Education Diploma Research Articles

Attitude of Grade III A Teachers towards joining the Ordinary Diploma in Primary Teacher Education of the Open University of Tanzania: Empirical Evidence from Katavi Region

This study examined the public attitude towards the Ordinary Diploma in Primary Teachers Education (ODPTE) of the Open University of Tanzania in Katavi region. The study employed a case study design and applied a qualitative approach. With a sample of 113, the study involved participants ranging from the OUT-Staff, Regional Administrative Secretary, Region Education Officer, District Executive Directors, District Education Officers, Ward Education Officers, Head Teachers, Other Teachers, Students and Graduates. Interview method was used for data collection and themes were used as a base for data analysis. The findings revealed that many Grade (III) A teachers had information about the ODPTE programme as compared to the rest of the community. Student-teachers knew about ODPTE from the fellow teachers. The findings indicated that Grade III A teachers were motivated to join the programme to improve knowledge, attract salary increments, pedagogical development and strengthen their CVs. Others reasons, were further study, family care and affordable cost. The findings also revealed that there was a shortage of learning materials, library, difficult to secure permit for face-to-face sessions conducted at zona level, long distance from the regional Centre and ICT issues. It was concluded that public attitude on ODPTE is mixed because of limited information about OUT, ODL and the ODPTE programme. Limitations of information is attributed to media, content and language use on the issues related to ODL, OUT and ODPTE. The study recommended that the OUT should prepare the learning materials to communicate with employers for awareness of the programme, to open sub-centres in councils and the improvement of the regional Centre library.

Status of pedagogical practices in Somaliland higher education institutions

Recently, there has been a concern in many parts of the world about the teaching strategies employed at higher education institutions (HEI). Empirical evidence shows that pedagogical practices affect the student engagement and academic excellence. Despite progress on the new innovative pedagogies globally, Somaliland HEI are still struggling with the old didactic teaching method which impedes students lifelong learning and future endeavors. Traditional teaching methods of HEI in Somaliland prevented students to unleash their potentials. Guided by the human capital theory, this study examined the status of lecturers’ application to modern pedagogical practices. The 35 lecturers at the University of Hargeisa, Somalia from the different faculties who had received postgraduate diploma in education provided by the university participated in this study. Employed by micro-teaching observation protocol of quantitative research design, the study found out lecture method as the most prevalent in their teaching practicum, with very low student cognitive engagement, inconsistencies with the instructional behavior and inadequate instructional aids. The study therefore proposed a cooperative jigsaw method as a veritable strategy for effective classrooms and better student engagement. The study recommends Somaliland higher education to adopt the policies, guidelines and regulations that guide the universities across the country.

Black Appalachia's Oldest Old: Untold Stories of Experienced Racism and Coping With Religious Practices/Beliefs.

Racism and religion are recognized as prevailing Social Determinants of Health (SDoH). To explore ways in which racism and religion looms in the daily lives of African Americans, we analyzed the experiences of African Americans born during the Jim Crow years and living in the Southern Appalachian Region of the United States. Twenty-seven African Americans participated in this qualitative descriptive study that utilized criterion sampling, open-ended semistructured interviews, and content analysis to identify a typology of categories related to experienced racism and ways in which religion was used in response to those experiences. Participants were an average age of 82.22 years (SD = 5.07); primarily women (n = 19, 70.4%); married (n = 11, 40.7%); junior high school (n = 6, 22.2%), high school or general educational diploma (n = 7, 25.9%), completed college or professional school (n = 6, 22.2%); were retired (n = 27, 100.0%); and affiliated with Baptist churches (n = 18, 66.7%). Experiences with racism included inequities in healthcare and education, and racially motivated physical violence. Religious practices/beliefs included forgiveness, humility, and humanity. Racism experienced by African American participants was likely countered by religious practices/beliefs inspired through intergenerational teachings with affiliations to the Black Church. These experiences of the oldest old ) African Americans living in communities of the Southern Appalachia, United States, illustrate the pervasive nature of racism. The religious beliefs that are frequently transmitted intergenerationally through the Black Church are relevant to understand present-day encounters with racism among African Americans and possibly other communities of color.

Reflective practice in medicine: The hidden curriculum challenge.

Despite the known benefits of reflection in various health care professions, it is still not a thriving practice in medical education. The literature suggests that this may be due to tensions between epistemological tenets of reflection and biomedicine. Further research is needed into experiences of doctors as they implement reflection in medical education settings. We set out to explore how these experiences were influenced by hidden curricula to provide insights into personal and contextual features of medical settings influencing engagement in reflection. Using an interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) approach, four semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted virtually. Participants were doctors who graduated from a postgraduate diploma in clinical education with core reflective practice components. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, coded and analysed using IPA. Opportunities to review and amend transcriptions were provided. Three superordinate themes were identified including epistemological divergence, fear of showing vulnerability and reflection volte-face. Challenges in engaging in practices epistemologically different to predominant discourses in medicine were compounded by fears of vulnerability and a common antipathy towards reflection. All developed more accommodating perspectives towards reflection with shared experiences of a programme incorporating reflective practice. The hidden curriculum can have positive and negative impacts on doctors' engagement in reflection. In facilitating reflective practice for this group, we recommend assisting with awareness of ways of thinking and being in medicine, offering reassurance that reflection may initially feel like running contrary to predominant discourses and finally, role modelling openness to vulnerability to better integrate and promote meaningful engagement in reflection.

Developing the Digital Economy: Overcoming Institutional Constraints and Unravelling Information Asymmetry

The purpose of the study is to identify ways to reduce the risks faced by economic agents in interaction with institutional traps caused by information asymmetry in the developing digital economy. To achieve this goal, the author applies a structural approach based on the following methodology. An analysis of the foundations of uncertainty and rationality in the digital economy is conducted, and then the risks associated with falling into institutional traps due to information asymmetry are investigated using the labor market as an example. The final part of the paper considers ways to mitigate these risks. The practical significance of this study is to identify the possibility of falling into institutional traps due to information asymmetry using the labor market as an example. In the context of the digitalization of the education market, the study shows that a higher education diploma cannot be a reliable signal of a potential employee’s future productivity. The importance of this study in the social aspect is the need to create an electronic platform containing digital portfolios of potential employees formed in the process of education and subsequent labor activity. This will help to reduce information costs for employers and avoid the institutional trap of being tied to a higher education diploma. The author suggests ways to increase the target rationality of economic agents in the context of growing information asymmetry in the digital economy.

LEGAL EDUCATION: THE IDEA OF CONTINUITY

The article is devoted to the trend of lifelong learning in one educational institution that is developing in Russian and world educational practice, starting from the secondary educational level, which includes school preparation and ending with obtaining a diploma of higher education with the prospect of postgraduate study. The article discusses the basic international documents on the development of continuing education, proposes a historical retrospective of the development of education in Russia and shows the modern picture of continuing education in the Russian Federation. In addition, the author proposes recommendations of a legislative plan to increase students' interest in continuing education.

Examining the Professional Excellence Programme: Inducting University Teachers into the Higher Education System in South Africa

The obligation to increase the standard of instruction and learning falls on academic developers. A crucial part of academic staff development at institutions of higher learning is the induction of academics who are primarily subject matter specialists without the pedagogical abilities to teach effectively in the higher education environment. This qualitative essay investigated how the Professional Excellence Programme (PEP) might be utilised as an induction Short Learning Programme (SLP) for new academics. After finishing the brief SLP, the inductees were given a questionnaire to evaluate the modules (Teaching and Learning, Curriculum Development, and Assessment in Higher Education) and qualitative data was gathered. The study was framed by Wegner’s social learning theory. The research showed that the PEP programme can be an efficient programme to develop academics into university teachers. Since the SLP was accepted by all participants in the study, the study recommended that the Directorate of Teaching and Learning should develop the PEP programme into a credit-bearing postgraduate diploma in higher education at NQF Level 8, which is equivalent to an honours degree. Keywords: Professional excellence, Induction, University teacher, Transformative pedagogy, Academic developer

Utilization of preconception care and associated factors among pregnant mothers in Fiche Town, Central Ethiopia: a community-based cross-sectional study 2021.

Preconception care is an important preventive intervention for adverse pregnancy outcomes. It is recognized as a strategy to optimize women's health and pregnancy outcomes in Western countries. However, preconception care is underutilized in sub-Saharan Africa, like Ethiopia, where maternal mortality is high. Evidence is scarce in the study area about the prevalence and factors associated with preconception care utilization. Therefore this study aimed to assess the proportion of preconception care utilization and associated factors among pregnant mothers in Fiche town, central Ethiopia, 2021. A community-based cross-sectional study was done from May 10 to June 25, 2021. A systematic random sample technique was used to choose 393 pregnant women for the study. A structured, pre-tested, interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. The data were entered into Epi Data version 3.1 and then exported into SPSS version 25 for analysis. A Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to check for the association. Odds ratio along with 95% was used to describe the association. Finally, a significant association was declared at a p-value less than 0.05. 388 respondents participated in this study, making the response rate 98.7%. Of total study participants only 84 (21.6%; 95% CI, 18, 25.8) utilized preconception care. The study found that diploma or higher level of education (AOR = 3.47, 95% CI: 1.27, 9.53), psychological and financial support from a partner (AOR = 3.86, 95% CI: 2.1, 7.10), joint discussion and plan with a partner (AOR = 3.32, 95% CI: 1.55, 7.13), history of chronic disease (AOR = 3.47, 95% CI: 1.67, 7.25), and good knowledge about preconception care (AOR = 2.42, 95% CI: 1.34, 4.38) were significantly associated with preconception care utilization. Overall, less than a quarter of the pregnant mothers utilized preconception care, indicating that awareness is very low. Pregnant mothers who have a higher educational level, have good communication and support from their partners, have chronic health problems, and have good knowledge about preconception care were more likely to utilize the service. Preconception care is a better opportunity to intervene and maintain the mother in the continuum of care.

Evaluating the Agreement between k-median and Latent Class Analysis for Clustering of Psychological Distress Prevalence

Introduction: Psychological distress (PD) is one of the most common mental disorders in the general population. Psychological distress is considered a public health priority due to its adverse effects on quality of life, health, performance, and productivity. It can also predict several serious mental illnesses, such as depressive disorder and anxiety. In this study, we intend to identify the behavioral pattern of PD in the population of 18 to 65 years old in Mashhad using two methods, K-median and Latent Class Analysis (LCA), and evaluate the agreement between the two methods.
 Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 38058 individuals referred to community health care centers in Mashhad of Iran in 2019. The information used in this study was extracted from Sina Electronic Health Record System (SinaEHR) database. A demographic information checklist and a 6-item Kessler psychological distress scale (K-6) were used for data collection. K-median and LCA were used for data analysis.
 Results: Out of 38058 participants, 49.3% were women, 86.1% were married, and 63.6% had a diploma and under diploma education. The LCA identified three patterns of PD in answering the items of the K-6 questionnaire, including severe PD (19.7%), low PD (36.7%), and no PD (43.5%). Three clusters were identified by the K-Median method: 1) severe PD (22.0%), 2) low PD (31.1%), and 3) and no PD (46.9%). The agreement between K-Median and LCA was kappa = 0.862.
 Conclusion: About 20% of people were classified as having severe PD. Both LCA and k-median methods can reasonably identify the latent pattern of PD with significant entropy, and there was almost complete agreement between the two methods in data clustering. Considering the advantages of the LCA, this method is recommended to identify the latent pattern of PD based on the k-6 questionnaire.

Perancangan Cinematic Video Sebagai Media Promosi Kampus Ii Stmik Pelita Nusantara Lubuk Pakam

The background for making cinematic videos as a campus promotional medium is the digital marketing trend during the new normal era. Pelita Nusantara Campus II helps all children of the nation, especially North Sumatran children who wish to study at High Schools to obtain Strata (S1) and Diploma (D3) education certificates. Therefore, the design of promotional media in the form of videos is made because it is effective and displays attractive visual effects with the aim of promoting it again. Pelita Nusantara Campus II. Using a cinematic concept because it can display interesting visual effects and is judged according to campus conditions. packaged through narrative. Video design is carried out using primary data such as observation, interviews and conducting pre-design and post-design surveys. During the project editing process, it is carried out using the Adobe Primary 2020 application. Using the AIDA method (Attention, Interest, Desire, and Action) as a reference, advertising effectiveness needs to meet AIDA elements. The results of this cinematic video will be published on social media such as Facebook, Instagram and YouTube.

Learning to teach in Higher Education

This paper reflectively analyses how informal conversational spaces can be pedagogically integrated in a formal structured learning space. We document innovative practice in faculty development by introducing elements of informal conversations, understood as serendipitous, improvised, open-ended, permissive and including an element of risk into an introductory academic development programme, namely the Post Graduate Diploma in Learning and Teaching in Higher Education. The outcome is one of enhanced opportunities for reflexivity and interdisciplinary dialogue.

CONCEPTUAL PRINCIPLES OF FORENSIC VETERINARY EXPERTS PROFESSIONAL TRAINING IN STATE SPECIALIZED EXPERT INSTITUTIONS OF UKRAINE

The author formulated the conceptual principles of professional training of forensic veterinary experts in state-specialized expert institutions of Ukraine. It was established that the process of training forensic veterinary experts is technologically complex, multilevel and responsible. It develops in institutions of higher education that train veterinary doctors and ends in state expert institutions of the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine, in which a doctor of veterinary medicine with a specialist or master’s degree, who intends to obtain the qualification of a forensic veterinary expert, undergoes expert training by expert speciality 18.1 «Veterinary research», mastering the theoretical, organizational and procedural provisions of forensic examination and forensic veterinary examination in particular, acquires practical skills in mastering methods and methodical recommendations; prepares drafts of expert opinions and reviews drafts of expert opinions, as well as the attestation process and obtains the qualification of a forensic expert in the above-mentioned expert speciality, takes the oath of a forensic expert, after which independently on a professional basis carries out forensic expert activities in the field of forensic veterinary examination. Attention is focused on the fact that a person who intends to obtain or confirm the qualification of a forensic expert in the expert speciality 18.1 «Veterinary research» must have exclusively a higher veterinary education, the qualification of a doctor of veterinary medicine with a master’s degree or a specialist, knowledge field 21 «Veterinary medicine», speciality 211 «Veterinary Medicine». Specialists who have a diploma of another higher education, except veterinary, cannot claim to obtain or confirm the qualification of a forensic expert in the expert speciality 18.1 «Veterinary research». It is claimed that the internship of veterinary medicine doctors intending to obtain the qualification of a forensic veterinary expert is carried out for the first time according to program No. 1 (176 hours) developed by us and approved by the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine, the internship of a veterinary medicine doctor intending to confirm the qualification of a forensic expert for the first time veterinary expert according to program No. 2 (118 hours), the internship of a doctor of veterinary medicine who intends to confirm the qualification of a forensic veterinary expert for the second and subsequent times is carried out according to program No. 3 (79 hours). It is proposed to supplement the «List of recommended scientific, technical and reference literature» with a list of the latest scientific works published by us on the issues of forensic veterinary examination. Based on the analysis of the principles of training forensic veterinary experts in Ukraine, we have identified problems in this area of activity, and to overcome them, we have proposed a system of specific measures, including the development and implementation of the «Rating System of Forensic Expert Activity» in the forensic activity.

Assessing Infection Prevention Adherence and related factors among Healthcare Workers in Covid-19 Era at a Regional Health Facility in Ghana; An Institutionalized Based Study

Introduction: The COVID-19 disease is a global problem. Healthcare providers who are at the forefront of caring for, educating and treating the infected patients are at a higher risk of contracting the disease. Effective infection control measures prevent the spread of the disease, especially among medical practioners. This study aimed to determine knowledge, attitudes, and adherence to infection prevention and related factors among healthcare workers in the COVID-19 era at Bono Regional Hospital. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional design was employed and (n=348) respondents were selected using a simple random sampling technique. A validated and structured questionnaire was administered face-to-face to assemble data. the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26 (USA) was used to analyze study data. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were conducted and at a 95% level of confidence and an alpha value set at <0.05, the relationship between the outcome and explanatory variables was considered significant statistically. Results: Respondents' had 52.3% adequate knowledge and 50% adequate attitudes towards infection prevention and 72.1% good adherence to infection prevention practices. Related factors such as diploma education, seminar on infection control and availability of infection prevention protocol significantly predicted providers good adherence to infection prevention and control. Conclusion: Respondents' adequate knowledge and attitudes significantly contributed to good adherence to infection prevention. Continuous training and seminars on infection prevention and control could help improve respondents' knowledge with a subsequent increase in attitudes and practices towards preventing and controlling infection, especially during a disease outbreak.

St. Petersburg College of Railway Transport is 105 years old: development forecast

The historical aspects of the development of the system of personnel training for railways at the level of secondary vocational education are studied. The main stages of the formation, development and current state of the St. Petersburg College of Railway Transport are given. The results of the introduction of modern technologies for training transport technicians are shown.The relevance of the study is related to solving the problems of secondary vocational education in the preparation of students in working specialties with their further promotion in the system of continuous education to personnel of higher professional qualifications. The issues of prospects for the development of targeted training for the training of employees for transport structures according to a personal educational program are touched upon. As directions for optimizing secondary vocational education, methods are proposed for developing cognitive interest in mastering professional competencies, introducing mentoring at enterprises and strengthening the professional orientation of the educational process. In the laboratories of the technical school, students collectively solve specific production problems, analyze situations, participate in business games, production quests at railway transport enterprises, etc. The participation of students in the championships of professional skills, demonstration exams in the logic of strengthening the professional orientation of training for the preparation of a highly qualified transport technician with a diploma of secondary vocational education is considered.

Digital Pedagogy Policy in Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) in Malaysia: Fuzzy Delphi Approach

Digital platforms are oneof thetechnology adoptionthat is beginning to be used in most vocational colleges today. Services provided through digital platforms are an alternative to conventional methods. However, the use of digital platforms nowadays, among users consisting of vocational college students in Malaysia is still at a less than satisfactory level. Previous studies also focused a lot on the use and acceptance of technology platforms among users in schools only but not in vocational colleges (VC). The aim of the research is to determine the experts’ consensus on the objective of the digital pedagogy policy for Technical Education and Vocational Training (TVET) students especially in vocational colleges which is currently under development. Vocational colleges is one of the Technical Education and Vocational Training (TVET) institutions in Malaysia that offers certificate level and skill diploma education to high school students. Therefore, it is important to identify the policy that will be used. The Fuzzy Delphi Technique (FDT) was used in this research. Ten experts were chosen by utilizing the purposive sampling method. Analysis of the data was using the Triangular Fuzzy Number and Defuzzification process. The findings showed 100% consensus was achieved by the experts for objectives 1 and 3, and 90% consensus was achieved by the experts for objective 2. All of the experts agreed on the elements in the objectives of the digital pedagogy policy for TVET students. Further development of this policy hopefully will help the teachers in improving their knowledge of digital pedagogy and increase their competency pedagogy in order to produce skills oriented workforce among TVET students in Malaysia. Therefore, the results of this study are expected to be used to strengthen the development of e-learning models in the future to help students and educators to use digital platforms in vocational colleges in particular.

Influence of Teacher Level of Training on the Implementation of CBC in Public Special Schools for Learners with Visual Impairment in Kitui County

The government of Kenya has put a lot of effort on provision of education for all irrespective of their abilities. Teachers as the key educational implementers have a great role in provision of education. With this regard, the purpose of this study is to assess the influence of teacher level of training on the implementation of CBC. This study was guided by curriculum implementation theory by Gross [23]. The study adopted a descriptive survey design and it targeted teachers, head-teachers and learners in special schools for learners with visual impairment in Kitui County. Purposive sampling method and simple random sampling technique was used to select the study participants. A sample size of 210 respondents was used, among them 150 learners, 45 teachers and 15 head-teachers. Questionnaires and interview schedules were used for data collection. Focus group discussions was also conducted among the learners with visual impairment with an aim of gathering information on issues related to availability and usage of ICT, teaching methods used by teachers and also learners’ perception towards CBC. Descriptive statistics was used for analysis of quantitative data which included mean and standard deviation, results were presented in frequencies and percentages. Key findings of the study were; majority 44.2% of the teachers possessed a diploma in special need education, this revealed that teachers had attained the minimum professional qualification that is required for one to be employed at primary school level in Kenya. Majority 76.7% of teachers indicated that they had not attended any in-service training. Majority 63.33% of the teachers rated themselves as having sufficient ICT integration skills/training to implement CBC. Key conclusion of the study was that teacher related factors influence implementation of competency-based curriculum. Key recommendations were that the Ministry of Education in conjunction with the Kenya Institute of Curriculum Development and Teachers Service Commission should continue training teachers on ICT knowledge and skills that are very critical to implementation of the new curriculum.

The Level of Environmental Education Awareness Among Student-Teachers Enrolled in the Professional Diploma Program in Teaching and its Relation with some Variables

The aim of this study was to investigate the level of environmental education awareness among student-teacher participants in the Postgraduate Professional Diploma in Teaching (PPTD) program at Al Ain University in the United Arab Emirates and its relationship with various variables. The study utilized an analytical descriptive approach and was carried out on a sample of 309 male and female student-teachers from Al Ain University's Postgraduate Professional Diploma in Teaching (PPTD) program. An Environmental Education Scale was used as the research instrument in the second semester of the school year 2022-2023. The findings of the study revealed that there were no statistically significant differences in the degree of environmental consciousness of student-teachers enrolled in the Professional Diploma in Teaching program due to differences in educational backgrounds or prior teaching experience. The study recommended that public and higher education institutions play a larger role in boosting student understanding of environmental education.

Lessons learned through crisis: the effect of Covid-19 on pre-service Technology Education teacher development.

The Covid-19 pandemic forced post-secondary institutions to shift their technical offerings to blended and/or remote delivery. The Pandemic was a catalyst for pre-service Technology Education programs, traditionally designed for face-to-face learning, to explore innovative pedagogical arrangements. The purpose of this study was to understand the experiences and perceptions of pre-service teachers as they navigated their way through their Pandemic-impacted Technology Education Diploma program. In particular, pre-service teachers were asked about the challenges, benefits, and lessons learned through their lived experiences dealing with the re-organization for remote and blended learning in response to the various waves of the Covid-19 Pandemic. An exploration of the learner experience within pre-service Technology Education programs contributes to a growing body of literature that continues to offer meaningful insight on the institutional arrangements to cope with the limitations brought on by the Pandemic. Interviews from a purposeful sample of nine (N = 9) pre-service teachers was the primary data source within this qualitative study that sought to understand the following research question: How have institutional responses to Covid-19 impacted the experiences and perceptions of pre-service teachers enrolled in a re-organized Technology Education Diploma program? Thematic analysis was used to identify and explore recurring nodes within the data. The findings of this study suggest that the shift in instructional modality had significant impacts on how pre-service teachers experienced their Technology Education program. The reorganization delayed the development of peer relationships within the program cohorts and disrupted lines of communication.

Pre-service TVET Teachers’ Digital Competence: Evidence from Survey Data

This study sought to translate and validate the Digital Competence Scale for University Students among Kazakhstani undergraduate students aimed at the Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) educator diploma (n = 202), and also to discover the status quo of their digital competence. The translation and trans-cultural validation of the scale produced a bi-factorial 10-item instrument, like the original. The questionnaire evidenced acceptable validity and reliability. On average, the participants reported a medium digital competence score. Practical implications and directions for future research are provided.

The significance of educational level in acquiring good literacy of COVID-19: a case study in Indonesia

Background. Surveys on Public Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (PKAP) have been conducted in various countries with respondents from the public as well as health workers. Measuring the knowledge of the public about COVID-19 is very important to determine the knowledge gap among the public and also as an evaluation of the preventive efforts for COVID-19. Objective. The purpose of this research was to determine whether education level is a factor that affects one’s literacy about COVID-19. Materials and Methods. This is cross-sectional research with online-based data collection using the Kobo toolbox application. The data collection was carried out from the 19th of April until the 2nd of May 2020. The number of people under study is 792. The level of knowledge was measured using 12 research questions with true or false question types. the multivariable logistic regression was carried out. Results. Most of the respondents (52.5%) were in the young age group (15-35 years old), were male (57.3%), and had a bachelor or diploma education level (62.1%). Furthermore, most of the respondents had good knowledge (65.4%). The higher the respondents’ educational level means, the better knowledge they had concerning COVID-19 (P=0.013). Conclusions. Public knowledge about COVID-19 is affected by their level of education. A good level of knowledge about COVID-19 was found among respondents with master’s and doctoral degrees. This finding can contribute to the prevention of COVID-19, in which the priority of educating communities about COVID-19 should be given to those having an educational level below a master’s degree.