Dimension Of Class Research Articles

On the Dominant Local Metric Dimension of Graphs

Mathematics is used throughout the world as an essential tool in many fields. One of the new concepts in Graph Theory as the branch of mathematics is defined in this paper which is called the dominant local metric dimension. Let G be a connected graph. The ordered subsetWl = {w1, w2, w3, …, wn} ⊆ V(G) is called a dominant local resolving set of G if Wl is a local resolving set as well as a dominating set of G. A dominant local resolving set of G with minimum cardinality is called the dominant local basis of G. The cardinality of the dominant local basis of G is called the dominant local metric dimension of G and denoted by Ddiml(G). In this article, we present the methods for determining the dominant local metric dimension of graphs, characterize the dominant local metric dimension of graph G, and also determine the dominant local metric dimension of some particular classes of graphs.

The Role of Significant Digits of Fractal Dimension for the Measurement of Texture in SAR Images

The present work deals with fractal-based texture measurement of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. Various land classes have been identified by classifying SAR images, and the fractal dimension is estimated for differentiating the classes. Three types of SAR images, viz., synthetic images, simulated SAR images, and satellite SAR images, have been used in the study. An issue with fractal dimension-based measurement is how many digits after decimal point should be considered for estimating fractal dimension? Since fractal dimension is calculated as a ratio, the major challenge is the decidability of significant digits for land classes. The issue has been overcome by discussing the feasibility of fractal dimension for the land classes defined by USGS and the calculated ratio for 200×200 values. As an achievement of the work, it is concluded that two digits of the decimal are sufficient to represent the fractal dimension of land classes.

Morse index of multiplicity one min-max minimal hypersurfaces

In this paper, we prove that the Morse index of a multiplicity one, smooth, min-max minimal hypersurface is generically equal to the dimension of the homology class detected by the families used in the construction. This confirms part of the program ([31], [34], [36], [43]) proposed by the authors with the goal of developing a Morse theory for the area functional.

DIAGNÓSTICO DO USO E COBERTURA DA TERRA NOS RESERVATÓRIOS PÚBLICOS DO MUNICÍPIO DE PAU DOS FERROS, RN, BRASIL

Objetivo da pesquisa é classificar, mensurar e mapear as dimensões espaciais das classes de uso e cobertura da terra nos reservatórios públicos 25 de Março e Dr. Pedro Diógenes Fernandes, ambos pertencente ao município de Pau dos Ferros, estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Para os procedimentos metodológicos, utilizou-se as técnicas de sensoriamento remoto (SIG Qgis versão Lyon 2.12.3), das imagens de média resolução espacial do satélite SENTINEL 2, sensor MSI (Multispectral Instrument), acompanhado pela chave de interpretação. Os resultados mostrou que há possibilidade de uso sustentável, uma vez que a exploração e conservação permanece em equilíbrio, assim sendo, está pesquisa pode subsidiar à conservação do uso dos recursos naturais no entorno dos reservatórios.

The Nation over Gender and Class: Media Framing of Comfort Women in South Korea and Japan

In December 2015, South Korea and Japan reached an agreement on resolving the “comfort women” issue that sparked media interests. This article analyses how the South Korean and Japanese media covered comfort women in 2013–2018. The study collects over 20,000 newspaper articles and analyses distinctive media framings in liberal, conservative and leftist newspapers in South Korea and Japan. During this period, the South Korean media have gone beyond the extant nationalist and feminist narratives and incorporated a class dimension. The authors find that there have been dynamic interplays among nation, gender and class that make the debates more complex and transnational, yet the dominant narratives are still from liberal or leftist nationalists in Korea and conservative statists in Japan.

The Micropolitics of Class and Class Consciousness:

In classical Marxism, the logic of class struggle is located in the antagonism between two major classes of the capitalist system. However, the “agrarian question,” and uneven development of capitalism across the globe – along with colonial and postcolonial realities – have problematized the bipolar idea of class and revolutionary politics. Bangladeshi writer Akhtaruzzaman Elias’ fictions embody the contradictions arising from the disparity between the structural dimension of class and its articulation in emancipatory movements. This paper, focusing its investigation on Elias’ magnum opus Khoabnama, explores the micropolitical and dynamic dimensions of class by addressing Elias’ depiction of the inner contradictions of subjective experiences and internal dialectics of class struggle. The micrological divisions within a class and the implications associated with such divisions are outlined here. Besides, the paper also offers an organic understanding of class consciousness which develops from the subjective experience of exploitation and resistance and the negotiation with the immanent potential of social transformation.

Learning Privately with Labeled and Unlabeled Examples

A private learner is an algorithm that given a sample of labeled individual examples outputs a generalizing hypothesis while preserving the privacy of each individual. In 2008, Kasiviswanathan et al. (FOCS 2008) gave a generic construction of private learners, in which the sample complexity is (generally) higher than what is needed for non-private learners. This gap in the sample complexity was then further studied in several followup papers, showing that (at least in some cases) this gap is unavoidable. Moreover, those papers considered ways to overcome the gap, by relaxing either the privacy or the learning guarantees of the learner. We suggest an alternative approach, inspired by the (non-private) models of semi-supervised learning and active-learning, where the focus is on the sample complexity of labeled examples whereas unlabeled examples are of a significantly lower cost. We consider private semi-supervised learners that operate on a random sample, where only a (hopefully small) portion of this sample is labeled. The learners have no control over which of the sample elements are labeled. Our main result is that the labeled sample complexity of private learners is characterized by the VC dimension. We present two generic constructions of private semi-supervised learners. The first construction is of learners where the labeled sample complexity is proportional to the VC dimension of the concept class, however, the unlabeled sample complexity of the algorithm is as big as the representation length of domain elements. Our second construction presents a new technique for decreasing the labeled sample complexity of a given private learner, while roughly maintaining its unlabeled sample complexity. In addition, we show that in some settings the labeled sample complexity does not depend on the privacy parameters of the learner.

The Correlation between Social Deixis and Social Class in a Speech by Nobel Prize Winners: A Sociopragmatic Study

This article aims to identify the relationship between one of the linguistic forms such as deixis, specifically social deixis, and the speakers’ social class. Thus, the usage of social deixis by Nobel Prize winners in their speech, are analysed. The data are taken from the banquet speech of Nobel Prize winners. This research conducted to find out the types of social deixis used by Nobel Prize winners using Levinson’s theory, which are absolute and relational, and its correlation with speakers’ social class. This research applies Block’s theory to provide the aspects or dimensions in social class. Furthermore, other additional theories are also provided to support the main theories. This qualitative descriptive research socio-linguistically provides insight into people’s social class that identified through linguistic feature like social deixis. The findings show that all types of social deixis which are absolute and relational can be identified from every speech uttered by the Nobel Prize winners. In accordance with the social class, only the relational type that can be correlated with the speakers’ social class. Through the finding of the research, the relational type of social deixis can determine the speakers’ social class dimensions and they are wealth, occupation, education, and social networking.

2D–3D comparison of the temporomandibular joint in skeletal Class II versus Class I adults: A retrospective study

To compare the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) morphological characteristics in people with Class II versus Class I sagittal skeletal relationship and to identify other factors that influence the TMJ dimensions. This cross-sectional and retrospective study evaluated 188 people divided into two groups, 92 cone-beam computed tomographies (CBCTs) and lateral radiographs (LR) of people with Skeletal class II relationship with Class II division 1 malocclusion versus 96 CBCTs and LR of people with Class I skeletal relationship and Class I malocclusion (controls). The CBCTs included people of both sexes, aged between 15 and 65 years old. The 3D Imaging Carestream Software was used to evaluate the condyle height and neck width, mediolateral and anteroposterior condyle dimensions, the shape of the glenoid fossa and condyle in the CBCTs. Likewise, the ANB angle, the Wits appraisal and other measurements were evaluated on LR. Besides, Mann-Whitney U, Chi2 and multiple linear regression tests were performed. The significance level was set at P˂0.05. The mediolateral and anteroposterior condyle dimensions were smaller in class II people (1.82mm and 0.29mm, respectively) than class I people (P<0.05). Likewise, height and neck width of condyle were smaller in class II people (0.73mm and 0.40mm, respectively) than class I people (P<0.05). Multiple linear regression identified mainly the ANB angle as a factor (P<0.05) that influenced the dimensions, decreasing the condyle dimensions in skeletal class II relationship. People with skeletal class II relationship showed smaller condyle dimension values than class I people. A decrease in the dimensions of the eminence and the condyle could be expected when the ANB angle increases.

Symmetry classes of tensors associated with certain groups

For n≥1, the group U6n=〈a,b:a2n=b3=1,a−1ba=b−1〉 has order 6n. We prove that there is no orthogonal basis of decomposable symmetrized tensors for the symmetry classes of tensors associated with the non-linear irreducible characters of U6n. Moreover, the dimensions of these symmetry classes are also given.

Some new results on dimension and Bose distance for various classes of BCH codes

In this paper, we give the dimension and the minimum distance of two subclasses of narrow-sense primitive BCH codes over Fq with designed distance δ=aqm−1−1(resp. δ=aqm−1q−1) for all 1≤a≤q−1, where q is a prime power and m>1 is a positive integer. As a consequence, we obtain an affirmative answer to two conjectures proposed by C. Ding in 2015. Furthermore, using the previous part, we extend some results of Yue and Hu [16], and we give the dimension and, in some cases, the Bose distance for a large designed distance in the range [aqm−1q−1,aqm−1q−1+T] for 0≤a≤q−2, where T=qm+12−1 if m is odd, and T=2qm2−1 if m is even.

Investigation of the Relationship Between Mandibular Morphology and Upper Airway Dimensions

In this study, the authors aimed to perform a novel and extensive analysis, based on the most applicable correlations between the mandibular and upper airway parameters, using cone beam computed tomography across all malocclusion classes. The authors also focused on gender-dependent differences in an Iranian population. Images were acquired from adult patients using cone beam computed tomography. The patients were classified into three groups of malocclusion classes (class I: 13 males and 27 females, class II: 13 males and 27 females, and class III: 25 males and 15 females). For each patient, 10 parameters for the mandible and 23 parameters for the pharynx, pyriform aperture, and nasal cavity were evaluated in the images. Pearson's correlation coefficient showed significant correlations between the mandibular morphology and upper airway dimensions in each malocclusion class. In females, the menton angle had a significant correlation with pharyngeal dimensions in all malocclusion classes. In males, the bigonial width, bicondylar width, and symphyseal height of the mandible were correlated with pharyngeal dimensions in all classes. The greatest correlation between the mandible and upper airways was observed in class III malocclusions, and the lowest correlation was observed in class I malocclusions. In addition, the mandibular parameters had relationships with the nasal cavity and pyriform aperture. It is important to consider the knowledge of the relationship between some characteristics of the mandible and airways in various clinical approaches.

The dominant metric dimension of graphs

The G be a connected graph with vertex set V(G) and edge set E(G). A subset S⊆V(G) is called a dominating set of G if for every vertex x in V(G)∖S, there exists at least one vertex u in S such that x is adjacent to u. An ordered set W⊆V(G) is called a resolving set of G, if every pair of vertices u and v in V(G) have distinct representation with respect to W. An ordered set S⊆V(G) is called a dominant resolving set of G, if S is a resolving set and also a dominating set of G. The minimum cardinality of dominant resolving set is called a dominant metric dimension of G, denoted by Ddim(G). In this paper, we investigate the dominant metric dimension of some particular class of graphs, the characterisation of graph with certain dominant metric dimension, and the dominant metric dimension of joint and comb products of graphs.

Evaluation of Lower Anterior Facial Height and Incisors Vertical Dimension after Class II Division 1 Treatment

Introduction: Orthodontic treatment of class II division 1 malocclusion by extracting the maxillary first premolar causes vertical dimensional change is still a matter of debate. The purpose of this research was to determine the vertical changes of the lower anterior facial height and maxillary incisor vertical dimensions in class II division 1 malocclusion after orthodontic treatment with Edgewise technique. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on the cephalometry of 24 patients before and after orthodontic treatment with inclusion criteria as follows: Angle Class II division 1 malocclusion, aged 18-30 years old. Measurements were taken for the lower anterior facial height (ANS - Me) and maxillary incisor vertical dimensions by performing an Upper Anterior Dental Height (UADH). Data analysis used was the Wilcoxon test for unpaired data. Results: The result of p-value = 0.195 &gt; 0.05 for lower anterior face height showed no significant difference; and p-value = 0.878 &gt; 0.05 for UADH also showed no significant difference. Conclusion: Orthodontic treatment for class II division 1 malocclusion with the removal of two premolars does not change the lower anterior facial height and maxillary incisor vertical dimensions.

Assessment of airway dimensions in skeletal Class I malocclusion patients with various vertical facial patterns: A cephalometric study in a sample of the Saudi population.

OBJECTIVE:To compare airway widths among skeletal Class I malocclusion patients with different vertical facial patterns.MATERIAL AND METHODS:A total of 103 lateral cephalograms of skeletal Class I patients (mean age of 20 ± 2.3 years) with no history of orthodontic treatment, trauma, facial syndromes, or nasopharyngeal dysfunction were included. Based on the Frankfort–mandibular plane angle measurements, the sample was divided into three groups: low-angle, high-angle, and normal-angle groups. Upper and lower pharyngeal airway widths were measured as described by McNamara. The analysis of variance test was performed to compare the means of groups. Pairwise comparisons were performed using Tukey's post-hoc test. Differences were considered statistically significant at P < 0.05.RESULTS:ANOVA showed a significant mean difference between the groups for both the upper and lower airway widths with P values of 0.011 and 0.003, respectively. Tukey Pairwise comparisons showed the upper airway width to be significantly narrower in the high-angle group compared to the normal-angle (P = 0.021) and low-angle groups (P = 0.013). Furthermore, the lower airway width in the high angle group was significantly narrower than the normal angle (P = 0.020) and low-angle groups (P = 0.017). There were no statistically significant differences between normal and low angle groups.CONCLUSIONS:The upper and lower pharyngeal widths in the Class I high-angle group were significantly narrower than those in the normal-angle and low-angle groups.

Evaluation of sagittal airway dimensions after face mask therapy with rapid maxillary expansion in Class III growing patients

ObjectiveThe aim of this investigation was to analyze the effects of RME and FM on the airway dimensions in Class III patients compared with untreated controls. MethodsA sample of 47 Class III patients treated with RME and FM was analyzed. The treated group was compared with 18 untreated controls. Lateral cephalograms for each patient at T1, T2, and T3 were digitized. ResultsAt long-term evaluation a significant increase in airway size and a significant decrease in adenoid size were found in the treated group as well as an improvement in the pharynx dimension. During active treatment the treated group showed a significant improvement in lower airway size and in lower pharynx dimension. A significant decrease in adenoid size was also found. ConclusionThe treatment with RME and FM produced favorable stable changes in the airway dimensions in Class III subjects when compared with untreated controls.

Influence of Teaching Style on Physical Education Adolescents' Motivation and Health-Related Lifestyle.

According to various WHO reports in 2018, a large number of adolescents worldwide are either overweight or obese. This situation is the result of not following a healthy and balanced diet, combined with a lack of practice of physical activity. In this sense, Physical Education classes could help to solve the problem. The present study seeks to analyze the relationship between the role of the teacher in relation to the structural dimensions of the PE teaching environment and the basic psychological needs and self-motivation of adolescents as determinants of their behaviors related to eating habits and the practice of physical activity. A total of 1127 secondary school adolescents between the ages of 13 and 18 participated in this study. Questionnaires were used: Perceived Autonomy Support Scale, Psychologically Controlling Teaching Scale, Basic Psychological Needs in Physical Education, Frustration of Psychological Needs in PE context, Physical Activity Class Satisfaction Questionnaire, Perceived Locus of Causality Revised, and WHO’s Global school-based student health survey. A structural equations model was elaborated to explain the causal relationships between the variables. The results showed that autonomy support positively predicted the three structural dimensions of PE classes, while, in contrast, they were negatively predicted by psychological control. The three structural dimensions positively predicted the satisfaction of psychological needs and negatively predicted the thwarting of psychological needs. Self-determined motivation was positively predicted by the satisfaction of psychological needs and negatively predicted by the thwarting of psychological needs. Finally, self-determined motivation positively predicted healthy eating habits and the practice of physical activity and negatively predicted unhealthy eating habits. Certainly, the results obtained in this study support the postulates of the self-determination theory, demonstrating the predictability of PE class context towards the adoption of healthy lifestyle habits, such as a proper diet and the regular practice of physical activity.

Exact lower bounds for the agnostic probably-approximately-correct (PAC) machine learning model

We provide an exact nonasymptotic lower bound on the minimax expected excess risk (EER) in the agnostic probably-approximately-correct (PAC) machine learning classification model and identify minimax learning algorithms as certain maximally symmetric and minimally randomized “voting” procedures. Based on this result, an exact asymptotic lower bound on the minimax EER is provided. This bound is of the simple form $c_{\infty}/\sqrt{\nu}$ as $\nu\to\infty$, where $c_{\infty}=0.16997\dots$ is a universal constant, $\nu=m/d$, $m$ is the size of the training sample and $d$ is the Vapnik–Chervonenkis dimension of the hypothesis class. It is shown that the differences between these asymptotic and nonasymptotic bounds, as well as the differences between these two bounds and the maximum EER of any learning algorithms that minimize the empirical risk, are asymptotically negligible, and all these differences are due to ties in the mentioned “voting” procedures. A few easy to compute nonasymptotic lower bounds on the minimax EER are also obtained, which are shown to be close to the exact asymptotic lower bound $c_{\infty}/\sqrt{\nu}$ even for rather small values of the ratio $\nu=m/d$. As an application of these results, we substantially improve existing lower bounds on the tail probability of the excess risk. Among the tools used are Bayes estimation and apparently new identities and inequalities for binomial distributions.

Effects of functional appliance treatment on pharyngeal airway passage dimensions in Class II malocclusion subjects with retrognathic mandibles: A systematic review

Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the pharyngeal airway passage (PAP) dimension changes following functional appliance treatment in Class II malocclusion subjects with retrognathic mandibles. Materials and Methods: Two authors independently searched various electronic databases such as PubMed, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Scopus, NCBI, and Google Scholar for the available literature within the period from January 1, 2001, to December 31, 2018. On the basis of population, intervention, comparison, and outcome, “changes in PAP dimensions following functional appliance therapy in skeletal Class II malocclusion subjects associated with mandibular retrusion” was considered as search question of the study. After the selection and removal of duplicate articles, assessment for risk of bias was calculated and the data from the included articles were extracted by two authors independently. Results: From six databases and additional hand searching, a total of 5784 articles were extracted. Of 5784 articles, 3754 articles were screened after removal of 2030 duplicates. After going through the title and abstract, 3197 articles were excluded and 40 articles were assessed for full text. From these 40 articles, eight articles fulfilled our inclusion and exclusion criteria for the qualitative synthesis review. Conclusions: The correction of mandibular deficiency by functional appliances has minimum effect on the nasopharynx. Functional appliance treatment has a significant effect on the improvement of the oropharyngeal airway. Changes of hypopharyngeal airway passage need to be studied further among Class II malocclusion subjects with retrognathic mandibles.

Acoustic pharyngometry vs lateral cephalometry: A comparative evaluation of pharyngeal airway dimensions in patients with skeletal class I and skeletal class II malocclusion

PurposeThe objective of this study was to study the difference in upper airway parameters using two different techniques, i.e. with lateral cephalometry vis-a-vis acoustic pharyngometry in skeletal class I and class II subjects and to find any correlation in airway parameters recorded on cephalogram and acoustic pharyngometer. Materials and methodsSixty orthodontic patients with average growth pattern (FMA=22–28°) were divided in to two groups based on sagittal jaw relationship. Pharyngeal airway dimensions were measured by two different techniques, i.e. on lateral cephalogram and acoustic Pharyngometry. The airway dimensions were compared across both the groups using these techniques. ResultsThe linear airway parameters and total oropharyngeal area measured on lateral cephalogram (P-value 0.008) were significantly higher in skeletal class I patients. Total oropharyngeal area measured using acoustic pharyngometry was significantly higher in skeletal class I patients (P=0.009). The average area on lateral cephalogram and on acoustic pharyngometry did not differ significantly in skeletal class I group (P=0.590). The comparison of average area in skeletal class II malocclusion group on lateral cephalogram and acoustic pharyngometry also did not differ significantly (P=0.603). The average area on lateral cephalogram obtained by digital planimeter and acoustic pharyngometry did not differ significantly in both the classes of malocclusion (P=0.405). ConclusionThe null hypothesis is rejected as there is significant difference in airway dimensions in skeletal class I and class II subjects and there is a positive correlation in airway parameters as recorded on lateral cephalogram and acoustic pharyngometer.