DMSO Research Articles

Dimethyl Sulfoxide Attenuates Ionizing Radiation-induced Centrosome Overduplication and Multipolar Cell Division in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells.

Centrosomes are important organelles for cell division and genome stability. Ionizing radiation exposure efficiently induces centrosome overduplication via the disconnection of the cell and centrosome duplication cycles. Over duplicated centrosomes cause mitotic catastrophe or chromosome aberrations, leading to cell death or tumorigenesis. Pluripotent stem cells, including embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), can differentiate into all organs. To maintain pluripotency, PSCs show specific cellular dynamics, such as a short G1 phase and silenced cell-cycle checkpoints for high cellular proliferation. However, how exogenous DNA damage affects cell cycle-dependent centrosome number regulation in PSCs remains unknown. This study used human iPSCs (hiPSCs) derived from primary skin fibroblasts as a PSC model to address this question. hiPSCs derived from somatic cells could be a useful tool for addressing the radiation response in cell lineage differentiation. After radiation exposure, the hiPSCs showed a higher frequency of centrosome overduplication and multipolar cell division than the differentiated cells. To suppress the indirect effect of radiation exposure, we used the radical scavenger dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Combined treatment with radiation and DMSO efficiently suppressed DNA damage and centrosome overduplication in hiPSCs. Our results will contribute to the understanding of the dynamics of stem cells and the assessment of the risk of genome instability for regenerative medicine.

A Clay-Based Quasi-Solid-State electrolyte with high cation selective channels for High-Performance aqueous Zinc-Ion batteries

A clay-based quasi-solid-state electrolyte was prepared using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) intercalated kaolinite as the raw material to suppress the adverse effects of free water molecules on aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs). Based on the inherent water absorption and retention properties of clay kaolinite, as well as the interlayer modification, this clay-based quasi-solid-state electrolyte not only achieved a low water content but also exhibited a strong water binding effect, which restricted the HER and side reactions involving water participation. Furthermore, the intercalation of DMSO increased the number of negative charges on the surface of kaolinite, resulting in the formation of a continuous spatial electrostatic field area around the kaolinite particles, which played a role in cation selectivity. The ionic transference number of the quasi-solid-state electrolyte reached 0.91. Additionally, the intercalation of DMSO broadened the interlayer ionic transport channels of kaolinite, further enhancing the transport efficiency of Zn2+ in the quasi-solid-state electrolyte, achieving uniform deposition of Zn2+ on the surface of the Zn anode, and suppressing dendrite growth to maintain a stable quasi-solid-state electrolyte/Zn anode interface. Zn||MnO2 battery assembled with this electrolyte demonstrated a discharge specific capacity of 301 mAh/g at a current density of 60 mA g−1. The Zn||MnO2 battery could be stably cycled for 1000 cycles at a current density of 150 mA g−1, and after 1000 cycles, the battery still maintained a discharge specific capacity of 248.2 mAh/g with a capacity retention rate of 84.8 %, showing excellent capacity performance and cycle stability. The Zn||MnO2 pouch battery could still provide stable power under heavy pressure, bending, and continuous tapping and had the potential for use in flexible batteries.

Cross-linked proton exchange membrane covalently bonded with silicotungstic acid for enhanced proton conductivity

Proton exchange membranes with cross-linked structures often showed excellent mechanical and chemical stability, but their water absorption and proton conductivity were restricted. This study reported a convenient and efficient thermal cross-linking reaction of sulfonic acid groups and benzene rings using dimethyl sulfoxide and sulfolane mixed solvents to prepare the membrane. To further illustrate, phenoxyphenyl-attached silicotungstic acid (POP-SiWA) was incorporated in the sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) membrane and covalently bonded with the polymer by thermal cross-linking reaction. The immobilization ratio for the membranes prepared with 10∼30 wt% POP-SiWA addition was 88.0–63.7%. The modified membranes exhibited high hydrophilicity and improved proton conductivity under hydrated or low relative humidity conditions due to the strong acidity and water-retaining properties of silicotungstic acid. Specifically, the proton conductivity of the modified membrane with 30 wt% POP-SiWA reached 212 mS/cm. It exhibited a fuel cell power density of 629 mW/cm2 at 80 °C and 100% relative humidity, which were 1.90 and 2.67 times higher than the pristine membrane.

Facile synthesis of vinyl sulfoxides via external oxidant-free oxidative condensation of phenylglycinols with DMSO

Oxidative activation of CO, CN and CC bonds has recently emerged as a powerful method for the synthesis of valuable organic compounds. However, these strategies have often required the metal catalysts and strong external oxidants. Herein, we report a new protocol for the convenient construction of vinyl sulfoxides from phenylglycinols and DMSO under basic conditions. Notably, DMSO was used not only as a methyl sulfoxide (−SOMe) reagent, but also as an oxidizing agent. The present system features mild metal- and external oxidant-free conditions, broad scope, and excellent functionality tolerance.

Protection by selective mTORC2 inhibition of Zymosan-induced hypotension and systemic inflammation mediated via IKKα/IκB-α/NF-κB activation

Non-septic shock is a serious condition leading to multiple organ dysfunction. Although targeting the mammalian target of the rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling pathway exerts potent anti-inflammatory activity, little is known about mTORC2’s contribution to non-septic shock. Thus, our research aims to investigate mTORC2's contribution and associated changes of IκB kinase (IKKα)/inhibitor κB (IκB-α)/nuclear factor-ĸB (NF-κB) pathway on Zymosan (ZYM)-induced non-septic rat model using the novel mTORC2 selective inhibitor JR-AB2-011. Rats were given saline (4ml/kg), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) (4ml/kg), ZYM (500mg/kg), and (or) JR-AB2-011 (1mg/kg). Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) of rats were recorded. JR-AB2-011 reversed both ZYM-induced reduction in MAP and increase in HR. Protein expression and/or phosphorylation of rictor, protein kinase B (Akt), IκB-α, IKKα, NF-κB p65, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), nitrotyrosine, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, besides prostaglandin (PG) E2 levels were measured. The enhanced expression of the proteins mentioned above has been inhibited by JR-AB2-011. These data suggest mTORC2’s promising role in ZYM-induced hypotension and systemic inflammation mediated via IKKα/IκB-α/NF-κB pathway.

Effect of Dimethyl Sulfoxide as Dentin Surface Pretreatment on Microtensile Bond Strength of Self-Adhesive Versus Conventional Flowable Composite

Effect of Dimethyl Sulfoxide as Dentin Surface Pretreatment on Microtensile Bond Strength of Self-Adhesive Versus Conventional Flowable Composite

UJI EFEK ANTIBAKTERI KOMBINASI DAUN GEDI DAN DAUN KUMIS KUCING TERHADAP Staphyloccocus aureus

Gedi (Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik) and Java tea leaves (Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq.) are known to have antibacterial activity. The combination of these two plants in inhibiting Staphylococcus aureus bacteria needs to be known to determine whether there is a synergistic effect from the combination. The synergistic effects can be demonstrated by the presence of greater antibacterial activity in the combination of both plants compared to single plant extracts. The extraction of both leaves was carried out with 96% ethanol and the maceration method. Antibacterial assay utilized the disc diffusion method with an extract concentration of 10,000 ppm and an extract ratio between two extracts was 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100. The positive control used was gentamicin, while the negative control used was dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The resulting inhibition zones of extract combinations were 8.21 mm, 9.49 mm, 7.86 mm, 8.03 mm, and 8.74 mm, respectively. The results of data analysis using One Way ANOVA showed a sig p> 0.05, which indicated that there was no significant difference between extract comparisons, both single and combined. Based on the inhibitory zones was obtained and the statistical analysis, the combination of 10.000 ppm 96% ethanol extract of Gedi and Java tea leaves had an antibacterial activity in the weak category and did not have a synergistic effect in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus.

Implementation of An Optical Gauss Meter Based on Ferrite and Hematite Ferrofluids

Three compositions Ni0.5Fe2.5O4, Ni0.7Fe2.3O4, and Fe2O3 were prepared by the co-precipitation method and checked by XDR, SEM, and VSM. The nanoparticles show a good match with the XRD standards. The particle sizes were 25, 32, and 18nm for the above compositions, respectively. The first composition showed the highest magnetization saturation. Suspensions containing the mentioned nanoparticles were prepared with two carrier fluids, distilled water, and dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO). A transmission to ultraviolet-visible light was tested and showed good transparency of more than 60 % in the red light region. The transparency to 623nm laser light under different magnetic fields of the six suspensions was tested. A simple device was fabricated to perform this test. The water suspension in water Ni0.5Fe2.5O4 has a larger variation in the transmitted power. The suspension of hematite shows no sensible change in the transmitted power. The magnetic properties of the nanoparticles and the dispersion property of the carrier fluid were behind the explanation of the suspension behaviors under the influence of the magnetic field.

Comparative study of Tris Turmeric, Tris Turmeric Dimethyl Sulfoxide and Tris Turmeric Ethylene glycol extenders on the cryosurvivability, sperm resistance, in- vivo fertility and antioxidant status in buffalo bull semen

The freeze-thaw process leads to structural and functional damage due to excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The addition of exogenous antioxidants to sperm diluents is of great importance to overcome oxidative damage during freezing. The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of three diluents Tris Turmeric, Tris Turmeric Dimethyl Sulfoxide and Tris Turmeric Ethylene glycol on the cold survival ability of buffalo sperm. Semen was collected from five local adult male buffalo breeds. A base diluent of Tris-citric acid-fructose (TCF) was prepared, adding 20% whole egg yolk (TCFY). The Tris extender without turmeric, without DMSO, and without EG was kept as a control. Other extenders are Tris containing turmeric TT (100 ml/5 ml Tris), Tris containing turmeric dimethyl sulfoxide TTD (100 ml/5 ml Tris + 1.5% DMSO) and Tris containing turmeric and ethylene glycol TTE EG (100 ml/5 ml Tris + 1.5% EG). Semen samples were added and a pure sperm concentration of 60 × 106/ml was achieved. Frozen buffalo sperm after thawing showed significant improvements in all research parameters of the three breeding samples compared to the control. Tris Turmeric Ethylene was the type that best improved sperm survival under frozen conditions, followed by Tris Turmeric and Tris Turmeric Dimethyl Sulfoxide compared to the control. A significant decrease in sperm motility after thawing was evident as usage time increased in all expanders. There was a significant increase in total antioxidant content (TAC) and insignificant change in malondialdehyde (MDA) of the diluent used compared to the control. Conception rate (CR) was higher in Tris Turmeric Ethylene glycol (65.2%), followed by Tris Turmeric (60.3%) and Tris Turmeric Dimethyl Sulfoxide (55.9%) compared to the control (36, 7%). It can be concluded that Tris Turmeric Ethylene Glycol is considered the best agent for improving cold survival and sperm fertility, followed by Tris Turmeric and Tris Turmeric Dimethyl Sulfoxide.

Harvesting the tuning mechanism of strategic polychrome and white light emission in NapH dye based on excited state intermolecular proton transfer

Organic white light emitting (WLE) materials have sparked a research boom due to their promising applications in display devices, artificial lighting, and molecular sensors. However, the complex luminescence mechanism of full-spectra emitting materials has limited the development of white light materials with high stability and reproducibility. In this study, building on the full-spectra luminescent naphthimide dye (NapH) introduced by Xu et al., (Chin. Chem. Lett. 35(2024), 108348), we report the solvent-sensitive excited state proton transfer (ESPT) properties and white light emission mechanism in NapH. Our theoretical research results show that the ESPT process of NapH molecule is hindered in the low-polar solvent tetrahydrofuran (THF), so only the blue fluorescence from the Enol* is observed in the experiment. In contrast, in polar solvents such as water (H2O) and methanol (MeOH), the formation of strong intermolecular hydrogen bonds successfully initiates the ESPT process, leading to the dual fluorescence observed in experiments, with blue emission from the Enol* and red emission from the Nap anion. In essence, different solvent environments can adjust several emission colors. Furthermore, we theoretically verify that the optimal white light emission can be achieved when the mixed solvent ratio of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and dioxane (DIOX) is 5:5, which aligns well with experimental results. More importantly, we elucidate the specific WLE mechanism from multiple perspectives, including potential energy curves and electron spectra. Our work not only displays the interaction models of NapH molecule in various solvents, but also reveals the underlying luminescence mechanism, thus providing a valuable theoretical reference for the development and advancement of new white light materials.

Biochemical characterization of an organic solvent- and salt-tolerant xylanase and its application of arabinoxylan-oligosaccharides production from corn fiber gum

A endo-xylanase, of the glycoside hydrolase family 10 from Schizophyllum commune DB01, was expressed in P. pastoris. Recombinant xylanase (Scxyn5) retained above 80 % maximum activity in 10 % dimethyl sulfoxide and retained 90 % maximum activity in 5 M NaCl on the substrate of birchwood xylan. The effect of NaCl on the catalytic activity of Scxyn5 was significantly different toward various substrates, which was caused by the difference of monosaccharide composition and sturcture of the substrates. Furthermore, when corn fiber gum (CFG) was used as a substrate, the catalytic activity of Scxyn5 increased by 1.3–2.03 times in 1–5 M NaCl. Based on response surface methodology, the highest catalytic activity of Scxyn5 in hydrolyzing CFG were achieved with enzymatic temperature of 50 °C, pH value of 6.0, and 4 M NaCl. These properties of Scxyn5 suit the arabinoxylan-oligosaccharides (AXOs) preparation from CFG and some other potential applications in food industry.

Enhancing precursor stability with suitable additives to enable blade-coating of organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites at room temperature for efficient perovskite solar modules

In this study, room temperature blade coating organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite (OIHP) films with the precursors made of adding additives such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) to the volatile solvent of 2-methoxylethanol (2-ME) were explored. Unlike NMP, DMSO and DMF interact with the perovskites to form Lewis adducts, suggesting important factors beyond the Gutmann donor number and dielectric constant, such as molecular structure, influence adduct formation. The OIHP solar cells made of the precursors with optimized amount of DMSO, DMF and NMP showed the efficiency of 16.5 %, 16.1 % and 8.3 %, respectively. After optimizing the blade-coating process for OIHP film formation by using the Taguchi's method, the optimized OIHP solar modules (active area = 25.2 cm2) achieve PCEs of 14.6 % and 14.1 % with the precursor added 20 mol% DMSO and 30 mol% DMF, respectively. Moreover, the precursor added with DMF demonstrates better storage stability than that of DMSO, achieving the best module PCE of 13.4 % fabricated from the 3-day stored DMF-added precursors, while the module fabricated from the DMSO-added precursor shows a PCE of 9.1 %.

Study on sperm cryopreservation of hybrid fish derived from Carassius cuvieri (♀) × Carassius auratus red var (♂)

Cryopreservation of sperm is an effective method for conserving germplasm resources in fish genetic breeding. The high-quality hybrid fish (WR) derived from white crucian carp (Carassius cuvieri, WCC, ♀) and red crucian carp (C. auratus red var., RCC, ♂), possesses valuable traits such as high survival rates, strong resistance, and rapid growth, representing an important germplasm resources of crucian carp. This study compared the effects of different antifreeze solutions on sperm viability among three varieties (WR, WCC, and RCC) and examined changes in enzyme activity, fertilization rates, and hatching rates after cryopreservation, aiming to enhance the cryogenic sperm cryopreservation technique in hybrid fish and investigate the mechanisms underlying spermatozoa damage caused by cryopreservation. The results showed that the antifreeze combination of D14 with 15 % dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) had the best effect in preserving the sperm of WR and WCC, while D20 with 10 % DMSO was the optimal combination for RCC sperm. After ultra-low temperature preservation, the longevity, fertilization, and hatching rates of frozen sperm were significantly lower (P < 0.05) compared to fresh sperm. The enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and creatine kinase (CK) were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in spermatozoa, whereas they showed a significant increase (P < 0.05) in sperm plasma. Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity was significantly reduced (P < 0.05) in frozen spermatozoa of RCC compared to fresh spermatozoa, and exhibited lower activity in frozen spermatozoa of WCC and WR. Additionally, SDH activity was significantly elevated (P < 0.05) in frozen sperm plasma, and glutathione reductase (GR) activity was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in both frozen sperm plasma and spermatozoa across all three species. The study demonstrated that cryopreservation had a significant effect on the enzyme activities of spermatozoa and sperm plasma in all three species. These findings provide important technical support for the conservation of high-quality fish germplasm resources, particularly for novel varieties resulting from distant hybridization in fish.

Microplastics and copper impacts on feeding, oxidative stress, antioxidant enzyme activity, and dimethylated sulfur compounds production in Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum

Microplastics (MPs) are widespread ocean pollutants and many studies have explored their effects. However, research on MPs combined impact with copper (Cu) on dimethylated sulfur compound production is limited. Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is an important biogenic sulfur compound related to global temperatures. This study examined the ecotoxicological effects of polyamide 6 MPs and Cu on dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), DMS, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) production in Manila clams (Ruditapes philippinarum). Our findings showed that MPs and Cu increased oxidative stress, indicated by higher superoxide anion radical production and malondialdehyde levels while decreasing glutathione contents and increasing superoxide dismutase activities. Additionally, MPs and Cu exposure reduced DMS and dissolved DMSO (DMSOd) concentrations due to decreased grazing. These results contribute to a better understanding of the ecotoxicological effects of MPs/Cu on bivalves and their roles in the organic sulfur cycle, suggesting a need for further research on long-term impacts on them.

Globular Antifreeze Protein-Inspired Nanoparticle-Based Large-Scale T-Cell Cryoprotection System for Lymphoma Immunotherapy.

Large-scale biosafe T-cell cryopreservation is required to bring T-cell therapies to the market, but it remains challenging due to the cytotoxicity of common cryoprotectants [e.g., dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)] and unavoidable ice injuries to cells. Herein, inspired by natural globular antifreeze proteins, we establish a biocompatible zwitterionic magnetic nanoparticle (ZMNP)-based cryoprotection system, achieving large-scale cryopreservation of T cells for lymphoma immunotherapy. ZMNPs could form a globular hydration shell to inhibit water molecule aggregation as well as ice growth, and the surficial hydration strength-antifreeze performance relationship of ZMNPs was investigated. During the thawing process, ZMNPs possessed a magnetic field-mediated nanowarming property that enabled rapid heating and also facilitated easy magnetic separation for cell recovery. These combined effects resulted in a high post-thaw viability (>80%) of large-scale T-cell cryopreservation (20 mL). Notably, post-thaw T cells exhibited similar transcript profiles to fresh cells, while up- or downregulation of 1050 genes was found in the DMSO group. In a mouse E.G7-OVA lymphoma model, ZMNP-system-cryopreserved T cells achieved a tumor suppression rate of 77.5%, twice as high as the DMSO group. This work holds great promise for the application of advanced cryopreservation techniques in the development of therapeutic cellular products.

Effects of peracetic acid delignification on hemicellulose extraction by dimethyl sulfoxide

Extracting high-purity and structurally intact hemicelluloses from lignocellulosic fibers is a prerequisite to reveal their structures and realize high-value utilization. Delignification is usually performed before hemicellulose extraction to break the covalent bonds between hemicelluloses and lignin for effective separations, but usually leads to toxic by-products and hemicellulose degradation. Peracetic acid (PAA) is an environmentally friendly oxidizing agent, which is more selective for delignification and has less effect on the primary structure of hemicelluloses. However, the yields and chemical structures of hemicelluloses extracted at different PAA delignification conditions are not clear, which greatly hinders its research and application. Consequently, the response surface methodology (RSM) was used in this study to optimize the process parameters of PAA delignification. With the increase of temperature or time, the yield of holocellulose decreases, and the hemicellulose yield increases first and then decreases. With the increase of delignification degree, the hemicellulose yield increases significantly. The degree of PAA delignification also has a significant effect on the chemical structures of extracted hemicelluloses; hemicellulose samples extracted from highly delignified holocelluloses have a higher xylose unit content, molecular weight (MW) and degree of substitution by acetyl groups (DSAc). The tert-butanol solvent exchange or ball milling treatments on holocelluloses significantly increase the hemicellulose yields, by avoiding the hornification and improving the accessibility of holocellulose. This study will provide theoretical and technical support for the efficient separation of hemicelluloses.

Investigation of acid-activated iron-based bentonite materials for the oxidation mechanism of dimethyl disulfide

Due to its low olfactory threshold and high volatility, Dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) is a well-known malodorous compound in pesticides and organic synthesis. This study utilizes sodium bentonite as catalyst support, treating it with acid activation and iron-based modification to create a catalytically active bentonite material. Following modification, the bentonite maintains its fundamental structure while integrating iron ions, resulting in an expanded interlayer spacing and increased specific surface area from 60.371 m2/g to 314.539 m2/g, thereby enhancing catalytic activity. Kinetic modeling fitting demonstrates that combining iron-based acid-activated bentonite with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) produces the most efficient oxidative system, with the highest reaction rate constant（K = 0.08038 min−1） for DMDS degradation. The best degradation effect was achieved when the ratio of Fe-H-Bent to hydrogen peroxide was 1:5, the pH was 3, and the reaction temperature was 40 °C, and the removal rate was up to 98.9%. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy confirms that hydroxyl radicals (·OH) are this system's primary driver of oxidation. Theoretical computations and product analyses provide insight into the oxidation pathway of DMDS, showing that initial oxidation occurs at the first sulfur atom, forming an intermediate that further oxidizes to dimethyl sulfoxide and ultimately to sulfur dioxide. This research offers a practical method for the effective removal of DMDS in pesticide plants and chemical industrial parks.

High‐Performance Multipedal Shape Strain Sensors for Human Motion and Electrophysiological Signal Monitoring

AbstractStrain sensors from conducting polymer hydrogel have been widely employed in various wearable devices, electronic skins, and biomedical applications. These sensors provide outstanding flexibility and high sensitivity by integrating conducting polymer with hydrogels, making them particularly suitable for monitoring human motion and physiological signals like heart rate or muscle activity. Despite their extensive application potential, conducting polymer hydrogel face several technical challenges in practical use, including poor mechanical properties, lack of long‐term stability, and difficulty in customizable design. This work introduces a method for fabricating a multipedal strain sensor using poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)hydrogels through screen printing and demonstrates its application in human motion monitoring. The multipedal strain sensor demonstrates a low Young's modulus (200 kPa), high stretchability (400%), and excellent mechanical cyclic stability (3000 cycles). Furthermore, this strain sensor is further applied to detect human movements such as chewing, smiling, fist clenching, arm bending, and carotid pulse monitoring. Comparative analysis between the multipedal‐designed sensor and the non‐designed sensor highlights the enhanced sensing capabilities of the multipedal sensor. The design of this multipedal sensor holds the potential to broaden the design concepts for strain sensors and offers new insights for wearable devices and electronic skins.

Neuroprotective effects of Gastrodia elata Blume on promoting M2 microglial polarization by inhibiting JNK/TLR4/T3JAM/NF-κB signaling after transient ischemic stroke in rats.

Gastrodia elata Blume, also called Tian Ma (TM), has been used to treat stroke for centuries. However, its effects on inflammation in acute cerebral ischemic injury and underlying mechanisms involved in microglial polarization remain unknown. The present study explored the effects of the TM extract on the modulation of microglial M1/M2 polarization 2days after transient cerebral ischemia. Male Sprague Dawley rats were intracerebroventricularly administered with 1% dimethyl sulfoxide 25min before cerebral ischemia and subsequently intraperitoneally administered 0.25g/kg (DO + TM-0.25g), 0.5g/kg (DO + TM-0.5g), or 1g/kg (DO + TM-1g) of the TM extract after cerebral ischemia onset. DO + TM-0.5g and DO + TM-1 g treatments downregulated the following: phospho-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK)/JNK, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated factor 3 (TRAF3), TRAF3-interacting JNK-activating modulator (T3JAM), p-nuclear factor-kappa B p65 (p-NF-κB p65)/NF-κB p65, ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1), CD86, TNF-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 expression and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/Iba1, CD86/Iba1, and p-NF-κB p65/Iba1 coexpression. These treatments also upregulated IL-10, nerve growth factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor A expression and YM-1/2/Iba1 and IL-10/neuronal nuclei coexpression in the cortical ischemic rim. The JNK inhibitor SP600125 exerted similar treatment effects as the DO + TM-0.5g and DO + TM-1 g treatments. DO + TM-0.5g and DO + TM-1 g/kg treatments attenuate cerebral infarction by inhibiting JNK-mediated signaling. TM likely exerts the neuroprotective effects of promoting M1 to M2 microglial polarization by inhibiting JNK/TLR4/T3JAM/NF-κB-mediated signaling in the cortical ischemic rim 2days after transient cerebral ischemia.

Optimizing Transdermal Patch Design: A Quality by Design Approach for Dysmenorrhea Relief.

This study explores the potential of transdermal patches as a systemic delivery system for donepezil (DPZ), aiming to circumvent hepatic first-pass metabolism and mitigate oral administration-associated side effects. DPZ, known for its poor solubility and adverse effects, is formulated into transdermal patches using a matrix-type approach with PVP K30 and HPMC K100 polymers alongside dimethyl sulfoxide as a plasticizer. Through solvent casting on a mercury surface, the patches are prepared and assessed for physical properties and drug-excipient interactions using FTIR analysis. The results demonstrate satisfactory physical characteristics, including appearance, weight variation, and tensile strength. Notably, formulations containing HPMC K100 (400 mg) and PVP K30 (300 mg) exhibit enhanced DPZ discharge, signifying their potential as an effective drug delivery system for mitigating DPZ-associated side effects.