Diospyros Discolor Willd Research Articles

Phytotoxicity study of silver nanoparticles on the germination of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forsk.) and mustard green (Brassica rapa L.) seeds

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are metal nanoparticles used in many applications in the healthcare and industrial fields. The use of AgNPs worldwide can reach 500 tons annually, potentially increasing. The release of silver metals into the environment causes pollution in the aquatic environment and bioaccumulation in organisms. Our previous research successfully synthesized AgNPs through a biosynthetic method using Diospyros discolor Willd. (velvet apple) leaf extract. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the phytotoxic effects of biosynthetic AgNPs on water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forsk.) and mustard greens (Brassica rapa L. var. caisin) seeds. This study includes five groups, i.e., distilled water as a negative control, 10 mM AgNO3 as a positive control, and biosynthesized AgNPs at concentrations of 30, 40, and 50 mg/L. The seeds were soaked for 24 h in the AgNPs and germinated for 14 days to observe the symptoms of phytotoxicity. Seeds germination was assessed according to the germination rate (%), germination rate index, fresh and dry weight, and plant height. The results showed that the AgNPs had a toxic effect on B. rapa. Meanwhile, exposure to AgNPs did not affect I. aquatica germination. The result showed that each type of plant could have different responses to the exposure of AgNPs.

Leaf Morphometric and Chlorophyll Content Study of Bisbul (<i>Diospyros discolor</i> Willd.) at the Bogor Botanical Garden

Bisbul (Diospyros discolor Willd.) is one of the collections from the Bogor Botanical (BBG). The wide distribution of this plant in Southeast Asia's tropical forests creates many morphometric variations of this species. The diversity of leaf morphometric variations of a plant species can be the basis for grouping various species. This study aimed to determine the morphometric diversity of Bisbul leaves from various locations of origin. The study took samples of bisbul leaves from Bogor Botanical Gardens from three accessions, namely the Philippines, West Java, and Papua. All the trees are over 30 years old. The leaves are taken based on a horizontal position, vertical crown, and leafage. The results showed that the origin of the location gave different multiplier values to calculate the area, namely the Philippines y = 0.733x + 0.034; West Java y = 0.765x-2,949; and Papua y = 0.758x-1.389. The length to leaf width ratio also has differences, namely, the Philippines, which is 2.64, West Java 2.65, and Papua 2.81. The chlorophyll content in young leaves increases in old leaves. The samples from Papua also have the highest chlorophyll content compared to the Philippines and West Java. This difference indicates morphometric variations between the three, even within one species. Some environmental conditions may affect shade areas and tree age. In addition, DNA research from accession D. discolor is also needed to determine the cause of the morphometric variation.

Structural, optical, and potential broad-spectrum antibacterial properties of CuO-Ag nanoparticles biosynthesized using the extract of Diospyros discolor Willd

The development of new material properties for antimicrobial agents to address the problem of antibiotic resistance is currently being explored. Silver and copper exhibit oligodynamic properties, which inhibit the growth of microorganisms. These properties are stronger at the nanoscale than the macroscale, especially for bimetallic nanoparticles (NPs). In this study, we synthesized bimetallic CuO and Ag NPs using Diospyros discolor Willd. (Velvet apple) leaf extract with three different ratios of Cu and Ag precursors: 1:0.01, 1:0.1, and 1:1 (v/v). In addition, the optical properties of these NPs were characterised using UV-Vis spectrophotometer, which showed the typical absorbance peak in the range of 300–400 nm. The size and shape of the CuO and Ag nanoparticles were analysed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) images. The SEM and TEM images showed leaf-shaped CuO nanoplates and spherical AgNPs. Furthermore, the crystalline properties were analysed using x-ray diffraction (XRD). This study produced CuO-Ag nanoclusters with a particular morphology, size, and composition. The antibacterial assay showed potential broad-spectrum activity for Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) as well as Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa).

Stemflow and throughfall on several tree architectural models

The aim of developing urban forests for steep areas is to prevent erosion. Erosion can be caused by stemflow and throughfall. The difference in stemflow and throughfall is thought to be due to differences in the tree architecture model. The study investigates the effects of several tree architectural models on the amount of stemflow and throughfall. It is hoped that data and information of this research can be taken into consideration in selecting tree species for the benefit of soil and water conservation in urban forest areas that have the potential for erosion and sedimentation. The collection and processing of data comprised the rainfall data obtained from Meteorological Climatological and Geophysical Agency, measurement of leaf area index using a hemispherical photograph and Hemiview 2.1 software, measurement of stemflow and throughfall in five tree architectural models (Massart, Aubreville, Koriba, Rauh, and Troll). Afterward, the relationship between the dependent and independent variables is known through multiple linear regression analysis using Minitab 16 software. The result showed that the tree architectural model influences stemflow and throughfall. The tree architectural model with the highest stemflow and throughfall is Rauh, and the lowest belongs to the Massart architectural model. The tree architectural model that can be used for land and water conservation is Massart; the species is Diospyros discolor Willd.

Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Daging Buah Bisbul dan Batang Buah Naga Merah Menggunakan Metode 1,1-Diphenyl-2-Picrylhydrazin

Bisbul (Diospyros discolor Willd.) is a plant of the Ebenaceae family and red dragon (Hylocereus polyrhizus) is a plant of the Cactaceae family. Bisbul and red dragon have bioactive compounds are flavonoids that act as antioxidants. The purpose of this study was measure antioxidant activity from ethanol extract of bisbul pulp and ethanol extract of red dragon fruit stem by DPPH method (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazin). Extraction by maseration method and using 96% ethanol as solution. Antioxidant activity assay using the immersion method of DPPH measured absorption at a wavelenght 517 nm and compared with vitamin C. The result showed that the ethanol extract of bisbul pulp (IC50 46.00 ìg/mL) more strong antioxidant activity compared the ethanol extract of red dragon fruit stem (IC50 1020.96 ìg/mL).

Chemical Constituents from Diospyros discolor Willd. and their Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory Activity

Chemical Constituents from Diospyros discolor Willd. and their Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory Activity

Antileukemic Activity of Methanol Extract From Stem of Baccaurea macrocarpa, Syzygium jambos, Bouea macrophylla Griff., and Diospyros discolor Willd

A secondary metabolite is a compound produced by plants that are needed for its survival. Those compounds are used as attractant, repellant, and protectant. The three of them, such as color, taste, aroma, and thorns of the plants. These secondary metabolite compounds are important to be revealed. It aims to find new natural resources that are safer, more effective, and efficient in aiding the health sector, such as anticancer, antibacterial, and hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties. The research trends of natural products chemistry sourced from plants that are widely developing are extraction and biological activity, such as anticancer. In this research, the extraction of 1 kg sample was done by using maceration method and produced methanol extract of kapul (Baccaurea macrocarpa) 3.1%, jambu mawar (Syzygium jambos) 2.4%, ramania (Bouea macrophylla Griff) 9% and mentega (Diospyros discolor Willd) 2.7%, and the result of antileukemic activity of methanol extract sample (the survived HL-60 cell percentage) sequentially were 22.6%, 12.7%, 44.1% and 37.3% with the concentration of 100 µg/mL. Jambu mawar (Syzygium jambos) exhibited the highest antileukemic activity with the survived cell percentage (HL-60 cells) of 12.7% among the methanol extract of samples tested .

The Detection of Cu<sup>2+</sup> Ions Using Paper-Based Silver Nanoparticles as a Colorimetry Indicator

The detection of chemical pollution in an ecosystem requires rapid and accurate analysis in the field. The method presented here can help minimize preparation time and simple detection of the metal ions. Silver nanoparticles are known for their surface plasmon resonance characteristics that visibly display distinctive colors; this makes it possible to develop as colorimetric indicators. In this study, silver nanoparticles were synthesized on paper using velvet apple (Diospyros discolor Willd.) leaf extract as the Ag+ reducing agent. The paper was immersed in the water extract for 1 hour and for 24 hours. The formation of silver nanoparticles was indicated by the change in the paper’s color from white to light brown and dark brown. Furthermore, the paper was tested using several types of metal ions, namely, Cu2+, Mn2+, Pb2+, Zn2+, Mg2+, Ni2+ and Co2+. For all types of metal ions, the paper’s color changed selectively while detecting Cu2+ ions. The paper-based silver nanoparticles were sensitive enough to detect Cu2+ ions starting at concentrations of 100 mg/L. The Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) revealed that the silver nanoparticles tended to aggregate after the addition of Cu2+ ions, which caused changes in the size and LSPR of the nanoparticles. This potential method needs further refinement and development to enhance the sensitivity of the paper-based colorimetric indicator, so that it can detect Cu2+ at lower concentrations.

Screening of antibacterial activity from biosynthesized silver nanoparticles using Diospyros discolor Willd. extract

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have a specific property for antibacterial agents. This research aims to explore the antibacterial activity from the AgNPs synthesized using Diospyros discolor Willd. extract. We determined that the leaf extract solution of D. discolor can provide reducing properties for AgNPs synthesis. The result showed a maximum absorbance peak wavelength between 420–450 nm in the produced AgNPs. The Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) image supported the presence of AgNPs, with size between 10–50 nm. Antimicrobial assays using E. coli produced an inhibition zone of 7.4 ± 0.7 mm from the centrifuged AgNPs, whereas those using S. aureus produced an inhibition zone of 7.66 ± 0.9 mm. An antimicrobial activity index (AI) assay against E. coli resulted in 0.2 ± 0.1 mm, whereas the activity against S. aureus resulted in an activity index of 0.40 ± 0.19 mm. AI values that were lower than 1.0 was considered had less significant activity. We also tested the growth of bacteria in the medium added with AgNPs using the dilution method. The growth of bacteria colony from the streak line showed a decline in growth for the bacteria that had been exposed to biosynthesized AgNPs with the increasing of time exposure for 5, 10 and 15 minutes, respectively.

Bioprospection of Diospyros discolor Willd. fruit for the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles

Leaves from Diospyros discolor Willd. plants can act as a reducing agent in the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles. This raises the question of whether other parts of the plant can also be used for this purpose. The present study aimed to explore the prospect of D. discolor fruit for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The fruit and seeds of the plant were extracted and used for the biosynthesis process, and the resulting silver nanoparticles were characterized using UV–visible light spectrophotometry, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and particle size analysis (PSA). During biosynthesis, aqueous extracts from the fruit flesh or seeds were reacted with 1 mM silver nitrate at various ratios. A ratio of 1:2 (v/v) resulted in the highest absorbance values (indicating the greatest production of nanoparticles), and the absorbance at all ratios increased with time. The results were similar for the fruit flesh and seed extracts, with absorbance values observed in the same peak areas for each treatment. However, the use of D. discolor fruit flesh resulted in faster reactions during the initial 24 h.

A silver nanoparticle-based colorimetric detection of Fe2+

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) can be developed into materials for the detection of metals in the environment. The detection was carried out based on the color change AgNP colloids after reacted with metal ions, known as a colorimetric method. In this study, silver nanoparticles were obtained through biosynthesis using the aqueous extract of Diospyros discolor Willd. (Bisbul) leaves which was mixed with 1 mM of AgNO3 precursor. The characterization results using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer showed a peak in the range of 300500 nm which is the typical absorption spectrum of silver nanoparticles. Formation of AgNPs was also indicated by the solution color change from yellow to brown. After 24 hours of reaction, the formed AgNPs were tested as indicator solutions for 6 metal ions, namely Pb2+, Zn2+, Co2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, and Fe2+, at 1000 mg/L. The specific visual colour change was observed only when AgNPs solution was added into Fe2+ ion solution. Further testing was carried out to detect the presence of Fe2+ ions at 0; 0,1; 1; 10; 100; 500; and 1000 mg/L. The results showed a solution discoloration ranging from brownish to greenish. The change in solution color after AgNPs were added into Fe2+ solution was caused by AgNPs unique optical properties in the visible wavelength. Silver nanoparticles also tend to have an affinity with Fe2+ and showed larger size based on the PSA (Particles Size Analyzer) and TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope) characterizations. The results showed that the AgNPs tend to agglomerate after the addition of a higher concentration of Fe2+. This detection method has the potency to be developed and enhanced to detect the presence of Fe2+ metal ions in the environment.

Home / Archives / Vol 3 No 2 (2018): Jurnal Farmamedika (Pharmamedica Journal) / Articles ISOLASI SENYAWA ANTIOKSIDAN EKSTRAK ETANOL BUAH BISBUL ( Diospyros discolor Willd.)

Free radicals are the one form of reactive oxygen compounds, which could disrupt the production of DNA, lipid layer on the cell wall, affecting blood vessels, and the production of prostaglandins. Therefore, it takes antioxidants because its ability to inhibit free radicals by means of donating one electron on free radicals. Synthetic antioxidant compounds often have side effects is not good, so much sought after alternative antioxidants from natural ingredients, one of which is bisbul fruit (Diospyros discolor Willd.). Based on research, bisbul fruit has a strong antioxidant activity. The purpose of this study was to isolate the active compound bisbul fruit extracts which had antioxidant activity. The isolation method used thin layer chromatography method and chromatography columns, continued using FTIR spectroscopy method and LC- MS, while the antioxidant activity using the DPPH method. The results obtained had antioxidant activity IC50 53.51 ppm. The spectrum of FTIR spectroscopy was obtained that the compounds had a hydroxyl group which could be assumed as a phenol or alcohol. While the results of the LC-MS spectrum of compounds having a molecular mass of (m+H+) 631.95 m/z. The results showed extract the ethanol bisbul fruit had a strong antioxidant activity and possibility compound antioxidants was Goshonoside F4

English

English

Assessment of the Toxic and Teratogenic Effects of Kamagong (Diospyros discolor Willd.) Leaves Extract to the Developing Embryo of Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

This work highlighted the embryo-toxic and teratogenic effects of D. discolor leaves extract to the embryo of D. rerio, a model. Apparently, 100% mortality of embryos was observed in 5% and 10% treatment concentration at 12 hpta. Meanwhile, mortality in lower concentrations increases as time of exposure is prolonged and as the amount of treatment concentration increases. Coagulation was the toxic effect of the plant water extract. On the other hand, heartbeat and hatchability rate decreases as the amount of treatment concentration increases. In terms of teratogenicity, tail malformation was the most marked teratogenic effect of the plant extract. Moreover, growth retardation, head malformation, yolk deformities and abdominal edema were observed. Altogether, D. discolor leaves water extract exhibit toxic and teratogenic effects against D. rerio embryo. Thus, this plant contains active phytochemical components that can be developed as anticancer drugs.

The Role of pH in Controlling Size and Distribution of Silver Nanoparticles using Biosynthesis from Diospyros discolor Willd. (Ebenaceae)

The silver nanoparticles generated by biosynthesis have a quite diverse result, both in size and shape. Structures of silver nanoparticles can be controlled by modifying the parameters of the biosynthesis such as the ratio between the precursors and reducing agents, as well as pH of the solution. In this study, the pH of Diospyros discolor (Bisbul) leaves aqueous extract was varied to 4, 7, 9, and 11. The extract then was added to 1 mM AgNO3 precursor (1:2; v/v ratio). The result of the silver nanoparticles characterized using spectrophotometer UV-Vis to find if there was any absorbance peak formed between 400 nm to 500 nm. TEM characterization was used to determine the size and shape of silver nanoparticles, and PSA was used to see their size distribution and stability. The higher pH tends to produce smaller silver nanoparticles rapidly. The synthesis parameters that were varied in this research have affected the size, size distribution patterns, and stability of silver nanoparticles.

Enhancement of the stability of silver nanoparticles synthesized using aqueous extract of Diospyros discolor Willd. leaves using polyvinyl alcohol

Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles is recently attracting considerable attention because of it reduces the environmental impact and already used in numerous applications. However, the disadvantages such as easy aggregation and instability properties, prevent its’ application. In this papers, biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous extract of Diospyros discolor Willd. leaves have been prepared. The effect of biosynthesis variables, like ratio of reactants and reduction time on the particle size distribution, stability, and morphology of the silver nanoparticles were investigated. The resulted silver nanoparticles were characterized using UV spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy, and Particles Size Analyzer. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was used to enhance the stability of the silver nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticles modification with 1% PVA concentration has produced a better characteristic of particle size distribution compared to the original silver nanoparticles, from highly polydisperse into moderately disperse. The results of the Zetta potential measurement also confirmed the increase stability of cluster distribution in the colloidal Ag/PVA compared to the original Ag.

Volatile Compounds from the Fruit Peelings ofDiospyros discolorWilld.

ABSTRACT A petroleum ether extract of the peelings of the fresh fruits of Diospyros discolor Willd. on treatment with ethanol gave an extract in which the following major components were identified: benzyl benzoate(19.2%), benzyl salicylate (26.9%), cinnamyl benzoate (10.3%), benzyl butyrate (4.1%) and butyl benzoate (6.0%). The absence of alkyl butyrates, which were previously reported in the essential oil from this species, may be as the result of their hydrolysis to give free butyric acid. The free acid could be responsible for the change in odor to a harsher butyric note after the fruit has been harvested.