Dimensions Of Aggression Research Articles

Aggression Dimensions Among Athletes Practising Martial Arts and Combat Sports.

Purpose: The main aim of the research was to analyse aggression dimensions among athletes practising martial arts and combat sports.Material and Methods: There were 219 respondents. The Buss and Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ) in the Polish adaptation by Siekierka was applied.Results: Martial arts apprentices turned out to present a statistically significantly lower level of hostility (p < 0.001) and of the general aggression index (p = 0.04) than combat sports athletes. It turned out that lower level of aggression was noted in female participants (physical aggression (p < 0.001), verbal aggression (p = 0.004), hostility (p < 0.001), and the general aggression index (p < 0.001). Analysis revealed that the training experience and the training rank did not differentiated the level of the respondents' particular aggression dimensions.Conclusions: It would be advisable to perform parallel analyses in other areas of Poland and take into account the respondents' education and place of residence.

Evaluating anxiety sensitivity as a moderator of misophonia and dimensions of aggression

Misophonia is characterized by increased physiological and emotional reactivity to particular sounds (e.g., chewing), which has been associated with impulsive and aggressive behaviors. To better understand the expression of misophonia, the current study investigated the moderating role of anxiety sensitivity (AS) in the relation between misophonia and facets of aggression (i.e., anger, hostility, verbal aggression, and physical aggression). Participants (N = 470; Mage = 18.68 years; 74.0% female) included college students who endorsed misophonia symptoms and completed online self-report questionnaires. Four regression analyses were conducted to examine the interaction between misophonia symptoms and AS on each aggression facet. Results revealed that significant variance was accounted for in each facet of aggression, with the association between misophonia and anger, hostility, and verbal aggression (respectively) strengthening as increased. This study provides additional support for the association between misophonia and aggressive behavioral tendencies, suggesting AS may operate as a pivotal factor in the expression of anger and aggressive responses in misophonia. These findings implicate AS a potential treatment target that could enhance outcomes for patients struggling with misophonia.

The psychometric measures to assess aggressive dimension following traumatic brain injury: A review.

Background:higher level of aggression and antisocial behavior are frequent following head trauma, due to specific brain alterations. Many tests are used to assess this aspect. A descriptive review was conducted on the main tests used to detect the appearance of aggressive dimensions following traumatic brain injury.Review summary:we searched on PubMed and Web of Science databases and screening references of included studies and review articles for additional citations. From initial 723 publications, only 7 met our search criteria. Findings showed that various psychometric tools are used to assess aggressiveness and its subdomains, following head trauma.Conclusions:further investigation are necessary to clarify whether these tools ensure a reliable diagnosis in order to make an early intervention and reduce violent behavior and its development.

THE TENDENCY OF AGGRESSIVENESS IN ADOLESCENTS

Aggressiveness is one of the common problems that often occur in adolescents. The tendency of emotional fluctuations in adolescents is one factor that makes adolescents vulnerable to aggressiveness. One form of aggressiveness that is currently rife among adolescents is student brawl. Aggressive actions such as student brawl result in a negative impact on victims and adolescents who become perpetrators of the brawl. This study aimed to discover the tendency of aggressivity in adolescents at YPGU Sumedang Vocational School. The method used in this study is the descriptive quantitative method. The variables studied were adolescents' tendency to cover dimensions as physical aggression, verbal aggression, anger, and hostility. The number of samples in this study was 162 respondents using an accidental sampling technique. The instrument used was adopted from the aggression questionnaire developed by Buss and Perry, which consists of 29 closed statement items. Data analysis used interval value ranges based on the length of the interval per class of the minimum and maximum values. This study's results are seen from the percentage in the category of low, moderate, and high. The results showed as many as 149 respondents (92%) have a moderate tendency of aggressivity. Based on the study results, it can be concluded that almost all adolescents in this study have a moderate tendency of aggressivity. Similarly, on the dimensions of aggressiveness measured, the average tends towards the moderate category. As for the dimensions of this aggressiveness, physical aggression has the greatest tendency than any other dimension, so it is advisable to further improve prevention programs' aggressiveness at YPGU Sumedang Vocational School.

How does entrepreneurial orientation affect the business performance of coffee shop MSMEs in Indonesia?

The increasing growth of the coffee shop business with a fast and attractive expansion as a food &amp; beverage industry in urban areas of Indonesia, especially Special Region of Yogyakarta has led to business competition between micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) which are required to use their ability to adapt, be competitive and improve business performance. The entrepreneurial orientation is claimed to important contributions to business success. This study aims to analyze the effect of entrepreneurial orientation on business performance. Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) analysis method is used to examine the effect of five dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation (innovative, proactive, risk-taking, autonomy, and competitive aggressiveness) on business performance. This research was conducted at 80 coffee shop MSMEs with the sampling technique using convenience sampling. The results showed that the dimensions of proactive, autonomy, and competitive aggressiveness were found to have a positive and significant effect on business performance, while the innovative and risk-taking dimensions did not affect significantly on business performance.

Okul Öncesi Dönemdeki Çocukların Fiziksel ve İlişkisel Saldırganlıklarının Mizaç Özellikleriyle İlişkisinin İncelenmesi

Çocuğun hayatında sürekli hale gelebilecek saldırganlık yönelimi ve saldırganlık davranışının temeli okul öncesi dönemde başlamaktadır. Bu dönemde çocuk saldırganlık yönelimi göstermekte ve bunu kalıcı hale getirmektedir. Çocukların saldırgan davranışlar göstermelerinde çocukların mizaçsal özellikleri de bir risk faktörüdür. Mizaç biyolojik temelli bir özelliktir. Yürümeye başlayan çocuğun saldırgan davranışında, çocuğun zor mizacı ve zayıf sosyalleşme ortamları önemli rol oynar. Çocukta zor bir mizaç; sert, tutarsız ve olumsuz sosyalleşme davranışlarını ortaya çıkartır ve bu davranışlar agresif veya yıkıcı davranışlara dönüşebilir. Saldırgan davranışlar üzerinde etkili olan mizaç, bireyler arasında farklılık gösteren ve biyolojik etkilerle ortaya çıkan duygusal ve davranışsal özelliklerdir. Bununla birlikte, erken çocukluk müdahaleleri bu riskleri önlemede etkilidir. Bu çalışmada çocukların fiziksel ve ilişkisel saldırgan davranışları ile mizaç özellikleri arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmanın örneklemini İstanbul’da resmi iki anaokulunda okul öncesi eğitime devam eden 48-72 ay arasındaki 231 çocuk oluşturmuştur. Araştırmada veriler “Kişisel Bilgi Formu”, “Sosyal Davranış Ölçeği” ve “Çocuklar İçin Kısa Mizaç Ölçeği” kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Araştırmanın sonucuna göre cinsiyet ve yaş fiziksel saldırganlıkta anlamlı farklılık oluştururken, kardeş sayısı, okula devam süresi anlamlı farklılık oluşturmamıştır. İlişkisel saldırganlıkta ise yaş ve kardeş sayısı gruplar arasında anlamlı farklılık oluştururken cinsiyet ve okula devam süresi anlamlı farklılık oluşturmamıştır. Saldırganlığın mizaç özellikleri ilişkisinde ise fiziksel saldırganlık ile sebatkarlık mizaç özelliği arasında negatif yönde hafif düzeyde, tepkisel mizaç özelliğiyle pozitif yönde hafif düzeyde anlamlı ilişki, İlişkisel saldırganlık boyutunda ise ritmiklik ile ilişkisel saldırganlık arasında negatif yönde hafif düzeyde anlamlı ilişki bulunmuştur.

OTPORNOST KAO PREDIKTOR DRUŠTVENO NEPRIHVATLJIVOG PONAŠANJA

The research problem has been conceptualized as an examination of the possibility to predict socially unacceptable behaviour by using resilience as a predictor. In this context, self-reported socially unacceptable behaviour has been examined, while the resilience has been analysed with regard to two aspects in which it can be conceptualized. The first one is Ego-resiliency which is defined as a personality trait, and it is related to adaption during the inhibition or expression of emotions, in an interdependent relation to the environment in which the person is. The second aspect is resilience defined through intrapersonal and interpersonal capacities of person which affect adaptation and tolerance to stress and negative life experiences. The research has been conducted by using convenience sample of 384 respondents of high school final-year students, from Republika Srpska (BiH). The hierarchical regression analysis has been used, while the applied measurement instruments were the following: RSA - Resilience Scale for Adults, Ego-resiliency scale, the scale of anti-social behaviour, as well as scales that measure dimensions of Aggressiveness and Conscientiousness from the Big five +2 instrument. The results of the hierarchical regression analysis showed resilience as a statistically significant predictor of socially unacceptable behaviour (R = .40, R2 = .160, F(4,318) = 15.09, p = .000). When it comes to individual predictors, Conscientiousness (β = -.24, p = .000) and Aggressiveness (β = .19, p = .000) are still dominant (after the two measures of resilience are added to the model in the second step), which is followed by the resilience (RSA; β = -.16, p = .012). It is important to note that Ego-resiliency has not been identified as a statistically significant predictor of socially unacceptable behavior (β = .06, p = .342). The results contribute to the understanding of antisocial behavior causes and consequently contribute to its prevention.

Cross-Sectional Study: Aggressive behavior in fifth year high school students of peripheral schools of Lima, Perú

BACKGROUND: Aggression among schoolchildren is a growing problem, affecting their educational, social and cultural well-being. In this context, aggression has become an aim of study for Social Sciences, from various approaches. The intensity of this problem negatively impacts on children and adolescents lives. Numerous studies report that events of violence and/or aggression in schools can generate physical and emotional damage to schoolchildren, learning difficulties due to post-trau-matic stress disorder, demotivation, absenteeism and school dropout. The aim of this study was to establish the level of aggression in fifth-year high school students from high schools in Lima, Peru. METHODS: Descriptive, cross-sectional, quantitative exploratory study. The Buss and Perry, Aggres-sion Questionnaire was applied and adapted to the context. The content validity was obtained with Aiken’s V coefficient (0.80) for each item and dimension. The Kolmogorov- Smirnov normality test was used for data analysis. Data is presented in charts, with frequencies and percentages. RESULTS: The study was applied to a sample of 274 adolescents, aged 15 to 18 years. High levels of aggression were found in the students (54.8%; High aggression level: 38.6%, very high aggression level: 16.2%), with a predominance in the male group (43%), compared to 34% in women. Regarding the aggression dimensions, we found high levels, in verbal aggression (40%), followed by physical aggression and hostility (38%) and finally anger (37%). CONCLUSION: After data processing, high levels of aggression were found among fifth-year high schools students from peripheral areas of Lima. Regarding gender, a predominance of high-level aggression was found in males over females. About aggression dimensions, we found a high level of verbal aggression, followed by physical aggression and hostility, finally by anger. KEYWORDS: BEHAVIOR, AGGRESSION, TEENAGER, ANGER, HOSTILIT

Does Bullying Affect the School Performance of Brazilian Students? An Analysis Using Pisa 2015

The present study aims to analyze the impact of the different dimensions of bullying (physical, psychological and indirect) on the school performance of Brazilian students. For this analysis, data from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) from the year of 2015 were used. The methodology applied was the Propensity Score Matching (PSM), the Inverse Probability-Weighted Regression-Adjustment (IPWRA) and the categorical multivalued treatment known as Generalized Propensity Score (GPS). The results show that physical bullying (being spanked and having belongings destroyed) is harmful for the students’ academic performance. Psychological bullying (having gossip spread, being made fun of, and being threatened), however, did not negatively impact the grades. When considering the frequency (weekly, monthly, or annual) of bullying in the model, it is observed that, among the different dimensions of aggression, the effect on the grades of Brazilian students is both increasing and negative. Bullying causes several consequences to students in addition to the decrease of school performance since it can result in school evasion and sometimes difficulties in the labor market. Thus, studying this phenomenon, by means of school behavior, is an important subject for the society.

SÜRÜCÜLERİN TRAFİKTE SALDIRGAN DAVRANIŞ SERGİLEMELERİNİ ETKİLEYEN FAKTÖRLER: ÇANAKKALE İL ÖRNEĞİ

Trafik kazaları genellikle sürücü ve araç, hava şartları, yol ve çevre özelliklerine bağlı nedenlerle meydana gelmektedir. Trafik kazaları üzerinden yapılan analizler kazaların büyük oranının sürücülerin davranışlarından kaynaklandığı belirtilmektedir. Araştırmada sürücülerin trafikteki davranışlarının, saldırgan davranış sergilemesinde önemli bir faktör olup olmadığı incelenmiştir. Araştırmada veriler anket tekniği ile elde edilmiştir. Bu kapsamda 214 sürücüye yönelik veri elde edilmiş ve analiz edilmiştir. Anket formunda heyecan arama, risk alma, bilgilenme, zorlama ve saldırganlık boyutlarına yönelik ölçekler yer almıştır. Gizil değişkenler arasındaki ilişkiler yapısal eşitlik modeli ile araştırılmıştır. Modelde sürücülerde trafiğe yönelik bilgilenme artarken trafikte heyecan arama ve riskli davranışlarda azalma belirlenmiştir. Sürücülerde heyecan arama ve risk alma davranışları artarken diğer sürücülere ve paydaşlara saldırgan davranışların arttığı belirlenmiştir. Bir diğer bulgu ise sürücülerde trafikte heyecan arama artarken zorunlu hallerde trafik kurallarına uyum azalırken riskli davranışlarda artış olduğu belirlenmiştir. Trafikte, sürücülerin trafik noktalarına yönelik davranışlarının, saldırgan davranışa olan etkisine yönelik önemli bir kanıt elde edilememiştir.

Kocaeli İlinde Çalışan Lisanslı Taekwondocuların Saldırganlık ve Mutluluk Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesi

The aim is to determine the aggressiveness and happiness levels of licensed working Taekwondo athletes. After receiving ethical approval, 254 taekwondo athletes who were licensed in Kocaeli province clubs were informed about the research, and the Oxford Happiness Scale developed by Argyle et al. and Buss Perry aggression scale were applied to those who wanted to participate voluntarily. The data were analyzed by parametric tests (t test,variance analysis) and Pearson correlation test because the showed normal distribution. As a result, there was no difference in the lecels of aggression and happiness in terms of age, gender and maternal educational status. While the level of happiness was found to be significant only according to the purpose of sports; the level of aggression; all lower dimensions according to educational level; verbal aggression according to economic situation; and the lower dimensions of physical and verbal aggression according to father education status were found significant differences. It has also been seen that aggression decreases while happiness increases. It has been observed that happiness increases when the goal of sports is to contribute to the quality of life and to do the job that he loves, and happiness decreases when results-oriented efforts towards winning something are made. It was also found that physical and verbal aggression increased as their fathers' education levels decreased, while verbal aggression increased in those with moderate and good income status.

A Comprehensive Study of Double-Density Hemi-Cylindrical (HC) 3-D NAND Flash

A novel double-density hemi-cylindrical (HC) structure 3-D NAND Flash architecture was demonstrated (Lue etal., 2019). HC 3-D NAND squeezes the gate-all-around (GAA) hole in one direction, followed by a slit cut to split the GAA device to produce twin cells, thus creating >2.5 times of memory density than standard GAA 3-D NAND at the same stacking layer. It is demonstrated that the extremely scaled HC 3-D NAND shows excellent 100k endurance and large memory window >10 V. Contrary to the standard GAA 3-D NAND, HC device has special edge effect issue. For taller HC device, a “wake-up” effect (Du et al., 2020) by an initial strong -FN erasing can introduce gate injected electrons that electrically suppress the parasitic edge and in turn “wake-up” the device to produce a larger programming window. TCAD simulation clearly shows asymmetrical Efield distribution from bottom oxide field to top oxide field at Region I (HC tip) and Region II (bottom edge). Through the comprehensive investigation of HC device “wake-up” effect and strong -FN for initial reset, the variation of cell to cell operation window is minimized and aligned to extremely scaled “hero” HC devices that enjoy field enhancement effect (Hsu et al., 2007). Our results suggest a promising path of 3-D NAND device toward aggressive dimension scaling and large memory window.

Testosterone, mood, behaviour and quality of life.

Testosterone plays a pivotal role in maintaining balance within the multi-dimensional psychological network of mood, behaviour, self-perception and perceived quality of life in men of any age. Apart from classical forms of hypogonadism, low testosterone concentrations can also be seen in older men, described as an age- and comorbidity-driven functional hypogonadism and might relate to depressive symptoms exhibiting a wide array of clinical pictures ranging from dysthymia and fatigue over inertia, listlessness to hopelessness and suicidal thoughts. Also, various traits of anxiety, from unfocussed fear to phobic anxiousness and open panic syndromes, are influenced by testosterone. Correspondingly, anxiolysis is likely to be modulated by testosterone via stress resilience, threat vigilance and reward processing. The steroid modulates pro-active and re-active dimensions of aggression, which has to be seen within the context of gaining or maintaining status. This may also include other strategies impacting the social position: heroic or parochial altruism and non-aggressive paths of assertiveness, such as posture and social vigilance. Independent rather than relationship-associated self-construal and self-esteem influence risk-taking traits under the modulation of testosterone. In addition, the genetic setting of the androgen receptor modulates the role of testosterone in aspects regarding mood and personality. Dimensions of sexuality are rather important in this context, but are not target of this article and covered in another part of this special edition. Overall, the quality of life in older hypogonadal men can be positively influenced by testosterone substitution, as has been demonstrated in large placebo-controlled trials.

The role of diagnostic characteristics and imposed restrictions in determining aggression motivation in forensic patients

ABSTRACT Aggression is a key issue in a forensic unit. To be able to prevent or manage aggression, we need to understand its underlying dynamics. The present study explores how psychosis, personality disorders (PD) and psychopathy may differ in the motivational dimensions of aggression, and how motivation is affected by a limit-setting situation. Staff assessments of aggression motivation were collected between 2006 and 2015 and comprised 2100 incidents, involving 47 patients. Multilevel analysis was used to predict instrumental, defensive and irritable motivational dimensions of aggression at individual and incident level. Levels of motivational dimensions of aggression varied across diagnoses and psychopathy traits. A limit-setting situation was associated with an increased level of all motivations for aggression. Diagnostic characteristics also affected the impact of limit-setting situations differently; psychosis was associated with an additional increase in instrumental aggression, while higher levels of the antisocial factor of psychopathy were associated with an increase in irritable aggression. To help increase the understanding and management of aggression, attention should be directed towards factors such as diagnostic traits, motivational dimensions for aggression and the patient’s own perspective.

Hazing, Bullying, and Moral Disengagement

Using the Olweus’ (1993, 2013) model of bullying as a framework, hazing and bullying were compared along the dimensions of aggression, intent to cause harm or distress, power imbalance, and repetition. The relationship of the two behaviors to moral disengagement was also examined. One hundred ninety-nine workers on Amazon’s Mechanical Turk completed a survey examining their experiences as hazing and bullying victims, perpetrators, and witnesses; they also completed Bandura et al.’s (J Pers Soc Psychol 71:364–374, 1996) moral disengagement scale. Participants were more likely to evaluate bullying than hazing as an act of aggression, as intended to cause harm or distress, and as repetitive in nature. The two behaviors did not differ in perceived power imbalance. Whereas only bullying perpetration positively correlated with moral disengagement, both hazing perpetration and victimization were positively related to moral disengagement. The high prevalence rate of both behaviors highlights the need for prevention and intervention programs.

Aggression and anxiety trait level of young male contact and noncontact athletes

Background: It is necessary to deal with the aggressive behaviour of young people and find out whether sport can play a role in this area. So far, findings indicate modification role of sports activity and its type in terms of contact's occurrence, in the behavior of individuals. Objective: The aim of the study is to compare the level of the dimension of aggression and anxiety trait between nonathletes and contact and noncontact sport athletes and to assess the relationship between dimensions of aggression and the level of anxiety trait across the groups. Methods: The research group consisted of 153 males aged 22.07 ± 2.49 years: 47 contact sport athletes, 51 noncontact sport athletes and 55 nonathletes. Dimensions of aggression were evaluated by the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire, anxiety trait was evaluated by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. The differences between the groups were assessed with the Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U test was used for posthoc pairwise comparisons. Relationship between dimensions of aggression and anxiety trait was assessed by the Spearman correlation coefficient. Results: We found that nonathletes were more physically aggressive than contact sport athletes and they also displayed a higher level of anger and hostility. Moreover, nonathletes were more hostile, physical and verbally aggressive than noncontact sport athletes. Nonathletes also had a higher level of anxiety trait than athletes. There was no difference between athletes in any dimension of aggression and anxiety trait level. Besides that, we found a significant relationship between anxiety trait level and physical aggression across the groups. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that sports activity can be beneficial for personality in both contact and noncontact athletes. Sport activity may be one of the factors which increase the possibility of releasing of aggression, while contactness of the sport does not play any major role in the aggression of athletes.

Appetitive aggression in offending youths: Contributions of callous unemotional traits and violent cognitive patterns

Appetitive aggression, marked by the derivation of positive affect from harming others has been observed mostly among youths in societies experiencing extreme violence. Perpetrators report craving violence, and find the process and actual infliction of harm relishing. Because this dimension of aggression is relatively new, studies have barely examined likely psychological correlates of this phenomenon. In this study, we considered the associations between callous-unemotional (CU) traits as well as violent cognition, with appetitive aggression in young offenders. Male youth offenders (n = 188) from 2 detention facilities in Northern and the Niger Delta regions of Nigeria completed measures of appetitive aggression, CU traits, and violent-supportive cognition. Demographic information regarding their offences were collected from official records and corroborated with self-reports. CU traits were related to the perpetration of appetitive aggression. Offenders who endorsed machismo beliefs that portrays aggression as a masculine characteristic and a fitting response to threats were more likely to report the enjoyment of aggression. There was a mediation effect of machismo thinking on the relationship between CU traits and appetitive aggression. The study finds that, like other known types of aggression, CU traits and machismo thinking are associated with appetitive aggression, and invites future studies to investigate other correlates of this pattern of aggression.

فاعلية برنامج إرشادي جمعي في خفض السلوک العدواني لدى طالبات الصف السادس الابتدائي بالباحة

هدفت الدراسة الحالية إلى الکشف عن فاعلية برنامج إرشادي جمعي في خفض السلوک العدواني لدى طالبات الصف السادس بمدينة الباحة، ولتحقيق أهداف الدراسة فقد تم استخدام المنهج شبه التجريبي، وتم اختيار عينة من الطالبات القصدية بلغت ( 30)طالبة وتم تقسيمهن الى مجموعة تجريبية ( 15 )طالبة‘ و مجموعة ضابطة( 15)طالبة ،وتمثلت ادوات الدراسة في بناء برنامج ارشادي مستند على أسس النظرية السلوکية تکون من (15) جلسة ارشادية‘ واستخدام مقياس للسلوک العدواني وتم التحقق من خصائص السيکومترية للادوات المستخدمة ، وقد تم تطبيق البرنامج الارشادي على المجموعة التجريبية لمدة شهر ونصف. توصلت نتائج الدراسة إلى أن البرنامج الارشادي فعال في خفض السلوک العدواني على الدرجة الکلية وفي الأبعاد الثلاثة العدوان الجسدي والعدوان اللفظي والعدوان النفسي واتلاف الممتلکات، وأن هناک فروق بين أفراد المجموعة التجريبية والمجموعة الضابطة لصالح المجموعة التجريبية في القياس البعدي في تخفيض السلوک العدواني، کما توصلت نتائج الدراسة إلى ن البرنامج الارشادي قد استمر اثره خلال شهر لدى الطالبات، وقد حافظت الطالبات على المستوى المنخفض من السلوک العدواني سواء على الدرجة الکلية أو على الأبعاد الثلاثة وهي البعد الجسدي والبعد اللفظي والبعد النفسي وتلاف الممتلکات، وبناء على نتائج الدراسة تم التوصل الى جموعة من التوصيات ومن ابرزها الاهتمام بالطالبات في هذه المرحلة العمرية والعمل على تطبيق البرنامج الارشادي على هذه الفئة حتى يتم التخلص من السلوک العدواني لديهن. الکلمات المفتاحية: البرنامج الارشادي، السلوک العدواني. المرحلة الابتدائية. Abstract Effectiveness Of Group Counseling Program In Reducing Aggressive Behavior Of Sixth Grade Female Student At Al Bahah. The objective of the present study was to identify the effectiveness of a collective counseling program to reduce the aggressive behavior of sixth grade students in Al-Baha area. To achieve the objectives of the study, a measure of aggressive behavior was developed and its cytometric characteristics were evaluated. A sample of (15) female students in experimental group and (15) female students to control group. The student program was applied to the experimental group for approximately one month and half. The results of the study showed that the extension program is useful in reducing aggressive behavior on the overall score and in the three dimensions of physical aggression, verbal aggression, psychological aggression and damage to property. And that there are differences between the experimental group and the control group in favor of the experimental group in telemetry in reducing aggressive behavior , The results of the study also found that the extension program lasted for one month in the students and maintained a low level of aggressive behavior Whether on the whole degree or on the three dimensions of physical dimension and the dimension of verbal and psychological dimension and the destruction of property, and based on the results of the study was out some recommendations, including attention to students at this age and work on the application of the program Counseling on this category until their aggressive behavior is eliminated. Keywords: Counseling Program, Aggressive Behavior.

The Human Dimension of Peace and Aggression

Since the adoption of the Charter of the United Nations (UN Charter), the current international legal framework has drastically changed. In its traditional understanding, aggression is ‘the supreme international crime’ aimed at protecting sovereignty and territorial integrity of states. On the other hand, the UN Charter endorses an understanding of peace in the negative sense, i.e. as mere absence of war. As human rights have gained momentum, they have helped reshaping the legal landscape, a phenomenon referred to as the humanization of international law. How do peace and aggression fit within the humanized legal framework? This article will investigate the effects of the humanization of international law on peace and aggression. Specifically, a new trend is emerging, whereby it seems that human rights, more than the maintenance of peace per se, are increasingly seen as the pivotal aim of the current legal framework. Ultimately, this analysis will question whether this is a welcomed development and will highlight its risks.

Nonprofit entrepreneurial orientation: A systematic literature review and conceptual framework

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to propose a set of factors that characterize the manifestation of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) in nonprofit organizations (NPOs), and we performed a systematic review of the literature. Initially, 17 studies were identified in different databases, and after a full reading of the documents that met the objective of this study, we selected and qualitatively analyzed 14 theoretical and empirical studies about EO in the nonprofit context. The studies analyzed allowed us to understand the characteristics of organizational entrepreneurship in NPOs, through the dimensions of innovativeness, proactivity, risk‐taking, autonomy, and competitive aggressiveness, in addition to the reciprocity dimension, which emerged from the literature. By adding reciprocity as the sixth dimension of the EO construct, it was possible to group a set factors related to each dimension which, after being refined, supported the proposition of a conceptual framework for an empirical analysis of entrepreneurial behavior in different contexts of NPOs. This study contributes to the systematization of factors that configure the manifestation of EO in the nonprofit sector, by proposing a conceptual framework entailing six dimensions of EO and propositions for future studies.