Dimethyl Sulfoxide Solvent Research Articles

One-Pot Synthesis of Multiarylated Benzophenones via [3 + 2 + 1] Benzannulation of Ketones, Alkynes, and α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyls

In this study, we synthesized γ-phenyl-β,γ-unsaturated ketones in situ from acetophenones and phenylacetylenes under Trofimov's conditions using KOtBu in a dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solvent. The obtained ketones reacted with α,β-unsaturated carbonyls in a one-pot manner, forming tri- or diarylated benzophenones. The present reaction proceeded efficiently by one-pot manipulation with a suitable carboxylic acid.

Spectroscopic and Molecular Docking Studies of Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II), and Mn(II) Complexes with Anticonvulsant Therapeutic Agent Gabapentin.

New Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II), and Mn(II) complexes of the gabapentin (Gpn) bidentate drug ligand were synthesized and studied using elemental analyses, melting temperatures, molar conductivity, UV–Vis, magnetic measurements, FTIR, and surface morphology (scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopes).The gabapentin ligand was shown to form monobasic metal:ligand (1:1) stoichiometry complexes with the metal ions Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II), and Mn(II). Molar conductance measurements in dimethyl-sulfoxide solvent with a concentration of 10−3 M correlated to a non-electrolytic character for all of the produced complexes. A deformed octahedral environment was proposed for all metal complexes. Through the nitrogen atom of the –NH2 group and the oxygen atom of the carboxylate group, the Gpn drug chelated as a bidentate ligand toward the Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, and Cu2+ metal ions. This coordination behavior was validated by spectroscopic, magnetic, and electronic spectra using the formulas of the [M(Gpn)(H2O)3(Cl)]·nH2O complexes (where n = 2–6).Transmission electron microscopy was used to examine the nanostructure of the produced gabapentin complexes. Molecular docking was utilized to investigate the comparative interaction between the Gpn drug and its four metal [Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II), and Mn(II)] complexes as ligands using serotonin (6BQH) and dopamine (6CM4) receptors. AutoDock Vina results were further refined through molecular dynamics simulation, and molecular processes for receptor–ligand interactions were also studied. The B3LYP level of theory and LanL2DZ basis set was used for DFT (density functional theory) studies. The optimized geometries, along with the MEP map and HOMO → LUMO of the metal complexes, were studied.

Bituminous modifier selection and effects of dimethyl sulfoxide pretreated graphene contents on bituminous properties

To increase the graphene dispersity in bitumen, the dispersant solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) pretreated graphene (DG) and N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) pretreated graphene (NG) were first prepared, and were used as modifiers to prepare modified bitumen, respectively. After a comprehensive evaluation, it is found that DG is more uniformly dispersed in bitumen. DG modified bitumen shows better mechanical properties, and is selected to assess the impacts of DG contents on bituminous different properties after aging. Results indicate that DG effectively inhibits the formation of sulfoxide groups in the aging process of modified bitumen. The intercalation structure between DG and bitumen reduces the entry amount of oxygen, and slows down the transformation progress from micromolecular to macromolecular components in bitumen. Additionally, the modified bitumen with the DG content of 0.4 wt% has a weaker ultraviolet absorption ability and stronger ultraviolet reflection capacity, increasing the aging resistance of modified bitumen. Moreover, the ultraviolet absorption capacity of DG modified bitumen is decreased as the aging degree is increased. The DG content of 0.4 wt% is proposed to prepare modified bitumen, improving mechanical and anti-aging properties of bitumen.

Structure, Diffusion, and Stability of Lithium Salts in Aprotic Dimethyl Sulfoxide and Acetonitrile Electrolytes

The development of lithium batteries, including lithium-ion batteries and lithium-air batteries, is the key technological breakthrough in the field of renewable energy storage. However, to date, it is still challenging to design a lithium battery with both high specific power and stability. Specifically, the solvation structure and thermodynamic stability of various electrolytes, mostly Li salts and aprotic solvents, have not been systematically studied from an atomic viewpoint. In this paper, we studied the solution chemistry of three most common inorganic Li salts (LiClO4, LiBF4, and LiPF6) and O2 in two aprotic (dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and acetonitrile (CH3CN)) solvents. The Born–Oppenheimer molecular dynamics simulations and enhanced free energy samplings are employed to obtain their solvation structures, diffusion coefficients, and stability performances at room temperature. As a result, the tetrahedral Li(DMSO)4+ and Li(CH3CN)4+ are obtained as the stable solvation shells of Li+ in DMSO and CH3CN solvents, respectively. Among the three inorganic Li salts, the stability performances are found in the order of LiClO4 > LiBF4 > LiPF6 in both DMSO and CH3CN solvents. Compared with CH3CN, DMSO provides a more stable environment for the long-term usage of Li salts for that increases the energetic barriers of the degradation reactions of solvated Li+ components. However, DMSO shows a weaker ability (than CH3CN) to transport the main redox species (solvated Li+ and O2) in the electrolyte, which limits the discharging and charging rate in the batteries.

Synthesis, characterization and evaluation of the bacterial, antioxidant and anticancer activity of pyrimidine derivatives

In this paper, heterocyclic hexagonal rings were prepared for pyrimidine derivatives [I9-I16] by reacting a mole of gluconate derivatives with a mole of cyanoguanidine and using ethanol as a solvent. The accuracy of the compositions of the prepared compounds was confirmed by measuring the physical properties, including melting point, color, and molecular weight, as well as through spectroscopic measurements, including the infrared spectrum, the proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum, and the carbon-13 nuclear resonance spectrum. The biological activity of some prepared compounds and on two types of pathogenic bacteria, one of which is Gram-positive, which is Staphylococcus aureus, and one of which is Gram-negative, which is Escherichia coli, was studied. And the culture medium of the Multer Hinton Agar type was used, and chemical solutions were prepared for the two compounds (I9, I16) with concentrations (0,01, 0.001, 0.0001) mg /ml using a solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The sensitivity test of bacterial isolates used in the study was carried out by diffusion method, and the antibiotic Ciprofloxacin was used as a control sample. The effect of compound I15 on the removal of free radicals was also studied using DPPH root and at different concentrations.

Synthesis and characterization of new compounds of amic acids derived from cephalosporins, the study of some physical applications and evaluation of their biological activity

In this research, amino acids were prepared from the reaction of cephalosporins with anhydrous acids, and the accuracy of the prepared compositions was confirmed by measuring their physical properties, including melting point, molecular weight and colour, as well as through spectroscopic measurements, including Uv, FTIR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, mass spectrometry, (S.E.M.), (C.H.N.). A study of electrical conductivity and a survey of the biological activity of some prepared compounds and on four types of pathogenic bacteria, two of which are Gram-positive, and two are Gram-negative. They are each of (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Pseudomonas putida). The use of Acker-Hinton's type of culture medium (Molar Hunting Agar) and aqueous solutions of the two compounds [DM7] were also prepared. [DM3] and in concentrations (0.01,0.001,0. 0001,0.00001) mg/ml and by using a solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), a sensitivity test was conducted for the bacteria isolates that were used in the study by diffusion method, and using the antibiotics Cefixime, Ceftriaxone, Ampicillin as a control sample.

The role of cytokines, adhesion molecules, and toll-like receptors in atherosclerosis progression: the effect of Atorvastatin.

Inflammatory cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, and toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to further evaluate the role of inflammatory cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, and toll-like receptors in atherosclerosis. Forty local breed domestic male rabbits were divided randomly into 4 groups, 10 rabbits each. Group I was the control group, group II received a high cholesterol diet, group III received the drug solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and group IV received Atorvastatin (3.5 mg/kg/day). Blood samples were collected at 0 times, 5 weeks, and at the end of 10 weeks. TLRs expression on monocyte was measured by flow cytometry, IL-10, IL-17, IL-1β, intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM), and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM) were measured by ELISA. In group II, a high cholesterol diet led to a statistically significant elevation of lipids profile (TC, TG, and LDL) at both 5 weeks and 10 weeks compared to the control. The expression of TLRs was also increased compared to the control (13.53±2.5 to 25.79±6.5). The intimal thickness increased from 103.46±13.85 to 248.43±11.11. IL-17 increased significantly from 3.4±0.4 to 7.7±1.00, and IL-1β increased from 1.04±0.19 to 9.66±1.4 (P 0.05) at 10 weeks. ICAM and VCAM increased from 1.7±0.16 to 8.2±0.74 and from 0.89±0.07 to 5.2±0.45, respectively. Atorvastatin significantly reduced TLRs at 10 weeks to 21.98±3.4 and intimal thickness to 191.6±15.59. IL-17, IL-1β, ICAM, and VCAM were significantly reduced by Atorvastatin. Cytokines, cellular adhesion molecules, and probably TLRs have a role in the pathogenesis of hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis.

Molecular dynamics study of H4TTP crystal morphology

AbstractTo understand the role of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) on the crystal growth morphology of 2,3,5,6‐tetra(1H‐tetrazol‐5‐yl)pyrazine (H4TTP), the vacuum morphology of H4TTP crystal was predicted by the Bravais–Friedel–Donnay–Harker (BFDH) and the attachment energy (AE) models. The growth morphology of H4TTP in DMSO solvent was predicted using a modified AE model. The results show that the main growth surfaces of H4TTP in vacuum are (1 0 0), (0 0 2), (0 1 1), and (1 1 0) surfaces. Among them, (1 0 0) surface is the most important growth surface. (0 0 2) surface is the roughest crystal surface, while (1 1 0) surface is the flattest. (1 1 0) surface grows rapidly, and (1 0 0) surface has the greatest morphological importance. The analysis of radial distribution function shows that (1 0 0) surface has the strongest hydrogen bonding interactions in the interface between H4TTP and DMSO solvent.

Complete Chemical Synthesis of Minimal Messenger RNA by Efficient Chemical Capping Reaction.

Site-specific chemical modification of mRNA can improve its translational efficiency and stability. For this purpose, it is desirable to develop a complete chemical synthesis method for chemically modified mRNA. The key is a chemical reaction that introduces a cap structure into the chemically synthesized RNA. In this study, we developed a fast and quantitative chemical capping reaction between 5'-phosphorylated RNA and N7-methylated GDP imidazolide in the presence of 1-methylimidazole in the organic solvent dimethyl sulfoxide. It enabled quantitative preparation of capping RNA within 3 h. We prepared chemically modified 107-nucleotide mRNAs, including N6-methyladenosine, insertion of non-nucleotide linkers, and 2'-O-methylated nucleotides at the 5' end and evaluated their effects on translational activity in cultured HeLa cells. The results showed that mRNAs with non-nucleotide linkers in the untranslated regions were sufficiently tolerant to translation and that mRNAs with the Cap_2 structure had higher translational activity than those with the Cap_0 structure.

The influence of organic solvents on phenylethylamines in capillary zone electrophoresis

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of organic solvents on the electrophoretic separation of phenylethylamines. The background electrolyte composition was adjusted with different protic (methanol, ethanol, and 2-propanol) and aprotic (dimethyl sulfoxide and acetonitrile) solvents. Two groups of analytes were studied. The first group contained phenylethylamines with an amine group only, DL-1-phenylethylamine and amphetamine. The second group represented phenylethylamines with both amine and phenolic hydroxyl groups, dopamine and tyramine. Experiments revealed no or minor influence of the organic modifiers on the electromigration behavior of the analytes from the first group (containing only the amine group) and a drastic effect on the second group (containing the additional phenolic hydroxyl group). Dopamine and tyramine showed various electrostatic, hydrophobic, and hydrogen-bonding interactions with both protic and aprotic organic solvents. The dependence of the electrophoretic mobility of dopamine and tyramine on the concentration of the organic solvents provided direct evidence of the formation of hydrogen bonds between dopamine or tyramine and the organic solvent. The baseline separation was achieved by the addition of at least 20% v/v of organic solvent (protic or aprotic) to the background electrolyte. The analyte migration time repeatabilities were within 0.7–4.1% for absolute and 0.2–1.9% for normalised migration times. The proposed bonding mechanism and behavior of phenylethylamines were examined and confirmed by NMR spectroscopy.

Ecotoxic effects of the vehicle solvent dimethyl sulfoxide on Raphidocelis subcapitata, Daphnia magna and Brachionus calyciflorus

ABSTRACT Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is widely used as a vehicle solvent in ecotoxicity bioassays.Despite its frequent use, it could be toxic for organisms at some concentrations. Hence, this study aims to investigate the effects of DMSO on the model organisms: microalgae Raphidocelis subcapitata, microcrustacean Daphnia magna, and rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus. DMSO was applied to the organisms in concentrations ranging from 0.031% to 4%. For R. subcapitata the lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) after 72 h of exposure was 0.125% DMSO. The 50% effective concentration (EC50) was 2.138 ± 0.372%. In D. magna, significant differences in the mobility after 24 h or 48 h of exposure were observed for 1% DMSO being 1.712 ± 0.207% and 1.167 ± 0.220% DMSO the EC50 observed for 24 h and 48 h exposure, respectively. For B. calyciflorus, it was not possible to validate the tests performed, as there were insufficient animals alive in the control conditions at the end of the exposure period. Therefore, we recommended avoiding DMSO as a vehicle in assays using B. calyciflorus, and to use final DMSO concentrations in an experimental solution not exceeding 0.125% for R. subcapitata and 0.5% for D. magna. Finally, using a maximum of 0.01% DMSO is safe for the organisms tested. The effects of the vehicle solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were investigated in three aquatic model organisms, the microalgae Raphidocelis subcapitata, the microcrustacean Daphnia magna and the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus. As a result, negative effects on growth rate for the algae population, immobilisation of daphnids and inhibition of rotifer reproduction was observed obtaining EC50 close to 1% of DMSO for all these cases.

Influence and Mechanism of Polar Solvents on the Retention Time of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Gas Chromatography

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), produced by microbes when dietary fiber ferments in the colon, are one of the most studied microbial products despite their volatility and complex matrices, which make analysis challenging. In the current study, we sought to address research gaps by exploring the commonalities and differences between the retention time changes for SCFAs in polar solvents. In one such solvent, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), the retention time of the SCFA acetic acid shows a linear positive correlation with the equal volume increase in the DMSO solvent. We used gas chromatography–mass spectrometry to analyze the retention times of mixed solutions of formic acid, acetic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, and toluene in the solvents DMSO and water and found that only the retention times of formic acid and acetic acid changed. We further compared the effect of three solvents with similar polarities, DMSO, N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), and dimethylformamide (DMF), on the retention time of acetic acid and found that it increased in the DMSO–water solution more than in the NMP–water solution and remained unchanged in the DMF–water solution. This finding is consistent with quantum chemical calculations showing that the strength of the hydrogen bond between DMSO and acetic acid is greater than between NMP and acetic acid. Taken together, the chromatographic results and quantum chemical calculations indicate that, in all three solvents, the portion of the molecule with the smallest negative electrostatic potential (red) has high electron density and can easily donate electrons, forming a hydrogen bond with acetic acid. However, the portion with the largest positive electrostatic potential (blue) forms a bond with polyethylene glycol, a column stationary solution with a strong dipole moment, and is adsorbed on the stationary solution in the direction of the dipole moment. Therefore, the retention times of formic acid and acetic acid change under the combined influence of a series of complex intermolecular forces. In the chromatographic column, the outflow rate of DMF is higher than that of acetic acid, and the force of the hydrogen bond between DMF and acetic acid cannot overcome the outflow resistance of acetic acid, so the retention time of the acetic acid in the DMF–water solution does not change. The retention times of butyric acid and valeric acid are unchanged in aprotic polar solvents for the same reason.

Light-induced facile and efficient synthesis of color-variable lignin-based gold nanoparticles and its application as Pb2+ sensor

The sustainable synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) is widely exploited. However, the preparation of color-variable AuNPs based on renewable energy had not been reported. Here, a facile approach to synthesis color-variable lignin-based AuNPs was presented for the first time, using UV-induced decomposition of Au2O3 as the gold precursor and lignin as the stabilizer for AuNPs in dimethyl sulfoxide solvent. UV radiation technology could effectively convert Au3+ into Au0. In addition, the reaction behavior was systematically studied, and the conversion rate and reaction rate of Au2O3 could be further enhanced by changing the temperature. More interestingly, the aggregation degree of AuNPs could be adjusted by changing the amount of lignin, and the color-variable AuNPs from wine red to purple was realized. At the same time, the lignin-functionalized AuNPs showed high selectivity as the colorimetric detector towards Pb2+ ions. Our work displayed a facile, nontoxic and efficient method to prepare color-variable AuNPs, which might provide a realizable perspective to the colorimetric and sensing of AuNPs.

Synthesis, characterization and evaluation of the bacterial, antioxidant and anticancer activity of pyrimidine derivatives

In this paper, heterocyclic hexagonal rings were prepared for pyrimidine derivatives [I9-I16] by reacting a mole of gluconate derivatives with a mole of cyanoguanidine and using ethanol as a solvent. The accuracy of the compositions of the prepared compounds was confirmed by measuring the physical properties, including melting point, color, and molecular weight, as well as through spectroscopic measurements, including the infrared spectrum, the proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum, and the carbon-13 nuclear resonance spectrum. The biological activity of some prepared compounds and on two types of pathogenic bacteria, one of which is Gram-positive, which is Staphylococcus aureus, and one of which is Gram-negative, which is Escherichia coli, was studied. And the culture medium of the Multer Hinton Agar type was used, and chemical solutions were prepared for the two compounds (I9, I16) with concentrations (0,01, 0.001, 0.0001) mg /ml using a solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The sensitivity test of bacterial isolates used in the study was carried out by diffusion method, and the antibiotic Ciprofloxacin was used as a control sample. The effect of compound I15 on the removal of free radicals was also studied using DPPH root and at different concentrations.

Rapamycin Supplementation: Effect on Longevity in Drosophila melanogaster

Target of rapamycin (TOR) regulates a number of cellular responses, including autophagy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect on life span of supplementation with rapamycin dissolved in either dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) or ethanol, in male and female flies of three strains of Drosophila melanogaster: Oregon R, w1118, and y w. The hypothesis was that longevity would be decreased regardless of strain, sex or solvent, consistent with an unpublished prior study using y w males in this laboratory, or alternatively that it would be increased as in publications from other laboratories. Flies were exposed to food supplemented with 200 µM rapamycin dissolved in one of the two solvents before being mixed into a standard agar‐yeast‐cornmeal‐sucrose medium. Supplementation was continuous beginning 2 d posteclosion. The mean life span of Oregon R females was diminished by rapamycin in both ethanol and DMSO solvents, by 17% and 13%, respectively (P < 0.0005). Oregon R males also exhibited a shortened mean life span, which was significant in DMSO (8%, P = 0.008) but not ethanol (3%, P = 0.9). In contrast, w1118 female flies had a 4% increase in mean life span with rapamycin dissolved in ethanol (P < 0.0005) but not DMSO (1% increase, P = 0.2). Rapamycin decreased life span in w1118 males, but the effect was significant only in DMSO (22%, P = 0.002), not ethanol (10%, P = 0.6). It decreased longevity significantly in y wflies of both sexes on both solvents, by 9% in females and 7‐12% in males (all P < 0.0005 except male/DMSO P = 0.04). Notably, the life spans of control flies differed significantly between the solvents, being longer with ethanol for y w of both sexes and longer with DMSO for Oregon R males and w1118 males. In conclusion, these results show that effects of rapamycin on life span of Drosophila are sex‐, strain‐ and solvent‐dependent.

Sulfonated-silica/carbon composites from rice husk as heterogeneous catalysts in fructose conversion: The effect of controlling carbonization temperature of rice husk on its physicochemical properties and catalytic activities

A simple preparation of sulfonated-silica/carbon (SiO2/C–SO3H) composites from rice husk at different carbonization temperatures have been demonstrated. These composites have been employed as heterogeneous Brønsted acid catalysts in converting fructose into methyl levulinate (ML) in a one-pot reaction that involves dehydration, etherification, and rehydration processes. As the carbonization temperature increased, the results from N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm showed porosity and the surface area of the composites were increased. The acid strength was also increased, as confirmed by the Temperature-Programmed Desorption of Ammonia (NH3-TPD) profile. Energy-Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis revealed the SiO2/C weight ratios of the composite were increased, but S/C weight ratios were decreased. 90% yield of ML was synthesized at 165 °C for 7 h in methanol solvent. Pearson's correlation test showed that hydrophilicity is the main factor in obtaining high turnover number (TON). The yield was dropped in recycling experiments due to carbonaceous deposition, which caused deactivation, as corroborated by the Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and N2 sorption analysis. These composites were also able to convert fructose into 56–74% yield of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) solvent at 130 °C for 5 h.

Solvent-engineering-processed CsPbIBr2 inorganic perovskite solar cells with efficiency of ∼11%

Recently, the cesium lead halide perovskite (CsPbIBr2) materials demonstrating the most balanced bandgap and stability among all inorganic perovskite analogs have received great attention in photovoltaic community. However, the poor quality of solution-processed CsPbIBr2 films with small grains and massive voids and defects severely impedes its further development. This obstacle issue mainly roots from the slow crystallization process of perovskites when using traditional high boiling point solvent of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Herein, a novel solvent engineering strategy, namely alcohol-induced rapid crystallization process, is originally developed. We intentionally add some low boiling point alcohols, such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and n-butanol, to form a lower boiling point DMSO-alcohol azeotropic mixture, which can be volatilized quickly and effectively accelerate the crystallization process of CsPbIBr2 films. Meanwhile, we elaborately adopt some CsI additives to suppress the intrinsic self-doping and passivate the defects of perovskites. Besides, the influence of annealing temperatures on the film quality and device performance is also investigated in this study. Consequently, the pinhole-free, highly crystallized CsPbIBr2 films with large grains and a preferable (100) orientation are successfully achieved via CsI/methanol treatment recipe when annealed at the optimized temperature of 280 °C. The as-obtained perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with a superior long-term stability feature yield a highly promising power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 11.49%. To our knowledge, this is the highest reported efficiency among all CsPbIBr2 inorganic PSCs.

Stability of Cobalt(II) Complexes with Glycinate Ion as a Function of Water–Dimethyl Sulfoxide Solvent Composition

Stability of Cobalt(II) Complexes with Glycinate Ion as a Function of Water–Dimethyl Sulfoxide Solvent Composition

Study of DMSO concentration on the optical and structural properties of perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 and its use in solar cells

This work reports the influence of the synthesis of lead methylammonium iodide perovskite hybrid films (CH3NH3PbI3) through the one-step method on the crystalline and optoelectronic properties, as well as on the performance of perovskite solar cells. For this, a molar ratio 1: 1: 1 among chemical reagents CH3NH3I: PbI2: DMSO was used. In this case, the effect of the concentration of solvent Dimethylsulfoxide xDMSO (x ​= ​0.75, 1.00, 1.25, 1.50 and 1.75) used in the preparation of CH3NH3PbI3 films was studied, whose structural properties and optoelectronics are greatly affected by this variable. It is found that xDMSO favors the formation of the tetragonal crystalline phase of perovskite, induces a preferential orientation towards the crystalline planes (110) and increases the crystal and grain size of the films. It is also found that DMSO helps to increase the absorption coefficient of perovskite below 785 ​nm and decreases its energy band gap (Eg). Perovskite films were later used in the development of solar cells with the following architecture FTO/c-TiO2/m-TiO2/CH3NH3PbI3/Spiro-OMeTAD/Au:Pd. It was observed that an increase in the DMSO molar concentration from 0.75 to 1.5 ​M, causes an increase in the performance parameters of the solar cell (Jsc, Voc, FF and ɳ%) but for higher concentrations of DMSO, the values of these parameters decline slightly. The best perovskite solar cells were obtained at xDMSO concentrations with x ​= ​1.00 and x ​= ​1.25, reaching conversion efficiencies of 15.89 and 15.72%, respectively.

Grafting Ink for Direct Writing: Solvation Activated Covalent Functionalization of Graphene.

Covalent functionalization of graphene (CFG) has shown attractive advantages in tuning the electronic, mechanical, optical, and thermal properties of graphene. However, facile, large‐scale, controllable, and highly efficient CFG remains challenging and often involves highly reactive and volatile compounds, requiring complex control of the reaction conditions. Here, a diazonium‐based grafting ink consisting of only two components, i.e., an aryl diazonium salt and the solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is presented. The efficient functionalization is attributed to the combination of the solvation of the diazonium cations by DMSO and n‐doping of graphene by DMSO, thereby promoting electron transfer (ET) from graphene to the diazonium cations, resulting in the generation of aryl radicals which subsequently react with the graphene. The grafting density of CFG is controlled by the reaction time and very high levels of functionalization, up to the failing of the Tuinstra–Koenig (T–K) relation, while the functionalization layer remains at monolayer height. The grafting ink, effective for days at room temperature, can be used at ambient conditions and renders the patterning CFG by direct writing as easy as writing on paper. In combination with thermal sample treatment, reversible functionalization is possible by subsequent writing/erasing cycles.