historical analysis of five World Cup tournaments (2002-2018), the research identifies patterns of cultural impact and transformation across multiple societal dimensions. The findings reveal three primary vectors of cultural transformation: institutional reform initiatives, social integration processes, and strategic international perception management. Comparative analysis of previous hosts - South Korea/Japan (2002), Germany (2006), South Africa (2010), and Brazil (2014) - demonstrates how nations leveraged the tournament to address historical grievances, reshape global narratives, and catalyse domestic social reform. Each case study reveals distinct approaches to cultural transformation, from Germany's confrontation with historical legacy to South Africa's post-apartheid reconciliation efforts. Qatar's preparation introduces novel paradigms for balancing traditional cultural preservation with international standards, particularly evident in labour rights reform, infrastructure development, and cultural diplomacy initiatives. The research identifies critical success factors for cultural transformation through mega-sporting events: sustained institutional commitment to reform, strategic integration of cultural elements in infrastructure development, and proactive management of international perceptions. Qatar's experience provides insights into how host nations can challenge stereotypes while maintaining cultural authenticity. This study contributes to the theoretical understanding of mega-sporting events as catalysts for cultural change, extending beyond sports management to international relations and cultural diplomacy. The findings establish a framework for analysing how such events facilitate cultural transformation while preserving host nation identities. Results indicate that successful cultural change requires sustained commitment beyond the tournament timeframe, with significant implications for future host nations and international sporting organizations.

Russia-Africa Summits in the Context of a Changing World: a View from the African Continent

Since the beginning of the 21st century, Africa has once again become a space of competition between the great powers in the context of a new geopolitical configuration of the world. Despite the formal independence of the continent’s countries in the 1960s, Africa is still de facto dependent on the major actors of world politics, which calls into question its subjectivity in international politics. The search for a change in relations with the countries of the continent is reflected, inter alia, through the organization of “African” summits by major world powers. The organization of Russia-Africa summits in 2019 and 2023 confirms the thesis that Africa is a strategically important platform in the search for a balance of power between the great powers. However, in all these diplomatic initiatives, Africa has the right and the opportunity to determine for itself the key issues that will help it to effectively embed itself in the new geopolitical system while strengtheni ng its economic, social, and political importance. Even if the socio-economic context remains dependent on numerous endogenous and exogenous factors, the new formula that Africa is facing today can now be achieved not necessarily through multilateral meetings alone. Africa’s role as a systemically important component of the international system has been limited by its relatively low level of participation in world trade and GDP. It therefore seems appropriate for the various Russia-Africa summits to move beyond the traditional framework in which the continent is underrepresented and redefine the boundaries of the partnership towards mutual dynamics, both politically and economically, which are the main thrusts of the Russia-Africa summits.

E-commerce development: Prospects and legal challenges of business digital transformation amidst economic de-shadowing

The development of e-commerce is becoming a decisive factor in the transformation of the global economy, opening up new opportunities for business. The purpose of the study is to identify strategies that allow companies to effectively use the potential of e-commerce to ensure sustainable growth and competitiveness at the international level. In this scientific article, the characteristics of the shadow economy and its impact on the economies of Ukraine and EU countries are highlighted. Approaches and tools used to combat the shadow economy in EU countries are examined. It has been established that the European Parliament adopts a series of legal acts aimed at addressing the causes and consequences of the shadow economy's impact on the development of EU countries. Based on the analysis of modern scientific research and the study of practical cases from different countries, the main legal and economic aspects affecting the development of electronic commerce were identified. The study highlights the importance of legal regulation as a means of addressing international commercial challenges, including intellectual property protection, cyber security and consumer protection in the digital space. Special attention is paid to the role of diplomatic initiatives in the creation of joint projects and the development of international standards that contribute to the harmonization of trade relations and the support of innovative development. The results of the study indicate the need for a holistic approach to the development of e-commerce, which includes technological innovation and the development of legal infrastructure. The article highlights the factors of introducing digital technologies into commercial activities, the impact of globalization on e-commerce, and strategies for business adaptation to international challenges. Recommendations for optimizing the use of e-commerce in the global economy, taking into account current trends and future development prospects, are offered.

Québec on the World Stage: Examining a Provincial Approach to Cultural Diplomacy

Cultural diplomacy is typically viewed as a state activity; however, substate actors shape the practice in significant ways. This article employs a neo-institutional policy analysis to explore how the provincial government of Québec advanced its cultural diplomacy, while engaging with the Canadian federal government, as well as international actors. Acknowledging overlapping claims on the cultural sector in Canada, we provide a chronological assessment of key cultural policy statements from Québec dating from the mid-twentieth century to present, placing these in context with federal developments. This assessment allows us to explore moments of friction when Québec’s efforts at global engagement challenged federal jurisdiction. Our examination argues for recognition of Québec’s mobilization of culture as a substate actor and asserts that the province benefits from both substate and state cultural diplomacy initiatives.

Peace and Security Dynamics as A Result of Conflict Intervention by United Nations Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo

The study examines chronology and nature of external interventions, including peacekeeping missions, diplomatic initiatives, and economic engagement. By assessing both positive and negative consequences, the study explored how the conflict intervention has shaped the political landscape, security dynamics, and socio-economic conditions in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Studies on or and around United Nations Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo with respect to conflict, peace and security, portray shortcomings bordering on ineffectiveness. This presents a serious paradox and a question on conflict intervention by MONUSCO’s peace and security processes. The study objective was to interrogate peace and security dynamics in the DRC as a result of the conflict intervention by MONUSCO. The study explored Liberal Theory, Power Theory and Theory of Functionalism from which a conceptual model was drawn. The study was conducted in Eastern DRC. A descriptive survey research design was adopted. The target population was 49,871 with a unit of analysis of 21,105 civilians comprising 5052 refugees, 4053 internally displaced persons and 12,000 local traders, 16,161 MONUSCO staff, 7,895 from major none governmental organizations (NGOs), and 4,710 from the political class, the rebel groups, and immigration. The study adopted simple random stratified sampling, snowballing and purposive sampling strategies. The sample size was 384. The primary and secondary data were collected using questionnaires, focus group discussions, observation guides, and key informant interviews. Content analysis was done for all qualitative data; statistical data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. The findings of the study indicate that, MONUSCO is occupational and not an interventional force and that the government forces could handle the conflict in the DRC without MONUSCO. MONUSCO is ineffective due to the long chain of command within the UN security system and that the International community wants MONUSCO to exit DRC. The study concludes that MONUSCO should exit the DRC in order to achieve peace in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). That MONUSCO’S presence in the DRC is both occupational and inconsequential. Therefore, MONUSCO has failed to intervene effectively in DRC and restore peace and security to a large extent. The study recommends that MONUSCO's Operational Capacity be boosted to enhance its mandate to include more robust peace enforcement measures, including disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration (DDR) programs for ex-combatants.

Al-Azhar University's Indonesian Student Alumni Strategic Role Analysis in Influencing the Politics of Indonesia-Egypt Foreign Policy

Al-Azhar University has a crucial role in shaping Indonesia's domestic politics and foreign policy, especially in its relations with Egypt. The university's Indonesian alums have significantly contributed to this process, occupying strategic positions in government and religious institutions. This research aims to analyze the impact of these alumni on Indonesia-Egypt diplomatic relations through their roles in policy formulation. This study employs a qualitative research method, utilizing a descriptive-analytical approach. Data was collected through secondary sources, including relevant documents and literature, and analyzed using qualitative analysis techniques. The results demonstrate that Indonesian alums of Al-Azhar University have substantially influenced Indonesia's foreign policy towards Egypt, particularly in promoting moderate Islamic values and diplomacy. Their involvement has strengthened bilateral relations, as evidenced by increased educational cooperation and diplomatic initiatives. The findings emphasize the strategic role of these alumni in bridging the diplomatic gap between Indonesia and Egypt through soft power diplomacy.

The Role of Multinational Enterprises in Promoting China's Economic Development in People-to-people Diplomacy

Abstract: Over the past decade, there has been a growing narrative surrounding China's economic rise, driven by the nation's increasing economic influence, expansion of financial resources, and a surge in foreign direct investments. This has rendered the examination of China's economic trajectory a critical area of study. Multinational corporations, which are integral to the market economy, have been instrumental in fueling the economic expansion of China. Utilizing a combination of literature analysis and case studies, this paper delves into the pivotal contributions of these enterprises in fostering China's economic progress through grassroots diplomatic initiatives. Coca-Cola China exemplifies how multinationals, via deliberate people-to-people diplomacy, have significantly bolstered China's economy while also securing mutual gains. These findings underscore the significance of monitoring the evolving role of multinational firms in the global business landscape, which is increasingly vital for mutual prosperity and the enhancement of worldwide economic growth through equitable and reciprocal partnerships.

National socialist cultural diplomacy and Scandinavian popular culture: debating the German-Nordic Writers’ House in the 1930s

ABSTRACT This article analyzes the responses of the Finnish and Scandinavian writers’ associations to a National Socialist cultural diplomatic initiative, namely the German-Nordic Writers’ House. Doing so, it engages the interplay between popular culture and foreign politics, as Nordic writers negotiated how to respond to the Third Reich’s quest for European cultural hegemony. Using the Writers’ House as a case study, the article discusses the nebulous nature of cultural diplomacy and reflects on how responses to the Writers’ House, especially in Finland, elucidate the limits of National Socialist cultural diplomacy in its engagement with the conflict-ridden Nordic cultural fields in the 1930s.

The Evolving Role of Saudi Arabia in the Middle East: Challenges to Regional Diplomacy of MBS

The state's role in regional and international affairs shifts with the leadership change, particularly when the new leader is younger and more ambitious than his predecessors. The role of Saudi Arabia has been evolving with the rise of de facto leader Muhammad Bin Salaman(MBS). As a foreign policy tool, Saudi Arabia, under the leadership of MBS, has chosen a particular diplomatic approach to lessen conflict, promote regional peace and stability, and develop its economy in order to gain more clout in the Middle East. So, what is the unique diplomatic regional approach of MBS, and why is KSA, under MBS's leadership, still facing serious challenges in the region? This study briefly explores Muhammad bin Salman's diplomatic initiatives toward regional countries with strained relations. This study highlights the challenges the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia faces under Muhammad bin Salman's leadership in achieving diplomatic success with regional countries.

The Strategic Management of Ukraine in The Ukraine vs Russia War: An Analysis Through SWOT Framework

The conflict between Ukraine and Russia has significant implications for Ukraine's strategic management, presenting challenges across military, economic, and political dimensions. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of Ukraine's strategic management approach using the SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) framework. Ukraine's strengths include a strong national identity, support from Western allies, and a capable military, which have helped maintain its sovereignty despite Russian aggression. However, weaknesses such as economic challenges, internal political divisions, and dependence on Western support hinder its independence and strategic position. Opportunities for Ukraine lie in building stronger alliances with Western countries, overcoming economic challenges, and implementing diplomatic initiatives. These efforts can provide financial and military assistance, address economic issues, and achieve goals through negotiation. Threats to Ukraine include Russian military power, economic coercion, and political interference, which limit Ukraine's ability to achieve its objectives and make it vulnerable to regional pressures. This paper examines Ukraine's strategic position in the conflict, considering geopolitical dynamics, military capabilities, and historical context, highlighting the strategic management approach through the SWOT framework.

Navigating the Legacy of Westphalia: The European Union’s Role in Managing Russian-Ukrainian Relations

This article explores how the principles established in the Treaty of Westphalia continue to shape contemporary geopolitics, particularly in the context of the EU’s efforts to maintain stability in its eastern neighbours. Focusing on the volatile relationship between Russia and Ukraine in the 1998-2021 period, this article aims at analysing the complex dynamics between the Westphalian concept of international order, the EU and the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, shedding light on the complexities of contemporary European geopolitics. Ensuing from the research goal is the threefold research focus: 1/ Assessment of the influence of the Westphalian principles on modern European geopolitics; 2/ Assessment of EU efforts and policies to mediate conflicts and promote dialogue between Russia and Ukraine; 3/ Identification of challenges and opportunities faced by the EU in its aspirations to promote peace, stability and democracy in the region. The study puts forth the hypothesis that while the Westphalian concept of state sovereignty continues to influence international relations, the supranational model of the EU offers a unique approach to managing conflicts and promoting cooperation between European nations. By early 2022, the EU, through its diplomatic initiatives, legal mechanisms and integration efforts, is said to play a central role in mediating Russian-Ukrainian tensions and promoting the principles of peace and democracy in Eastern Europe. Methodologically, the study builds upon a comparative approach to analyse the historical context, political frameworks and diplomatic commitments related to the role of the EU in Russian-Ukrainian relations.

Norms as instruments of non-violent rivalry? Russian views on the promotion of renewable energy

AbstractConstructivists argue that international norms represent shared understandings of appropriate behaviour which become universally accepted after their successful internalisation. However, studies of norm contestation, localisation and death suggest that many norms having originated in the West are perceived elsewhere as instruments used by states to promote their interests abroad. This paper examines whether norms can be a vehicle for non-violent rivalry between states based on a study of the norm on the sustainable energy transition from fossil fuels to renewables. Interviews with representatives of the Russian government, O&G industry and media show that there is a lot of scepticism surrounding this norm because it is geopolitically advantageous to the West and damaging to Russia. The theoretical findings reveal that although grafting a diplomatic initiative onto a mature norm could be effective, this does not mean that norms can easily be created to gain the upper hand in punctual disputes.

Media Framing of Conflict: Exploring Its Influence on International Perception in Turkey

Purpose: The aim of the study was to analyze the media framing of conflict: exploring its influence on international perception. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: Media framing of conflict in Turkey significantly shapes international perceptions. The study found that Turkish media often portrays conflicts through a nationalistic lens, prioritizing government narratives and emphasizing Turkey's role as a regional power. This framing influences how Turkey is perceived globally, aligning with official policies and agendas. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Agenda-setting theory, framing theory & social identity theory may be used to anchor future studies on the media framing of conflict: exploring its influence on international perception. Media practitioners should prioritize ethical reporting practices that promote balanced and nuanced coverage of conflicts, avoiding sensationalism and bias. Policymakers and international organizations should recognize the significant role of media framing in shaping international perceptions of conflicts and incorporate this understanding into conflict resolution strategies and diplomatic initiatives.

Student Leadership Qualities through Academic Sports Diplomacy and Qualities

This research investigates the field of academic sports diplomacy, with a specific emphasis on the leadership abilities and levels of involvement exhibited by student-athletes. By conducting a thorough analysis, this study reveals valuable insights regarding the evaluation of leadership skills in student-athletes across different dimensions. These dimensions encompass modeling the way, encouraging the heart, enabling others to act, challenging the process, and inspiring a shared vision. Furthermore, this study investigates the level of involvement of student-athletes in academic sports diplomacy. This includes activities such as student-athlete exchanges, international sports competitions, cultural sports exchange programs, international sports projects, and cross-country competitions. The research emphasizes a positive relationship between leadership abilities and involvement in sports diplomacy initiatives, emphasizing the significance of leadership training in promoting active engagement. Furthermore, this study illuminates important challenges encountered by student-athletes, including limitations on time, gaps in awareness, the necessity for skill development, the juggling of competing priorities, the importance of cultural comprehension, and the significance of collaborative efforts. The results of this study provide valuable insights for the creation of strategies and programs that aim to empower student-athletes in their role as effective representatives of sports diplomacy. These initiatives seek to foster cultural connections and inspire positive global transformations.

Strategic Interests and Geopolitical Considerations: Assessing the Importance of Afghanistan for the US Post-Withdrawal

This research aimed to understand the US’s strategic interests, political goals, and geopolitical considerations in Afghanistan post-US military occupation, highlighting its strategic value for the US, given its connection to Central Asia, South Asia, China, and Russia, and its importance to US. This study used qualitative research to conduct a content analysis of the US’s strategic interests and geopolitical considerations in Afghanistan post-withdrawal, using the theories of realism offensive and defensive to determine the value of Afghanistan for the US in the region, thereby revealing US’s clear strategic interests. Afghanistan helped as a US strategic base, reducing China, India and Russia’s influence in the region, promoting its weapons industry, energy resource, indirect engagement and diplomatic initiatives, counter-terrorism, and non-proliferation and regional stability. The US also established a military presence and stable government in Afghanistan, focusing on US interests. Afghanistan has become a battleground for great powers like US, India, China, and Russia, who has used its strategic location for their own interests. The US has worked for its interests in Afghanistan for 20 years, and its policy changes and goals remain safe after withdrawal. However, their interests remain constant. The Afghan government and future generations must recognize Afghanistan’s significance for US strategic interests and geopolitical considerations. US’s priorities and policies change in the region, and when regional and great powers pose challenges, US’s presence in Afghanistan becomes possible.

Exploring EU Culture Policy towards Eastern Partnership Countries

This article delves into the intricate interplay of culture, soft power, and international relations, with a particular focus on the European Union's (EU) cultural diplomacy efforts within Eastern Partnership countries. It illuminates how culture serves as a potent force in shaping societal development and influencing international perceptions and relationships, drawing on Joseph Nye's conceptualization of soft power. Through a comprehensive historical analysis and examination of case studies, the research unveils the nuanced role of cultural diplomacy within the broader framework of soft power and public diplomacy. Specifically, it scrutinizes the EU's cultural diplomacy initiatives in Eastern Partnership countries: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine - highlighting their significance in diplomatic relations and regional cooperation, particularly within the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) and Eastern Partnership context. The study advocates for strategic enhancements in funding mechanisms, support for local institutions, and alignment with EU values to bolster the effectiveness of cultural diplomacy initiatives. Ultimately, it emphasizes the importance of an adaptive and inclusive approach to cultural policy, underscoring the need for continuous collaboration to foster resilient and mutually beneficial EU-Eastern Partnership relationships.

INDONESIA’S RESPONSES TOWARDS ROHINGYA REFUGEES: POLITICAL PERSPECTIVE

Rohingya refugees, originating from Myanmar, face significant challenges in Southeast Asia due to official non-recognition and systemic discrimination. Many seek refuge in neighboring countries like Indonesia. Employing qualitative research methods and an extensive literature review, this study investigates Indonesia’s responses to the Rohingya crisis from a political perspective. Additionally, building upon conflict resolution theory, it emphasizes the importance of dialogue, mediation, and compromise in addressing intricate crises. Furthermore, it explores concepts such as humanitarian diplomacy and regionalism, elucidating Indonesia’s role within ASEAN-led mechanisms. The research reveals key findings, showing Indonesia’s active participation in diplomatic initiatives addressing the Rohingya crisis, both bilaterally and within multilateral forums. Indonesia’s policy stances reflect a commitment to humanitarian principles and regional stability, emphasizing the protection of Rohingya rights. As a prominent member of ASEAN, Indonesia has leveraged regional platforms to advocate for collective action and effectively address the Rohingya crisis. This research sheds light on Indonesia’s role in addressing one of Southeast Asia’s most pressing humanitarian challenges, underscoring the importance of regional cooperation in finding sustainable solutions.

Malaysia's Diplomatic Choices, Dynamics and Mechanisms Towards Northeast Asia - An Explanation Based on Neoclassical Realism

Regional diplomacy serves as a foreign policy tool utilized by states towards specific regions. However, the regional diplomacy of small states within a particular region in International Relations (IR) has often received less attention and scholarly scrutiny. Drawing from neoclassical realism, this paper introduces "security needs" at the systemic level and "interest preferences" at the unitary level as primary explanatory variables. The findings reveal three main models of regional diplomacy for small states: "active regional diplomacy," "preventive regional diplomacy," and "composite regional diplomacy." Small states employ various modes of regional diplomacy to attain diverse objectives in foreign development. Analysis of the 1.0 and 2.0 periods of Mahathir's administration illustrates Malaysia's adoption of "active regional diplomacy" and "composite regional diplomacy" in cultivating relations with Northeast Asian countries. This foreign policy implementation not only fosters Malaysia's effective cooperation with nations like Japan and South Korea but also maximizes the advantageous resources of Northeast Asian countries to bolster its own development. Additionally, it steers Malaysia clear of taking sides in the intense competition among major powers, expands diplomatic avenues, and bolsters its diplomatic initiative. However, in the post-Mahathir era, the deterioration of Malaysia's relations with North Korea and tensions with China have somewhat impacted the overall stability and harmony of Malaysia's relations with Northeast Asian countries.

India’s Foreign Policy Towards Pakistan: 2019-2024

Abstract: India's foreign policy towards Pakistan from 2019 to 2024 was characterized by a nuanced approach that balanced diplomatic engagement with assertive measures to address security concerns. India consistently emphasized the need for Pakistan to take concrete action against cross-border terrorism and terrorist infrastructure. This approach was evident in various diplomatic initiatives, such as the Kartarpur Corridor, aimed at fostering dialogue and people-to-people contacts. However, progress towards meaningful reconciliation was hindered by persistent tensions, particularly regarding the status of Jammu and Kashmir. India's decision to revoke Jammu and Kashmir's special autonomous status in August 2019 further escalated tensions with Pakistan.Despite occasional offers for dialogue, including during multilateral forums, progress remained limited due to Pakistan's continued support for terrorist groups and cross-border infiltration. India also pursued a policy of international isolation against Pakistan, highlighting its role in sponsoring terrorism and seeking support from major global powers to pressurize Pakistan into taking decisive action against terrorist organizations. Overall, India's foreign policy towards Pakistan during this period aimed to balance the imperatives of national security and regional stability while exploring opportunities for dialogue and cooperation.