Dimensional Photonic Crystal Structure Research Articles

One dimensional photonic crystal structure comprising a hyperbolic metamaterial for optical filtering purpose

One dimensional photonic crystal structure comprising a hyperbolic metamaterial for optical filtering purpose

A proposal for all optical digital multiplexer using photonic crystal-based nonlinear ring resonators

Abstract For realizing an all optical photonic crystal (PhC)-based Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), one needs an optical 4 to 1 digital multiplexer. This device is a logic circuit in which by using two control ports one can connect four input lines to the output port. In this paper we used nonlinear ring resonators combined with optical waveguides to realize an optical digital multiplexer inside two dimensional PhC structure. The final structure was simulated using finite difference time domain method. The simulation results show that the maximum time delay of the final structure is about 3 ps.

A Comparative Analysis of Pressure Sensing Parameters for Two Dimensional Photonic Crystal Sensors Based on Si and GaAs

A pressure sensor based on two dimensional photonic crystal structure is presented. The structure considered for sensing is a lattice of air holes surrounded by semiconductor material. A waveguide with central microcavity is formed by filling air holes with semiconductor material. The sensing principle depends upon the shifting of central wavelength of peak towards higher wavelength region when the pressure is raised. The proposed pressure sensor can work in the range 0–5 GPa. Using this structure, two semiconductors, Si and GaAs, have been taken for analysis. It is found that shifting of resonant wavelength with pressure is more pronounced in GaAs than Si. In the dynamic range 0–5 GPa, sensitivity for sensor with Si is estimated as 1.674 nm/GPa while it is 17.00 nm/GPa for sensor with GaAs. The quality factor and figure of merit (FOM) is also found to be higher for GaAs sensor.

Optical Properties of One Dimensional Ternary Metamaterial Photonic Crystal

AbstractIn this paper, optical properties of one dimensional ternary metamaterial photonic crystal structures are studied. This structure is composed as (ENG/dielectric/MNG)N with N number of layers. This paper numerically studies the transmission behavior of one dimensional ternary metamaterial structure by using well known transfer matrix method. The transmission characteristics of such structure are examined with variation of refractive index and thickness of dielectric layer. Hence, the present study supports the potential application for tunable filter applications.

TE Transmittance properties of one-dimensional symmetric quinary photonic crystals

In this work, a symmetric one dimensional quinary photonic crystal structure is proposed. The unit cell of the proposed structure is composed of materials chosen in such a way that the refractive index of the central layer is the highest among the two neighbouring layers from both sides. Basically, the transmittance of the S-polarized transverse electric () mode is obtained numerically using the transfer matrix method. The effect of several parameters such as the number of periods, the layer thickness and the angle of incidence of radiation on transmittance of the structure is investigated. The effect of changing thickness and refractive index of the central layer on the transmittance is found to play the major rule in tuning the photonic bandgap. The proposed structure is expected to be a good candidate for applications such as antireflection coatings used in solar cells, wide-angle reflectors and pressure or temperature sensors.

Realization of fluoride sensor using two dimensional photonic structures and machine learning model

Present research computes the concentration of fluoride in water with the help of all type of two dimensional photonic structures and machine learning model. The current work has a certain primacy relating to the several types of losses in the photonic structures. Further this paper considers silicon based square, triangular and honeycomb based two dimensional photonic crystal structures. Aside this, mathematical models are developed using the linear regression algorithm to prophesy the concentration of fluoride in the water by knowing the power emerging from the proposed structure. Moreover the above said machine learning model discloses the relationship between concentration of fluoride and output power as $$ {\text{concentration}} = 17979 \times {\text{output power}} - 11548,{\text{ concentration}} = 7902.8 \times {\text{output power}} - 4438.2{\text{ and concentration}} = 446.47 \times {\text{output power}} - 274 $$ with the error of 5.405%, 6.6762%, and 15.806% corresponding to the square, triangular and honeycomb structure respectively. Finally, the present model indicates that both square and triangular photonic structures are paramount candidates to estimate the fluoride concentration rather honeycomb as it suffers glut error.

Sensitivity enhancement of annular one dimensional photonic crystals temperature sensors with nematic liquid crystals

A novel design of one dimensional annular photonic crystals with a low birefringence nematic liquid crystal as a defect layer is introduced. The output field of the sensor structure is plotted after different optimization steps on all constituents such as thickness and core radius of the starting medium. The performance of the sensor was studied using different quality parameters such as sensitivity, figure of merit, detection limit and resolution. The designed sensor exhibits a sensitivity of about 0.224 nm °C−1 due to the presence of the liquid crystal material. The proposed sensor design can be used as a narrowband optical filter in the visible region around two wavelengths: 600 nm and 700 nm. As an optoelectronic device, this structure can serve as a temperature sensor with higher sensitivity than the conventional one dimensional photonic crystal structures and photonic crystals fibers.

Dimethyl sulfoxide infiltrated photonic crystals for gas sensing

Colorimetric sensors were fabricated by embedding three dimensional (3D) inverse opal photonic crystal (IOPC) structure inside a dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) infiltrated carboxymethyl cellulose membrane for gas sensing. The DMSO infiltrated IOPC (DMSO-IOPC) carboxymethyl cellulose sensors can perform visual, on-site monitoring for analytes including alcohols, acetone and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). After exposed to alcohols and acetone, the mean effective refractive index (RI) and lattice constant of DMSO-IOPCs were changed, which led to a redshift of diffraction peak of the incident light. Sequentially their structural color changed remarkably. The limit of detection (LOD) for methanol and ethanol vapors are 110 ppm and 102 ppm, respectively. The H2O2 sensor is also achieved by using DMSO-IOPCs, and the diffraction blue-shifted when they were exposed to H2O2 vapor. In addition, this DMSO-IOPC sensor shows excellent selectivity and reversibility. The sensing mechanism of the DMSO-IOPC membranes was explained and simulated using finite-different time-domain (FDTD) method, and the experimental results were consistent with the simulated results. The DMSO-IOPCs demonstrate promising potential for in-situ monitoring of alcohol vapors, and could be used for peroxides detection and as a cheap and minimally invasive breathalyzer.

Hybrid all-optical infrared metal-insulator-metal plasmonic switch incorporating photonic crystal bandgap structures

A novel hybrid all-optical infrared switch based on metal-insulator-metal plasmonic and one dimensional photonic crystal structures is introduced in this paper. A photonic crystal lattice composed of two different (low and high refractive index) Kerr materials is located at the center of the switch. Two plasmonic metal-insulator-metal waveguides are used to transfer the data signal. Also, two dielectric waveguides are used as input and output pump ports. The existence of two separate paths for data and pump signals results in good isolation between such signals. The photonic crystal lattice creates a photonic bandgap region with sharp transmission edges in the data signal path. The created edges in data signal path can be used for the switching mechanism. The proposed structure can operate as an all-optical switch using different Kerr materials. The benefits of the proposed switch are having isolated signal and control ports and also its versatile topology. The switch can easily be redesigned and adapted with different Kerr materials for different applications. Furthermore, since a hybrid photonic crystal-plasmonic topology is used, it benefits both from the advantages of plasmonic and PhC structures. Based on the mentioned advantages, the proposed switch can be used as a basis to design other complex optical circuits.

Vanadium dioxide-based one-dimensional hybrid photonic crystal nanostructure with tunable thermal characteristics

One dimensional photonic crystal structure with a vanadium dioxide (VO2) layer sandwiched by germanium (Ge) and zinc sulfide (ZnS) layers was deposited using physical vapor deposition (PVD) combined with spin-coating method (SCM). Microstructure of this multilayer is characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The result shows a high accordance with design. The phase transition of VO2 induced mid-infrared modulation was studied by analyzing the measured radiant temperatures and hemispherical total emissivity. The trend of those two data varies with different thickness of VO2, which provides guidance to decide the thickness of VO2 at certain circumstance.

High sensitivity sensing system theoretical research base on waveguide-nano DBRs one dimensional photonic crystal microstructure

In this paper, we propose a novel wavelength modulation system dedicated to improve the performance of the integrated silicon microsensor. This system includes light source, waveguide, distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) and optical spectrum analyzer. Here, the silicon waveguide and two nano DBRs were designed to be one dimensional photonic crystal structure, which can implement wider modulation range in the photonic band gap. The rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA) method was used to quantitatively calculate transmissivity of each wavelength photon, and then spectral data in different displacement were obtained. By analyzing the defect modes in the spectrum, typical performance indicators of this modulation system are demonstrated as follows: The wavelength defect mode can be modulated from 1.2μm to 2.7μm, corresponding displacement is from 0 to 1.5μm; System sensitivity is up to 1.23-1.41, linearity ranges from 0.99 to 0.9999 for order 1 defect mode; The minimum peak transmittance of defect mode is greater than 0.68 based on 1 pm wavelength calculated step. Compared with the same type of system reported, the performance indicators have obvious advantages, and it is expected to directly improve the sensor performance by combining with the existing micro-mechanical structure.

Analysis of Reflectance in Silicon Based Ternary Photonic Crystal Waveguide to Realize Mirror Application

We investigate the silicon based ternary photonic crystal waveguide for possible mirror application. Photonic crystal waveguide is perceived by one dimensional photonic crystal structure, which consists of ternary periodic structure, where ternary periodic layer is implemented by the combination of silicon-air-silicon dioxide layers. Here, plane wave expansion method is applied to such periodic structure to acquire the reflectance characteristics. Simulation result demonstrates that number of layers in the periodic structure plays an important role for the same. Further the structure is optimized for 100% reflectivity. It is also found that wavelength band shift gradually increases from 8 to 32 ternary layers.

Design of Compact MEMS Antenna Based on Photonic Crystal Structure

The miniaturized and integration antenna is designed to utilize high dielectric constant silicon substrate. Because of the inverse relation between planar size and dielectric constant, the proposed silicon antenna has very compact planar size. In order to enhance radiation efficiency of silicon antenna, the design method of photonic crystal antenna is proposed by applying periodical triangular lattice. Three dimensional MEMS manufacturing technology is used to fabricate the proposed antennas by photoetching, ICP through-hole etching and bonding processes, which can accurately realize cavity, air through-holes and other subtle and complicated structures. The experiment results demonstrate the MEMS antenna can obviously extend working bandwidth and improve radiation gain of the original antenna based on two dimensional triangle lattice photonic crystal structure.

Bioresorbable optical sensor systems for monitoring of intracranial pressure and temperature.

Continuous measurements of pressure and temperature within the intracranial, intraocular, and intravascular spaces provide essential diagnostic information for the treatment of traumatic brain injury, glaucoma, and cardiovascular diseases, respectively. Optical sensors are attractive because of their inherent compatibility with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Existing implantable optical components use permanent, nonresorbable materials that must be surgically extracted after use. Bioresorbable alternatives, introduced here, bypass this requirement, thereby eliminating the costs and risks of surgeries. Here, millimeter-scale bioresorbable Fabry-Perot interferometers and two dimensional photonic crystal structures enable precise, continuous measurements of pressure and temperature. Combined mechanical and optical simulations reveal the fundamental sensing mechanisms. In vitro studies and histopathological evaluations quantify the measurement accuracies, operational lifetimes, and biocompatibility of these systems. In vivo demonstrations establish clinically relevant performance attributes. The materials, device designs, and fabrication approaches outlined here establish broad foundational capabilities for diverse classes of bioresorbable optical sensors.

A new-fangled high dimensional waveguide for multiple sensing applications using finite difference time domain method

Multiple type of sensing is envisaged in this communication using high dimensional waveguide at visible signal, where high dimensional waveguide deals with silicon based two dimensional photonic crystal structure. Further finite difference time domain method is manipulated with above said waveguide to realize the aforementioned sensing application. Moreover the proposed photonic structure has couple of benefits vis-à-vis “minimization of bending loss” and sensing application. However this article deals with the sensing application only where the principle of sensing application is based on the propagation of electricfield in the crystal waveguide. Simulation results divulge that photonic crystal waveguide with apposite structure parameter (nature of material, lattice spacing, diameter, configuration of structure) play a vital role for the same. Finally this paper discloses that silicon based photonic crystal waveguide is an apt candidate for UV to IR application.

Optical properties of woodpile structures for application on the surface of photonic devices

The paper brings new concept and useful technique, how to modify diffraction and optical properties of different optical and optoelectronical devices by application of three dimensional (3D) photonic crystal structures made of polymer in the surface of photonic devices. This paper is focused on the design, fabrication and characterization of woodpile structures based on IP-Dip polymer for application on the output aperture of optical fiber. The woodpile structures with different periods were fabricated by 3D laser lithography using direct laser writing process based on two-photon absorption mechanism. Effect of woodpile structures on diffraction properties was investigated using of light emitting diode by measurement of radiation patterns in wide range of visible and near infrared spectrum. Also the photonic band gap was simulated and revealed in woodpile structure.

Improving the performance of hollow fiber surface plasssmon resonance sensor with one dimensional photonic crystal structure.

A high performance hollow fiber (HF) surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor utilizing one-dimensional photonic crystal (1DPC) is proposed. The performance of the designed sensor is analyzed theoretically with respect to the center wavelength and the bilayer period. Because the light transmitted in the sensor mostly have large incident angles, the center wavelength of the 1DPC should shift to longer wavelength to ensure the band gap covers the spectrum range of the incident light. The sensor exhibits better performance when the detection spectral range is located in the band gap of 1DPC for incident angle larger than 80°. Compared to conventional HF SPR sensor, the figure of merit (FOM) of the proposed sensor is three to four times higher while the sensitivity is comparable. Moreover, within the limited spectrum range of 400 to 800nm, the proposed sensor have much wider refractive index (RI) detection range and can detect sensed medium with low RI very close to the supporting tube.

Investigation on modified quasi-square PCRR based demultiplexer for WDM applications

A nano periodic two dimensional photonic crystal (2DPC) structure is proposed to design Ring Resonator based eight channels demultiplexer for wavelength division multiplexing applications. The proposed demultiplexer is composed of linear bus waveguide, modified quasi square ring resonator and L bend waveguide. The channel selection is done by altering the size of the ring resonator. The finite difference time domain and plane wave expansion methods are utilized to calculate the normalized transmission and photonic band gap of the structure. The proposed demultiplexer is dropped eight channels that are centred at 1606.8, 1608.8, 1610.4, 1612.4, 1613.9, 1615.9, 1617.7 and 1619.3 nm. The average transmission efficiency, Q factor, and line spacing are 90 %, 1960 and 1.8 nm, respectively. The miniaturized size of this device could be implemented effectively for photonic integrated circuits for dense wavelength division multiplexing applications.

Characterization of one dimensional liquid crystal photonic crystal structure

In this paper, one-dimensional photonic crystal with periodic multilayers of dielectrics and central nematic liquid crystal (NLC) defect is presented and analyzed. The transmission and field distribution of the transverse magnetic (TM) mode through the suggested design are studied using finite element time domain method. The effect of the structure geometrical parameters on the transmission of the TM mode is investigated and analyzed. Further, the impacts of the rotation angle of the director of NLC and temperature are also studied. The numerical results show that the reported design can be used as an optical filter around a wavelength of 1300nm which is very important for communication applications. Additionally, the suggested design has high tunability due to the infiltration of the NLC material.

An optical demultiplexer based on photonic crystal ring resonators

A 4-channel wavelength division demultiplexer based on photonic crystal ring resonators suitable for WDM applications is proposed in this paper. For performing the demultiplexing task, we used four resonant rings with different geometrical parameters. A square lattice of two dimensional photonic crystal structure composed of dielectric rods was used as fundamental structure for designing the demultiplexer, which has two photonic band gap regions. The first band gap covers the optical communication wavelengths. For this demultiplexer, the minimum transmission efficiency is more than 92% and average channel spacing is 3.2nm.