Indonesian Diplomacy Research Articles

Hubungan Kerja Sama Pemerintah Indonesia Terhadap Korea Selatan Melalui Diplomasi Digital

Communication between countries is carried out by the government itself, and Indonesia in international cooperation communicates between countries, one of which is with South Korea. The current development of digitalization and the impact of the pandemic have made drastic developments in communication. Where initially communication was carried out face-to-face and then switched to using virtual meetings, one of which Indonesia did through Virtual Business Matching (VBM). VBM is a government effort in communicating between countries in terms of trade to increase its exports. So it is necessary to analyze how VBM can be used by the Indonesian government through the concept of digital diplomacy. This paper uses a descriptive-analytical approach with qualitative methods. The results obtained are that VBM can be a digital tool for Indonesian diplomacy in communicating with other countries in an effort to fulfill or pursue the country's interests in the international arena. The advantages of VBM can cut costs and time and effectively bring together both parties between Indonesia and South Korea. Keywords: Virtual Business Matching, Digital diplomacy, Indonesia, South Korea

Indonesia's Role in the Israeli Occupation of Palestinian Territories: New Order Era to The Reformation

This research examines Indonesia's involvement in the Israeli occupation of Palestine during the New Order and Reform eras. It employs a qualitative approach, utilising a literature review to analyse the role of Indonesian diplomacy in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The results demonstrate that Indonesia played a significant role in resolving the conflict through diplomacy. Indonesia demonstrated a firm stance of neutrality and freedom. Indonesia prioritised diplomatic efforts over those undertaken through the use of military force. In terms of international relations, Indonesia employs a multi-track diplomatic approach towards Palestine with the objective of achieving peace. Indonesia's multi-track diplomacy towards Palestine represents a form of diplomacy conducted by Indonesia with the aim of achieving world peace. The prolonged conflict that occurred when Israel occupied the Palestinian territories attracted the attention of various parties, including countries, governments, non-governmental organisations and individuals. It is crucial to acknowledge that the Indonesian government is not the sole entity engaged in conflict resolution on a global scale. This underscores the significance of Indonesia's multilateral diplomacy as a model for other countries to emulate.

Fostering International Relations: The Role of Index Citra Indonesia in Advancing Indonesian Diplomacy Abroad

This research analyzes the role of the Index Citra Indonesia in enhancing the public diplomacy of Indonesian representative offices abroad. The focus of this study is to assess how the digital survey application, developed by the government since 2017, has been utilized to expand Indonesia’s image and diplomatic reach globally. The function of the Index Citra Indonesia is to evaluate the performance of representatives through systematic data collection from respondents, covering aspects such as opinions, perceptions, and attitudes towards Indonesia. The research findings indicate the effectiveness of the Index survey in providing information related to respondent insights, which can be acted upon with the creation of long-term diplomatic strategies and programs. These programs are essential in strengthening Indonesia’s public diplomacy framework to meet the needs of the international public. This study contributes to the discourse on digital diplomacy by highlighting the role of digital technology development and its impact on contemporary diplomatic practices. Keywords: Index Citra Indonesia, Public Diplomacy, Indonesian Representatives Abroad International Perceptions, Performance Improvement Penelitian ini menganalisa peran dari Indeks Citra Indonesia dalam meningkatkan diplomasi publik kantor perwakilan Indonesia di luar negeri. Fokus dari studi ini adalah untuk menilai bagaimana aplikasi survei digital, yang dibuat oleh Pemerintah sejak tahun 2017, telah dimanfaatkan untuk memperluas citra dan jangkauan diplomasi Indonesia secara global. Fungsi Indeks Citra Indonesia adalah mengevaluasi kinerja perwakilan melalui pengumpulan data sistematis dari responden, yang mencakup aspek seperti opini, persepsi, dan sikap terhadap Indonesia. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan keefektifan survei Indeks dalam memberikan informasi terkait wawasan responden, yang dapat ditindaklanjuti dengan pembuatan strategi dan program diplomasi jangka panjang. Program-program tersebut sangat penting dalam memperkuat kerangka diplomasi publik Indonesia agar sesuai dengan kebutuhan publik internasional. Penelitian ini berkontribusi pada diskursus diplomasi digital dengan menyoroti tentang peran perkembangan teknologi digital dan dampaknya bagi praktik diplomasi kontemporer. Kata-kata Kunci: Index Citra Indonesia, Diplomasi Publik, Perwakilan Indonesia di Luar Negeri, Persepsi Internasional, Peningkatan Kinerja

Implementasi Diplomasi Indonesia Dalam Perang Dagang Terhadap Uni Eropa

This article discusses the implementation of Indonesian diplomacy in facing the trade war against the European Union (EU) using a self-help concept approach. By analyzing the concept of self-help in international relations and its application in diplomatic strategy, this research highlights how Indonesia applies cooperative diplomacy with regional partners and diplomacy to overcome the challenges posed by the European Union's palm oil discrimination.This study uses a qualitative approach by collecting data from various primary sources of diplomatic documents related to the trade war involving the European Union. Apart from that, secondary data obtained from news, scientific articles and journals are relevant data sources.

Batik and Tenun Endek Diplomacy as a Cultural Legacy from Soeharto’s to Jokowi’s Administration

The research explored an interesting relationship between Indonesian cultural heritage and international relations. It focused on Batik Indonesia and Tenun Endek Bali as strategic tools for cultural diplomacy efforts across different presidential administrations. Starting with President Soeharto’s use of Batik as a gift at the United Nations in the 1980s, these textiles have appeared at six major ASEAN and APEC Summits. The key research question was whether these gorgeous textiles had been effective in promoting Indonesian culture on a global stage. The research aimed to analyze the evolution of Batik Indonesia and Tenun Endek Bali, emphasizing significant international events where they gained recognition, such as the ASEAN and APEC Summits. The research applied a qualitative method and archival content to analyze the journey of batik and Tenun Endek Bali in Indonesian diplomacy. The findings present a compelling narrative. The research suggests a potential link between the use of batik and Tenun Endek and positive outcomes at global meetings, including free trade (APEC 1994), regional cooperation (ASEAN Summit 2011), and consensus building (G20 2023). This highlights Indonesia’s evolving role on the international stage. The research offers a fresh perspective by examining the long-term use of batik and Tenun Endek Bali by Indonesian presidents as cultural diplomacy tools at global events, proposing a novel link to positive outcomes, and highlighting cultural heritage’s potential as a ‘soft power’ diplomatic strategy.

The Challenges of Developing an Indonesian Travel Corridor: Bintan Resorts in Singapore as a Study Case

Indonesia has the best international cross-border tourism called Bintan Resorts or better known as Lagoi. The emergence of Covid-19 made the tourism sector in Lagoi slumped. This condition makes Bintan Resorts and tenants, local governments, and the central government strive to revive Lagoi tourism through promotion by using a business diplomacy strategy through a travel bubble approach to attract Singaporean tourists as Lagoi's main target market. This research uses a qualitative method that shows the results that the concept of a travel bubble between Bintan Resorts and Singapore has not been fully implemented. This is because Indonesia's diplomacy has not been followed by domestic policies that are consistent and of the same standard as Singapore. This study argues the need for a middle ground in the form of a mutual agreement, where the Indonesian government can apply all Singaporean requirements as national standards, especially in tourism management. Keywords: Economy; Management; Travel Bubble; Business; Building Capacity

Diplomasi Indonesia dan Persoalan Migran Asal Indonesia Pasca Konflik Suriah

The repatriation of Indonesian migrants from Syria in April 2023 reminded us to the repatriation wave of Indonesian migrant from Syria after the country was torn by internal conflict since 2011. Indonesian Government has conducted series of diplomatic efforts to ensure the safety of its citizen in Syria. Indonesian Government was decided to stop sending its workers to Syria since 2011. Indonesia also categorized Syria as one of rescticted destinations for its migrant workers since 2015. Then why are there Indonesian migrants in Syria after those restrictions was applied? This fact indicates that there was illegal procedure available that enabled the workers to migrate to Syria amids the restrictions which out of sight of the government monitor. This paper addressed two issues: Indonesian diplomacy as a respon to the conflict in Suriah; and the problems faced by Indonesian Migrant Workers (IMW) because of the conflict in Syria. This paper identified two problems faced by IWM in Syria after the conflict: security threats caused by the conflict that contributes to the occurrence of illegal migration to Syria; and labour issues that wosened by intensity of illegal migration during the conflict.

Diplomasi Indonesia dan Persoalan Migran Asal Indonesia Pasca Konflik Suriah

The repatriation of Indonesian migrants from Syria in April 2023 reminded us to the repatriation wave of Indonesian migrant from Syria after the country was torn by internal conflict since 2011. Indonesian Government has conducted series of diplomatic efforts to ensure the safety of its citizen in Syria. Indonesian Government was decided to stop sending its workers to Syria since 2011. Indonesia also categorized Syria as one of rescticted destinations for its migrant workers since 2015. Then why are there Indonesian migrants in Syria after those restrictions was applied? This fact indicates that there was illegal procedure available that enabled the workers to migrate to Syria amids the restrictions which out of sight of the government monitor. This paper addressed two issues: Indonesian diplomacy as a respon to the conflict in Suriah; and the problems faced by Indonesian Migrant Workers (IMW) because of the conflict in Syria. This paper identified two problems faced by IWM in Syria after the conflict: security threats caused by the conflict that contributes to the occurrence of illegal migration to Syria; and labour issues that wosened by intensity of illegal migration during the conflict.

Indonesia's Diplomacy Towards the Free Papua Organization (OPM)

Para diplomacy is conducted by a sub-nation entity, such as the Free Papua Organization (OPM), a representative of groups within the state to gain independence. Indonesia has had long negotiation experience with separatist groups, such as the Republic of South Maluku (RMS), pro-independence in East Timor (Fretilin), and the Free Aceh Movement (GAM). Indonesia's diplomacy with the three movements has succeeded in solving the problem with various peace agreements. Since 1967, with the signing of the referendum, Indonesia still had to resolve various issues that led to the demand for independence. This paper analyzes Indonesia's diplomacy towards OPM by implementing SWAA instruments, namely Strength, Weakness, Advocacy and Adversary, in bilateral and multilateral context. Based on para diplomacy’s main objectives to reinforce identity claims, build and assert claims through actions to influence the international community, the analysis is focused on Indonesian efforts to weaken claims. The purpose of the study is to determine the supporting factors or challenges of OPM’s para diplomacy. The study would become a reference to the government and decision makers while from a theoretical aspect, would enrich understanding of para diplomacy. Hopefully that the study could support the Indonesian vision to maintain state sovereignty and integrity.

Indonesia Diplomacy in Protecting the Rights of Indonesian Migrant Domestic Workers in Malaysia (2017-2022)

This research aims to discuss the diplomatic efforts made by the Indonesian government to protect Indonesian Migrant Workers (PMI) in the domestic sector in Malaysia, where the majority of PMI are undocumented. In this case, the Indonesian Embassy in Kuala Lumpur is the representative of the Republic of Indonesia in Malaysia, which provides services and protection for Indonesian Citizens (Indonesian citizens) who stay in Malaysia, including human rights and migrant worker rights that every worker must have. This research will use qualitative methods with data collection techniques from observation, interviews, participation, and literature study originating from books, journals, articles, official reports, and online news. This research implements the track one diplomacy, negotiations, and international migration concept. The findings of this study show that the Indonesian government is making diplomatic efforts with Malaysia to provide maximum protection for PMI in the domestic sector of Malaysia. One of the ways the government provides PMI protection is through lengthy negotiations with Malaysia, which eventually resulted in a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on the Placement and Protection of Indonesian Migrant Domestic Workers in Malaysia in April 2022. Keywords: Track One Diplomacy, Indonesian Migrant Workers, Protection of Human Rights, Workers Rights

Balinese Endek Woven in the Framework of Indonesian Diplomacy at the G20 Summit

Balinese Endek Woven in the Framework of Indonesian Diplomacy at the G20 Summit

Modeling of Economic And Military Expenditure of South Pacific Countries to Increase the Role of Indonesian Diplomacy through the South Pacific Defense Ministers Meeting (SPDMM) Forum

The South Pacific is a western lake for the West, Asia and China. This is because of its strategic location, abundant natural resources but minimal human resources in managing it, so that this region becomes a contest for superpower state hegemony. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship of causality, response in case of shock from a variable through impulse response, long-term and short-term effects of economic growth variables, investment, foreign debt, exports, imports and military expenditure, and forecasting based on actual data up to 2045. The method used in this study is VECM / VAR. Data collection was obtained from reports from the Ministry of Defense, Ministry of Economic Affairs, literature studies and previous research.

Unraveling Indonesia's Diplomacy in the Pacific Region

This research aims to examine Indonesia's diplomacy in the Pacific Region, specifically during the Joko Widodo administration, focusing on the period spanning the last two decades. Emphasizing the significance of the Pacific Region in Indonesia's current foreign policy, the study employs qualitative research methods, utilizing international relations analysis, to explore diplomatic and cooperative efforts. Data for this study are derived from extensive literature reviews, including journals, books, regulations, and internet sources. The findings indicate that Indonesia, through its "look east" policy, has increasingly considered the Pacific Region pivotal for economic development, connectivity, and security. Notably, Indonesian diplomacy in the Pacific has evolved, with recent efforts showcased during Indonesia's chairmanship in Asean and the Asean-43 Summit. The latter has positioned the Pacific/Indo-Pacific Region as the Epicentrum of Growth, emphasizing its centrality for development and connectivity with ASEAN member countries and dialogue partner nations, such as China, Japan, and South Korea. In conclusion, this research sheds light on the evolving nature of Indonesia's diplomacy in the Pacific Region, offering insights into the country's strategic approach to fostering relations, economic development, and regional cooperation.

Indonesian Diplomacy under the Leadership of Joko Widodo in Resolving Land Border Disputes with Timor-Leste

Abstrak: Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui proses implementasi perbatasan darat antara Indonesia dan Timor-Leste. Kedua negara dalam Perjanjian Sementara 2005 telah berhasil menyetujui sebanyak 907 koordinat titik-titik perbatasan, atau sekitar 96 persen dari total panjang garis batas. Meskipun Indonesia dan Timor-Leste telah menyelesaikan sekitar 96 persen, pada tahun 2018, kedua negara masih menghadapi sejumlah masalah yang sulit dan kompleks. Berbagai hambatan, baik teknis maupun non-teknis, terjadi pada saat menentukan batas wilayah masing-masing negara hingga tahun 2019. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif dengan pendekatan teoritis diplomatik. Kemudian jenis penelitian ini menggunakan analisis dokumen dari berbagai sumber, seperti laporan resmi, laporan administratif, situs resmi lembaga pemerintah, jurnal, dan surat kabar. Hasil penelitian inimenunjukkan upaya diplomatik yang dilakukan di era pemerintahan Joko Widodo dalam menetapkan perbatasan antara wilayahIndonesia dan Timor-Leste. Diplomasi bilateral Indonesia dengan Timor-Leste dilakukan melaui jalur pertama, dimana kedua negara telah membentuk mekanisme dialog seperti Joint Ministerial Commision (JMC) tingkat Menteri Luar Negeri. Sementara di tingkat pejabat tinggi terdapat Senior Official Meeting (SOM), dan SOM Scorecard untuk memantau pelaksanaan kerjasama yang tengah berjalan. Sementara untuk isu perbatasan, terdapat Joint Border Committee (JBC) dan Technical Sub Committee on Border Demarcation and Regulation (TSC-BDR). Selanjutnya pada tahun 2017 pemerintah kedua negara sepakat untuk membentuk SeniorOfficial Consultation (SOC) untuk menyelesaikan perbatasan darat secara teknis. Pada 23 Juli 2019, kedua negara menyepakati perbatasan darat secara prinsip. Abstract: This article aims to find out the process of implementing the land border between Indonesia and Timor-Leste. The two countries in the 2005 Provisional Agreement have managed to agree on as many as 907 coordinates of border points, or about 96 percent of the total length of the border line. Although Indonesia and Timor-Leste have completed around 96 percent, by 2018, the two countries still face a number of difficult and complex problems. Various obstacles, both technical and non-technical, occurred at the time of determining the territorial boundaries of each country until 2019. This research uses descriptive qualitative methods witha diplomatic theoretical approach. Then this type of research involves the analysis of documents from various sources, such official reports, administrative reports, official government agency websites, journals, and newspapers. The results of this study show the diplomatic efforts undertaken in the era of Joko Widodo's rule in settling the border between the territory of Indonesia and Timor-Leste. Indonesian bilateral diplomacy with Timor-Leste is conducted on the first track, where the two countries have established dialogue mechanisms such as the Joint Ministerial Commission (JMC) at the level of Foreign Ministers. At the senior official level, there are Senior Official Meeting (SOM), and SOM Scorecard to monitor the implementation of ongoing cooperation. For border issues,there are Joint Border Committee (JBC) and Technical Sub Committee on Border Demarcation and Regulation (TSC-BDR). On July 23, 2019, the two countries agreed on land borders in principle.

Indonesia Diplomatic Efforts in the Conflict in Darfur Sudan

This research aims to explain Indonesia's diplomatic efforts in the conflict in Darfur Sudan where various conflicts have emerged that attract the attention of countries in the world including the United Nations which gave birth to a peace mission Apart from the conflict between rebel groups and the Sudanese government, there are also conflicts between armed groups among different ethnic groups, creating an unstable and unsafe environment. The benefits of this research are to add insight into the study of international relations, especially Indonesia's diplomacy efforts in Darfur. Furthermore, this research is also expected to complement the development of research that has been done before. This research is qualitative in nature using secondary data methods. This research was also conducted to find out the role of Indonesian diplomacy in various conflicts that occurred in DARFUR.

INDONESIA'S DIPLOMATIC CONTRIBUTION TO THE ISRAEL-PALESTINE CONFLICT SINCE 1948

This article explores the dynamics of Indonesian diplomacy in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Despite ongoing tensions and armed confrontations between Palestinian fighters and the Israeli military, Indonesia has consistently advocated for Palestinian independence through a two-state solution. The historical ties between Indonesia and Palestine, coupled with the academic connections between Palestinian scholars and Indonesian students studying in Egypt, have strengthened the diplomatic relationship between the two nations. Indonesia's active role in supporting Palestinian recognition of Indonesian independence, alongside Egypt, remains relevant today. Using conflict resolution theory as a framework, this article delves into Indonesia's diplomatic efforts to address the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Notably, Indonesia has actively participated as a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council, opposing policies such as US President Donald Trump's decision to recognize Jerusalem as the capital of Israel and relocate the embassy there. The findings illustrate Indonesia's multifaceted role in conflict resolution, encompassing positions as a co-sponsor, facilitator, mediator, participant, initiator, actor, motivator, and justifier in its endeavors to help resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. By presenting these insights, the article aims to contribute to the understanding of Indonesia's unique diplomatic contributions to the ongoing conflict while avoiding plagiarism.

Karakter Kebijakan Luar Negeri Indonesia

This paper describes the background of the foreign policy used by Indonesia during the Soekarno era as a new country in the international world. Where this matter is also a factor that affects how the implementation of Indonesia's foreign policy in the future. As for the matter in this case, namely, when Sukarno and Hatta were proclaimed Indonesian independence on 17 August 1945, which was considered to be the beginning of the Indonesian revolution. After independence, various kinds of implementation of Indonesia's foreign policy were welcomed and fully supported by its people. However, in the course of history, due to the elitism of the Soeharto era, Indonesia's foreign policy has also been elitism. Almost all policies were carried out and centralized by Suharto, so that Indonesia's foreign policy was unstructured and not well distributed among related institutions. Changes in the political system in the reform era since the fall of President Soeharto created opportunities to reform Indonesia's foreign policy. This paper is intended to examine the crises and challenges of Indonesia's foreign policy before and after Soeharto's New Order. This paper will also explain that since the fall of Soeharto, Indonesian diplomacy has played a substantive role in facing challenges in the social, economic and political fields that threaten the

Analysis of the Role of Indonesia's Active Free Diplomacy in Resolving the Rohingya Conflict

The conflict between the Myanmar government led by a military junta and the Rohingya Muslim tribe is one of the most tragic and heartbreaking human tragedies. The suffering experienced by the Rohingya tribe certainly hurts security in the Southeast Asia region. This research aims to find out how Indonesian diplomacy based on the principle of free and active foreign policy can resolve the Rohingya conflict in Myanmar. The humanitarian conflict affecting the Rohingya ethnic group in Myanmar has raised deep concern among the international community, including Indonesia. Diplomacy is an important instrument in implementing a country's foreign policy. Successful diplomacy can add value to a country and improve its image in the eyes of the world. This research uses a qualitative approach with a literature study method. The data sources for this research are books and journals related to analyzing the role of Indonesia's free and active diplomacy in resolving the Rohingya conflict. The results of this research indicate that to increase the success of Indonesian diplomacy in resolving the Rohingya conflict, more intensive and comprehensive efforts are needed. Indonesia needs to work together with other countries at various levels to encourage the Myanmar government to resolve the conflict peacefully and fairly by human rights principles.

Strategi Diplomasi Ekonomi Republik Indonesia terhadap Persatuan Emirat Arab tahun 2020-2022

Economic diplomacy plays a central role for Indonesia in facing inter-state contests at the global level, particularly in political and economic interests. Economic diplomacy in Indonesia garners special attention from the Government of the RI and stands as one of the 4+1 Priorities of Foreign Policy. The Government of RI places emphasis on market expansion in potential non-traditional countries, notably the United Arab Emirates (UAE), with the aim of advancing national interests in the trade, tourism, and investment sectors, alongside optimizing the domestic market at hand. This research focuses on the economic diplomacy strategies employed by the Government of RI concerning the UAE from 2020 to 2022, utilizing insights from the economic diplomacy strategies of developing countries presented by Kishan S. Rana. The methodology employed in this study is qualitative, with primary data acquired through interviews and secondary data garnered through literature review. The research findings demonstrate that the economic diplomacy strategies pursued by the Government of RI towards the UAE align with Rana's conceptual framework, encompassing 4 stages, namely economic salesmanship, networking and advocacy, image building, and regulatory management. The most prominent stage within Indonesia’s economic diplomacy strategy is economic salesmanship, particularly evident through the World Expo 2020 Dubai. Conversely, the stage that exhibits suboptimal perfomance is regulatory management concerning the IUAE-CEPA, which as of the present, has not been ratified by the Government of RI.

BUNG KARNO'S SPEECH, UNESCO AND INDONESIAN DIPLOMACY

The contextuality of world civilization today presents a portrait of relations between countries that are less harmonious. The Covid-19 pandemic, which should have been a momentum for the unity of countries in the world, has actually sparked sharp conflict between the United States and China. On the other hand, the Russian and Ukrainian war opened our understanding that there was a wrong global construction that fueled Russia's "coercive and unilateral" behavior towards its own neighboring countries. Globalization has made problems in a country or region develop into global issues. It is at this point that Indonesia can make its contribution. With the designation of Bung Karno's speech entitled "To Build the World A New" as Memory of the World, it became easier for the international public to access the text archive of the speech as a reference for developing studies related to UNESCO's field of work. Archives are only archives if they are only stored in bookshelves and documents. The aim of this research is to answer the research question: How to "animate" Indonesian historical archives so that they benefit the world? and How to capitalize on these historical documents for the interests of Indonesian diplomacy? This study uses a qualitative method. The analysis was carried out by interpreting the data based on the literature study. Data were collected from previous reference journals, books, and news from internet sources. This study concludes, Pancasila can become an international reference. This is because the text of the speech is open for use by researchers, academics and international practitioners in studying Pancasila as a philosophical and political discipline, whose values are very relevant for mediating socio-cultural conflicts.