Dimensions Of Distance Research Articles

Factors Influencing Public Risk Perception of Emerging Technologies: A Meta-Analysis

The development and application of emerging technologies pose many social risks, which raise public concerns. Various factors influence the public risk perception of emerging technologies, and a systematic and accurate understanding of these factors plays a vital role in promoting the sustainable development of emerging technologies. Considerable inconsistency and ambiguity exist in the influence of relevant factors on the public risk perception of emerging technologies in existing studies, which need to be explored systematically and comprehensively through meta-analysis. This study constructs an analytical framework of “technology–psychology–society” and conducts a meta-analysis of 272 papers, including 449 correlations and 191,195 samples. The results show that perceived benefit, knowledge, innovativeness, trust, and social influence have significant negative effects on risk perception. Perceived cost has a significant positive effect on risk perception. Gender and cultural dimensions of power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism–collectivism, and masculinity–femininity have moderating effects on the relationship between relevant factors and risk perception; the type of emerging technology, age, and the cultural dimension of long-term/short-term orientation do not have moderating effects. Based on the above findings, this study proposes corresponding suggestions from the perspectives of R&D, application, and management of emerging technologies.

Shared Accommodation Services in the Sharing Economy: Understanding the Effects of Psychological Distance on Booking Behavior

The sharing economy has risen rapidly in the past decade. The development of shared accommodation encourages more hotels and guesthouses to attract customers through online accommodation-sharing platforms, which has become a meaningful way to fight against the competition of the traditional hotel industry. In this condition, what the hosts are concerned about most is how to attract customers’ attention through the platform display to increase reservations. Based on construal level theory, this paper explores how hosts’ information displayed on online accommodation-sharing platforms determines consumers’ booking behavior by influencing their psychological distance. We use machine learning methods to mine the raw data and extract the representational factors of psychological distance. Based on the data-driven behavior decision-making approach, we collected valid large-scale fine-grained secondary actual consumption data from Airbnb, the world’s leading online accommodation-sharing platform, and scientifically and intelligently processed the data using machine learning methods, then tested the hypotheses using the regression analysis software STATA15. Our findings suggest that both social distance and temporal distance have a negative impact on booking behavior of guests. In detail, subject diversity, perspective taking, and facial attractiveness in the dimension of social distance positively influence guests’ booking behavior; instant bookable in the temporal distance dimension positively affects booking behavior, while response time has a negative effect. This study contributes to the literature by empirically examining psychological distance in the booking behavior of guests in shared accommodation through the processing and analysis of actual consumption data. The findings have important practical implications for how shared accommodation service providers and sharing economy platform managers can operate better.

Recognizing distant faces

As an ‘early alerting’ sense, one of the primary tasks for the human visual system is to recognize distant objects. In the specific context of facial identification, this ecologically important task has received surprisingly little attention. Most studies have investigated facial recognition at short, fixed distances. Under these conditions, the photometric and configural information related to the eyes, nose and mouth are typically found to be primary determinants of facial identity. Here we characterize face recognition performance as a function of viewing distance and investigate whether the primacy of the internal features continues to hold across increasing viewing distances. We find that exploring the distance dimension reveals a qualitatively different salience distribution across a face. Observers’ recognition performance significantly exceeds that obtained with the internal facial physiognomy, and also exceeds the computed union of performances with internal and external features alone, suggesting that in addition to the mutual configuration of the eyes, nose and mouth, it is the relationships between these features and external head contours that are crucial for recognition. We have also conducted computational studies with convolutional neural networks trained on the task of face recognition to examine whether this representational bias could emerge spontaneously through exposure to faces. The results provide partial support for this possibility while also highlighting important differences between the human and artificial system. These findings have implications for the nature of facial representations useful for a visual system, whether human or machine, for recognition over large and varying distances.

A Morphometric Study of Typical and Atypical Lumbar Vertebrae in South Indian Population

Introduction: The lumbar vertebrae are affected in conditions such as congenital defects, degenerative diseases, accidents, and cancer metastasis. A thorough knowledge of the morphometry of typical and atypical lumbar vertebrae in adults of South Indian population is needed for lumbar spine surgeries. Materials and Methods: A descriptive study was done on 200 dry lumbar vertebrae, of which 100 were typical and 100 were atypical lumbar vertebrae. The following dimensions of both typical and atypical lumbar vertebrae were measured with digital vernier calipers: anteroposterior and transverse diameters of the body; anterior and posterior body heights; anteroposterior and transverse diameters of vertebral foramen; height, breadth, and width of the laminae; length, height, and width of the pedicles; transverse processes and spinous process; distance between the two superior articular processes; and the distance between the two inferior articular processes. All the measurements were tabulated. The mean and standard deviation were calculated for each of the parameters and the results were statistically analyzed. Results: The anteroposterior and transverse diameters of the body, the height of the laminae on both sides, the length and height of the spinous process, and the distance between the superior articular facets were significantly longer in atypical lumbar vertebrae than that of typical lumbar vertebrae (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in measurements between both sides. Conclusion: The dimensions of vertebral foramen, transverse processes, spinous processes, and distance between articular processes were different from the dimensions of previous studies. The morphometric data obtained will be useful for orthopedic procedures on the lumbar vertebrae in South Indian population.

Examining policy feedback effects from COVID-19 on social welfare support: developing an outcome distance dimension

Can experience with one set of policies result in support for a set of different, but related, policies? To show how this is possible, we develop a new dimension of policy feedback effects missing from prior studies – outcome distance. We then examine what we call a middle-distance outcome and apply this concept to the case of welfare attitudes in the United States. A novel counterfactual survey design is used to estimate the within-subject effects of experience with pandemic-related relief efforts (that is, stimulus checks, unemployment assistance) on attitudes towards broader welfare programmes like TANF, SNAP, SSI and Medicaid. The evidence suggests that attitudes towards broader welfare initiatives may have become more supportive as a result of the pandemic and associated policies, implying that specific policies and events can have feedback effects on outcomes that are some medium-distance away, such as other policies of a similar type. Future research ought to further explore this proposed dimension of feedback effects.

Spatial and temporal distances in a virtual global world: Lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic

The experience of COVID-19 prompted us to rethink the imperatives of distance for the organization of value-creating activities globally. We advance a conceptualization of distance as representing separation in both space and time and posit that these distance dimensions represent different kinds of separation and require varied theoretical attention. We delineate the intrinsic qualities of spatial and temporal distances and theorize the impact of this extended conceptualization of distance on major tenets of international business theory and their predictions regarding the patterns of international business activity. We illustrate the ways by which varying configurations of spatial and temporal distances serve different value-creating activities and draw their implications for countries’ global integration. We advance a call for more attention to time and temporal distance and their impact on the ways firms organize their value-creating activities in an increasingly virtual world.

A Robust Beamforming Suppressing Deceptive Jamming Method Based On FDA-MIMO Radar

In comparison to phased array (PA) radar that just transmits a beampattern with angle-dependent, frequency diverse array (FDA) radar with adding a feature of distance dimension performs well in main-beam deceptive jamming suppression domain. However, in practical conditions, estimating an inaccuracy of the covariance matrix(CM) has a significant negative impact on algorithm performance, also as a mismatch of target SV has. Hence, a robust adaptive beamforming technique comes up in this article that selects the principal eigenvector to get accurate signal steering vectors (SV), further gets the reconstruction interference-plus-noise CM (IPNCM). According to experiments, the proposed algorithm keeps a robust and good performance under non-ideal circumstances.

Regional migration and the dimension of distance in empirical analysis

The phenomenon of migration is addressed by several disciplines, such as demography, sociology, economics, political science and history. Therefore, a wide range of analytical tools can be used to analyse this phenomenon. This study focuses primarily on regional migration and capturing the dimension of distance in empirical analysis. Cartograms can be used to analyse regional migration, and Webb diagrams that capture the evolution of net international and internal migration over time. It is also appropriate to use the efficiency matrix of migration indices and nodal graphs to analyse migration flows between different regions. Spatial econometrics is then important for migration analysis to test the validity of theoretical concepts of migration. However, it is often not possible to track the exact distance of migration flows in the data. Therefore, it is necessary to resort to proxy methods to determine the distance. Tracking internal migration plays a crucial role in regional development and is vital in assessing political, economic and social change. Therefore, appropriate analytical tools must be used to analyse it at the regional level.

National culture and bank liquidity creation

This paper investigates the effects of national culture on bank liquidity creation. Using a sample that covers 66 countries over the 2001–2014 period, we find that individualism is associated with greater bank liquidity creation. This evidence lends more weight to the risk-taking and overconfidence bias explanations. We also find that the effect is stronger for larger banks. Moreover, individualism is associated with more (less) liquidity creation in developed (developing) countries, suggesting that social connections and better access to soft information are relevant explanations in developing countries. Additional analysis suggests that the other cultural dimensions of uncertainty avoidance and power distance are related to lower bank liquidity creation. The results remain robust for a battery of sensitivity checks, and for confronting endogeneity and omitted variables concerns.

Full-polarization radar target feature modulation based on active polarization conversion metasurface

Electromagnetic (EM) metasurfaces comprising artificially designed subwavelength unit cells have drawn considerable attention due to the EM properties beyond the limits of natural materials. As one of the representative structures, active polarization conversion metasurface (APCM) is switchable by loading active components. It provides great freedom to manipulate the polarization state of EM waves. However, the current research mainly focused on the application of communication and paid less attention to the radar effect of APCM. APCM redistributes electromagnetic wave energy in multi-polarization channels, so it will have great application potential in polarimetric radar. Herein, based on the fully polarimetric radar one-dimensional high resolution range profile, the radar effect of time-modulated metasurface is studied. For this purpose, a method of target scattering mechanisms manipulation and a polarization-insensitive structure of APCM are proposed. The amplitude-phase joint modulation method is specifically analyzed in detail. The distance transformation and virtual multi-target phenomena are further discovered. Virtual targets along the distance dimension are generated in multi-polarization channels, while the scattering mechanisms of k-order targets are effectively manipulated. The relationship between the target scattering matrix and the modulation parameters is obtained. It may provide an effective method for the application of active metasurface in fully polarimetric radars.

The impact of distance on acquisition performance

A challenge in interpreting research is that the construct of ‘distance’ has multiple dimensions that influence acquisition performance. We expand Ghemawat's (2001) typology of distance with its dimensions of cultural, administrative, geographic, and economic distance (CAGE) from a review of 61 empirical research studies of how distance affects acquisition performance. We identify different impacts of distance dimensions on acquisition performance to find that distance dimensions are interdependent. As a result, context matters, when considering the impact of distance on acquisition performance. Supporting institutional theory, the direction of distance may matter, as the results may be different for acquirers in developed and emerging economies. Additional implications for research and management practice are identified.

Institutional distance and cross-border acquisitions into emerging markets: the moderating effect of context experience

PurposeThis study aims to examine the multidimensional nature of institutional distance as a driver of acquisition decisions in emerging markets. Then, this study aims to offer a nuanced perspective on the role of its various formal and informal dimensions by taking into account the potential contingency role played by a firm’s context experience.Design/methodology/approachBuilding on institutional economics and organizational institutionalism, this study explores the heterogeneity of institutional distance and its effects on the decision to enter emerging versus advanced markets through cross-border acquisitions. Thus, institutional distance is disentangled into its formal and informal dimensions, the former being captured by regulatory efficiency, country governance and financial development. Furthermore, our framework examines the moderating effect of an acquiring firm’s experience in institutionally similar environments, defined as context experience. The hypotheses are analyzed on a sample of 496 cross-border acquisitions by Italian companies in 41 countries from 2008 to 2018.FindingsFindings indicate that at an increasing distance in terms of regulatory efficiency and financial development, acquiring firms are less likely to enter emerging markets, while informal institutional distance is positively associated with such acquisitions. Context experience mitigates the negative effect of formal distance and enhances the positive effect of informal distance.Originality/valueThis study contributes to institutional distance literature in multiple ways. First, by bridging institutional economics and organizational institutionalism and second, by examining the heterogeneity of formal and informal dimensions of distance, this study offers a finer-grained perspective on how institutional distance affects acquisition decisions. Finally, it offers a contingency perspective on the role of context experience.

The quality enhancement of action research on primary school English instruction in Chinese rural areas: An analysis based on multimodality.

This study investigates the influences of action research on primary school English instruction from five dimensions in the classroom, viz., types of questions, language errors, gestures, facial expressions, and interpersonal distance. Four English teachers’ 9 real classroom teaching videos before and after action research are collected and annotated by using ELAN software. The results show that primary school English teachers in Chinese rural areas prefer closed questions to open questions; They make some language errors; Deictic gestures are the most common gestures used, while metaphoric gestures, beat gestures and iconic gestures are rare; Teachers have the same preference for three types of facial expressions, and teachers’ serious expressions accounts for most of the time; They seldom keep an intimate distance or personal distance from their students. Second, Action research is effective to motivate teachers in rural areas, who make great progress in all five dimensions after AR: more open questions are asked; pragmatic errors and grammatical errors are reduced; deictic gestures increase; apathetic decrease, and more intimate distance is exhibited in the interpersonal distance dimension. Third, teacher’s English teaching competence is partly transferrable to her future professional development, and this is also the long-lasting effect of AR.

The Influence of Psychological Distance on the Challenging Moral Decision Support of Sports Majors in Internet of Things and Machine Learning

This work intends to examine the influence of different dimensions of psychological distance on the moral decision-making of sports college students in sports dilemmas under different learning pressure conditions, and to further investigate the relationship between psychological distance and moral decision-making. The research on the influencing factors of moral decision-making of sports majors can effectively help to understand the moral cognition level of the group, and provide a reference for the interpretation of athletes’ moral anomie behavior, thereby enriching the content of the moral quality education of athletes. This work intends to study the impact of psychological distance on the moral decision support of sports college students in the context of the Internet of Things (IoT) and machine learning. Psychological distance in the machine learning environment may affect individuals’ understanding and cognition of events and, to a certain extent, can change students’ cognition and judgment of events. IoT and machine learning environments are chosen as the foundation. The learning pressure of college students majoring in physical education is a variable. A questionnaire survey and experimental design are used to test the influence of different degrees of learning pressure, social distance, and spatial distance on the moral decision-making of physical education college students in the sports dilemma. The dimensions of the psychological distance of physical education (PE) students are analyzed under different stress conditions and their impact on the moral decision-making of PE students. This experiment adopts a mixed experimental design of 3 learning stresses (no stress vs. moderate stress vs. high stress) × 2 social distances (self vs. others) × 2 spatial distances (Beijing vs. France). The results show that the main effect of social distance is significant. When the self is the decision-making subject, individuals tend to make more moral decisions. There is a significant interaction between social distance and learning pressure. In a stress-free and high-stress environment, individuals make a significant increase in the number of moral decisions when faced with self-centered decision-making. Now, moral decision-making and its consequences are important for college students majoring in sports. The results of their moral decision-making in the field of education directly reflect the image of the individual and even the institution.

So Close, Yet So Far Away: Exploring the Role of Psychological Distance from Climate Change on Corporate Sustainability

Despite some improvements and increasing social pressures, most organizations seem to be stagnating in a superficial implementation of sustainability practices despite the accumulation of climate change consequences. Research on corporate sustainability has shown that external pressures and psychological factors influence managers’ environmental decisions. However, these psychological factors have been undertheorized in the management research field. The concept of psychological distance has shown promising results in studying environmental behaviors. This concept is rooted in the construal level theory and is defined as the subjective experience of feeling that something is close or far away from the self, the here and the now. Therefore, it represents a relevant path for exploration in research on corporate sustainability. The main goals of this integrative review are to explore how the concept of psychological distance has been employed in research on corporate sustainability and to explore related concepts from this research field. Additionally, concepts that are related to the four dimensions of psychological distance (i.e., temporal, spatial, social, and hypothetical) are critically discussed. The links between these concepts and their impacts on sustainability endeavors within organizations are then visually presented through a conceptual map, which forms the main contribution of this review. Further theoretical contributions are presented, the implications for managers are discussed, and future research avenues are proposed.

Asymmetric visual capture of virtual sound sources in the distance dimension.

Visual capture describes the tendency of a sound to be mislocalized to the location of a plausible visual target. This effect, also known as the ventriloquist effect, has been extensively studied in humans, but primarily for mismatches in the angular direction between auditory and visual targets. Here, visual capture was examined in the distance dimension using a single visual target (an un-energized loudspeaker) and invisible virtual sound sources presented over headphones. The sound sources were synthesized from binaural impulse-response measurements at distances ranging from 1 to 5 m (0.25 m steps) in the semi-reverberant room (7.7 × 4.2 × 2.7 m3) in which the experiment was conducted. Listeners (n = 11) were asked whether or not the auditory target appeared to be at the same distance as the visual target. Within a block of trials, the visual target was placed at a fixed distance of 1.5, 3, or 4.5 m, and the auditory target varied randomly from trial-to-trial over the sample of measurement distances. The resulting psychometric functions were generally consistent with visual capture in distance, but the capture was asymmetric: Sound sources behind the visual target were more strongly captured than sources in front of the visual target. This asymmetry is consistent with previous reports in the literature, and is shown here to be well predicted by a simple model of sensory integration and decision in which perceived auditory space is compressed logarithmically in distance and has lower resolution than perceived visual space.

The organizational power applied by school principals and its effect on teachers’ perception of power distance

The aim of this research is to examine the relationship between the power types used by school principals and the power distance perceptions of teachers. The population is composed of the teachers in Mugla (Turkey) and Tamale (Ghana). The sample is made up of 384 teachers from Mugla and 407 teachers from Tamale. The data used in this research were collected using Power Type Scale and Power Distance Scale, both of which were developed in schools. In the analysis of the data, descriptive statistics were used in determining teachers' views of the power types used by school principals and the teachers' power distance perceptions. T-test was used in determining the differences in opinions and perceptions regarding the power types and power distance according to the demographic variables considered in this study. In the statistical analysis made; 0.5 was chosen as the significant value. According to the findings of the research, Mugla and Tamale principals exhibited the same order of preference in the power types they employ. Mugla principals and Tamale principals used reward power and legitimate power respectively at statistically significant levels. Regarding power distance, Tamale teachers' perceptions in all the dimensions of power distance were higher than Mugla teachers' perceptions at statistically significant levels. In both Mugla and Tamale samples, power types used by principals were found to be very good predictors of teachers' power distance perceptions.

Mitigating Institutional Distance Between IJV Partner Countries by Choosing a Governing Law

This study explores answers to the following questions: To what extent are the provisions in international joint venture agreements affected by the institutional distance between countries of partners? And how can IJV partners mitigate institutional distance? Using fine-grained data on 251 international joint venture contracts signed in between 2000 and 2016, we identified all contact provisions/clauses used in IJVs and classified them into three groups of clauses, namely (1) management & organization, (2) control, and (3) operation through factor analysis. We then linked the three groups to the multiple dimensions of institutional distance (i.e., cross-country differences in legal environment, the court, normative, and cultural-cognitive). Empirical results reveal that the control clauses are more frequently used when there is a greater degree of legal environment distance and court distance. However, the need to use the control clauses is mitigated by the choice of law clause choosing a governing law country that is different than the location of IJVs. Normative distance increases the frequency of operation and management & organization clauses. Finally, the use of management & organization and control clauses is increased when there is a greater degree of cognitive distance. These findings provide insightful implications to industry practitioners, extend the Transaction Cost Economics, and advance alliance governance literature as well as institutional theory.

Hofstede's Power Distance Cultural Dimension and its Representation in Historical Documents of Russia in the 16th-20th Centuries

Based on the theory of basic cultural dimensions by G. Hofstede, the value orientations presented in the texts of Russian and Soviet power discourse are analyzed. Based on the behavioral characteristics given by Hofstede (1980) to characterize cultures with high and low indicators in basic dimensions, a content analysis of the texts of Russian power discourse for the XVI-XX centuries, including state acts, legal documents, chronicles, judicial records, official and private correspondence, was carried out. A comparison of the hierarchical and power value orientations of Russian culture, identified by the method of content analysis, and the conclusions of historical studies of social and cultural trends of the corresponding period. A reproducible factor structure consisting of 16-20 factors and corresponding to the sub-dimensional structure of the basic value orientations of culture, theoretically predicted and empirically identified in foreign studies of value orientations, is obtained. Aspects of the basic dimensions of culture according to G. Hofstede, having different time dynamics, are highlighted. The obtained aspects of the basic dimension of the power distance are analyzed. Graphs of the dynamics of value orientations with generalization over 25 years are constructed. The correspondence of the dynamics revealed by the content analysis of the power discourse to the actual historical trends is shown. The conclusion is made about the applicability of the texts of the power discourse for the analysis of the historical dynamics of value orientations.

Environmental Regulation and MNE’s Resource Commitment: Considering Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic is an unprecedented exogenous shock in the global economy and has caused noticeable disruptions to international business activities. In this study, we attempt to investigate how COVID-19 influences multinational enterprises' (MNE) strategic decisions in global markets. More specifically, we examine how MNE’s resource commitment is linked to a target market’s environmental regulation. We find that MNEs commit more resources in host countries with more stringent environmental regulations. This paper’s findings also reveal that MNE’s environmental capability and multiple dimensions of institutional distance, including environmental regulation distance and cultural distance, positively moderate the relationship between MNE’s resource commitment and the degree of environmental regulation in foreign markets. Finally, we underscore a significant impact of COVID-19 on MNE’s responses to cross-border activities. An analysis of 3,679 by 1,135 MNEs from 30 countries offers support for the hypotheses.