Dimensional Interaction Research Articles

Rotation is All You Need: Cross Dimensional Residual Interaction for Hyperspectral Image Classification

Rotation is All You Need: Cross Dimensional Residual Interaction for Hyperspectral Image Classification

Progressive Downsampling Transformer With Convolution-Based Decoder and Its Application in Gear Pitting Measurement

In Transformer for semantic segmentation, patch embedding usually has only one convolutional layer with a large stride, leading to the decrease of feature extraction capability. Additionally, the complex decoder results in high computation cost. To address above-mentioned two issues, we put forward a progressive downsampling Transformer with convolution-based decoder (PDCDT), which is a simple, efficient yet powerful framework. Specifically, progressive downsampling layers for patch embedding are designed to refine the extracted features and reduce information loss at each stage of the hierarchical Transformer encoder. Meanwhile, a simple decoder based on a convolution (conv) module is proposed for aggregating the characteristic information from multiscale output layers of the encoder, and it can realize dimensional transformation and information interaction with fewer parameters than the decoders used in the existing Transformers. Extensive experiments show that PDCDT achieves competitive results on ADE20K (47.9% mIoU) and Cityscapes (82.6% mIoU). Finally, PDCDT is applied to gear pitting measurement in gear contact fatigue test, and the comparative results indicate that PDCDT can improve the accuracy of pitting detection.

Synthesis, structural and computational studies of a novel anionic synthon and its derivatives

A novel trimethylsilyl anionic synthon: 9-(4'-trimethylsilyl-1',2',3'-triazol-1'-yl)methylanthracene was synthesized by copper catalyzed reaction of 9- chloromethylanthracene, trimethylsilyl acetylene and sodium azide using dimethylformamide as solvent, in 95% yield. Good quality crystals obtained were subjected to X-ray diffraction studies and for the first instance of time, single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of 9-(4'-trimethylsilyl-1',2',3'-triazol-1'-yl)methylanthracene is reported. The X-ray diffraction studies reveal that the compound crystallizes in monoclinic crystal system, with space group of P21/c. The molecular structure analysis show the anthracene- and triazolyl- ring systems being inclined to each other with a dihedral angle of 68.53(2)o. The crystal structure was governed by intermolecular C–H…N interactions. The intermolecular interactions were investigated by Hirshfeld surfaces and its related fingerprint plots indicate H...H interactions to be the predominant one towards the packing of three dimensional Hirshfeld surfaces. Also, the three dimensional interaction energies in a crystal were computed using energy model of B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) and their results showed that the dispersion energy components were dominated by electrostatic components. The density functional theory studies were carried out for the compound C20H21N3Si to investigate electronic properties, and chemical reactivity. Further, the novel compound was protodesilylated by potassium fluoride in methanol solvent to obtain 9-(1',2',3'-triazol-1'-yl)methylanthracene, in 94% yield. Novel 9-(1',2',3'-triazol-1'-yl)methylanthracene was subjected to molecular docking and corrosion inhibitory studies.

New impressive vision solitary wave solutions of the Bogoyavlenskii equation in comparison with its numerical solutions

In this article, we will establish new impressive vision for the solitary solutions of Bogoyavlenskii-equation (BE) that represents the (2 + 1)-dimensional interaction of a Riemann wave propagation along definite axis along wave on the normal to it. A comparison between the achieved results from the point of view of three different mathematical analysis tool methods according to its personal profile name has been constructed. The three methods that are used for this target are the Paul-Painlevé approach method (PPAM), the Ricatti-Bernoulli Sub-ODE method (RBSODM) and the third one is the variational iteration method (VIM). The three suggested methods have been implemented at the same time and parallel to detect different new visions for the solitary wave solutions of proposed model.

Sigma enlarging bridge correction of three dimensional Ornstein–Zernike theory for solvation free energy of polyatomic solutes immersed in Lennard-Jones monatomic solvent

We have studied the applicability of the sigma enlarging bridge (SEB) correction method to the solvation of polyatomic solute molecules in a Lennard-Jones monatomic solvent using the three dimensional Ornstein–Zernike (3D-OZ) theory. It is found that the SEB correction improves the solvation free energy (SFE) significantly. It has been concluded from the analysis of the radial distribution function (RDF) that the parameter included in the SEB function can be transferred from the values of the monatomic solute to those of the polyatomic one for the 3D-OZ theory. The one dimensional reference interaction site model (1D-RISM) theory has also been examined. The SEB correction is found to be applicable to improve the SFE of the 1D-RISM theory. Except for buried or sterically hindered atoms of the solute, the transferability of the SEB parameter has been confirmed in terms of the RDF obtained by the 1D-RISM theory. This paper also examines the applicability of the hybrid closure between the molecular dynamics simulation and the one of the following closure equations—the hyper-netted chain, Kovalenko–Hirata, or Kobryn–Gusarov–Kovalenko equation—for preparing the solvent–solvent correlation function. Using the results of the hybrid closure in addition to the SEB-corrected closure, we discuss the effect of the quality of the correlation functions for the bulk solvent on the accuracy of the SFE.

Gender Differences of the Elderly on the Social and Perceptual Dimensional Interaction in Neighbourhood Park: A Case Study of Beijing

Neighbourhood parks are an essential activity venue for contemporary older adults and potentially impact their health. Most research has focused on the physical and visual dimensions of the park, with some studies demonstrating differences in the visual preferences of gender. Still, there is a lack of detailed research on the social and perceptual dimensions of male and female older people and a lack of research on psycho-emotional satisfaction and mechanisms to alleviate the psychological isolation of older people of different genders. In this study, a mixed research method was conducted to investigate the multi-dimensional interaction of older people using neighbourhood park, with a sample size of 418 participants from the Chaoyang district of Beijing, an integrated research method including questionnaires, semi-structured interviews and observation, Goodman and Kruskal’s gamma analysis and Grounded theory qualitative method applied by using SPSS and NVivo to analyse the elements of neighbourhood parks related psychological outcomes. A conceptual framework of multi-layered social interactions and the influence of different social interactions on the perceptual and psychological dimensions has been conducted, as well as the gender differences. The study found that the social, physical space and perceptual dimensions of neighbourhood parks all contribute to alleviating loneliness among older people, that site-based self-regulation also plays an important role, and that low-level social interactions generally affect older people. In contrast, mid-level social interactions have a significant effect on perceptual and psychological benefits, with a synergistic increase in impact, and older women show a more vital need for social activities and self-expression than men. The findings of this study provide a theoretical basis for a multidimensional spatial mediation to enhance the well-being of older people and provide new ideas for comprehensive multidimensional and multi-level ageing optimisation research.

Structural Investigation, Hirshfeld Surfaces and 3D Interaction Energy Analysis of the Compound 3-aryl-2-cyanoprop-2-enoic Acid

The single-crystal XRD investigation shows that, an entitled compound is crystallized in a triclinic lattice of P1 space group. Inthe crystal, the molecular units are organized by a weak intermolecular C-H. . . O and C-H. . . N interactions. The interactions wereexplored by a three dimensional Hirshfeld surfaces mapped on different properties. The associative two-dimensional fingerprintgraphs are generated to indicate the major driving force of crystal packing. The three dimensional interaction energies are calculatedfor the intermolecular interactions using the energy density wave function of B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) and reported herein.

Don't be a Square: The processing mechanisms characterising the elemental dimensions of width and height.

What are the geometric and information processing characteristics of elementary figures composed of simple physical dimensions? There have been a number of investigations of perception of rectangles, including debate about configurality (e.g., integrality and gestalt properties) as well as the prime perceptual dimensions. Yet, because of ambiguity even in the "right" definition of configurality and an absence of penetrating methodologies, there is still little known concerning the information processing of these patterns. To this end, the present study brings together two separate theory-driven methodologies, general recognition theory (GRT) and systems factorial technology (SFT). The first attacks the problem of dimensional interactions while the latter seeks to uncover process characteristics such as architecture, decisional stopping rules, and workload capacity. The same observers and as much as possible, the same stimuli were used in both approaches. Through our GRT analyses, we found strong evidence for dependencies between the percepts of height and width on both within-stimulus and cross-stimulus bases. Height perception was better with narrow widths and width perception was superior with short heights. In addition, a significant positive within-trial correlation of dimensions was evidenced within squares but not with rectangles. Our SFT initiative uncovered consistent signatures of parallelism paired with super capacity, the latter appearing both through the traditional conditioning on being correct and still present when modest speed accuracy trade-off was accounted for. Thus, the SFT and GRT inferences were quite compatible with a plausible cause of the positive correlations being across-channel facilitatory interactions which led to super capacity processing.

ON THE EXISTENCE OF BOUND STATES OF A SYSTEM OF TWO FERMIONS ON THE ONE DIMENSIONAL LATTICE

We study the two-particle discrete Schrodinger operator associated of a system of two fermions on the one dimensional lattice with nearest-neighbour interaction . We prove the existence of eigenvalues below the essential spectrum of the operator in the following two cases: in the case for all and in the case of for large .

DI-Unet: Dimensional interaction self-attention for medical image segmentation

In recent years, Unet network based on convolution has become a general structure for medical image segmentation tasks. However, it cannot effectively model the long-distance dependence between features due to the limitation of the receptive field. The successful application of Transformer in computer vision solves the problem of the limited receptive field of neural networks. However, the computational complexity limits its further application in medical image segmentation. In addition, the self attention mechanism in Transformer only explores the spatial dimension relationship of the feature maps, and lacks the interaction with the channel dimension, which limits the performance improvement of the network. Here, we proposes DI-Unet, which develops Dimensional Interactive (DI) self-attention for effective feature extraction processing. When inputting high - resolution images, it can effectively reduce the amount of model calculations and capture cross-dimensional information before calculating attention weights. The overwhelming superiority of DI-Unet is demonstrated by extensive experiments in multiple databases. In large datasets, the proposed method outperforms other methods in segmentation tasks. The study provides a research foundation and important reference value for the research and application of Transformer structure in medical image segmentation tasks.

Association Between Polymorphisms of IL-23/IL-17 Pathway and Clinical Phenotypes of Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases.

Several autoimmune and inflammatory disorders, including autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD), have been linked to Th17 cells and the IL-23/IL-17 axis. Current data suggest that genetic variation contributes greatly to disease susceptibility to AITD. To study the role of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of IL-23/IL-17 pathway in AITD predisposition and test the gene-gene/gene-sex interactions in these loci. A total of 1051 patients with AITD, including 657 patients with Graves' disease (GD) and 394 patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), and 874 healthy controls were enrolled in this case-control association study. Six SNPs were selected and genotyped by multiplex PCR combined with high-throughput sequencing. Interactions were tested by the general multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR) method. Allele C and combinational genotype AC+CC of rs3212227 within IL-23 were significantly associated with GD with goiter (p=0.003 and 0.014, respectively). Allele G and combinational genotype AG+GG of rs4819554 within IL-17RA were significantly related to HT with family history and the severity of HT (p=0.011 and 0.027; p=0.041 and 0.035). Also, allele T and genotype CT+TT of rs9463772 within IL-17F were significantly correlated with the severity of HT (p=0.001 and 0.027, respectively). Moreover, high dimensional gene-sex interaction (IL-23R-IL-23-IL-17RA-IL-17F-sex) was identified in AITD, GD, and HT patients with GMDR analysis. Our study identified the novel loci and gene-sex interaction in AITD. This evidence, from another perspective, suggests that sex, IL-23/IL-17 pathway, and Th17 cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of AITD.

Exploration of anisotropic design space by using unified Taylor-cokriging method

Anisotropy occurs naturally when modelling engineering design spaces and sometimes becomes significant, such as in robust and reliability-based design optimization, where the “noise factor” is often modeled in a different way with the design variables. Hybrid models are often used to handle the anisotropy by using different methods for different types of variables. However, since different models are used, the dimensional interactions cannot be accurately approximated, and the intensive computational cost remains high due to the number of samples needed. This work presents a novel method to tackle this anisotropic design space with a proposed Hessian-enhanced Taylor–cokriging unified model. First, the sampling strategies for the exploration of anisotropic design spaces is presented. Second, the difficulty of modelling with anisotropic design spaces is analyzed. Third, a solution is proposed by introducing additional assumptions of the probability distribution into the modelling process. Furthermore, to reduce the computational cost, the sensitivity method is integrated into the methodology to obtain low-cost derivatives. Finally, the proposed method is assessed for the specific case where only a single sample value exists in certain dimensions. The elementary effect is adopted to quantify the dimensional properties. Three test cases, including two theoretical ones and an industrial one, are used to assess the validity of this method. The first theoretical test case calls for a massive number of multimodal two-dimensional test functions whose spatial properties in each dimension are distinctive. The second theoretical test case uses a ten-dimensional test function. Design optimization is performed for an automotive engine cooling fan whose design space exhibits anisotropic properties. The model built with the proposed Taylor–cokriging method attains a good accuracy. This study is meaningful for the large-scale robust design and reliability-based design optimizations whose design spaces are likely to show anisotropic properties.

New exact solutions of some (2+1)-dimensional Burgers-type systems and interactions

New exact solutions of some (2+1)-dimensional Burgers-type systems and interactions

Rogue waves in (2+1)-dimensional three-wave resonant interactions

Rogue waves in (2+1)-dimensional three-wave resonant interactions are studied by the bilinear KP-reduction method. General rogue waves arising from a constant background, from a lump-soliton background and from a dark-soliton background have been derived, and their dynamics illustrated. For rogue waves arising from a constant background, fundamental rogue waves are line-shaped, and multi-rogue waves exhibit multiple intersecting lines. Higher-order rogue waves could also be line-shaped, but they exhibit multiple parallel lines. For rogue waves arising from a lump-soliton background, they could exhibit distinctive patterns due to their interaction with the lump soliton. For rogue waves arising from a dark-soliton background, their intensity pattern could feature half-line shapes or lump shapes, which are very novel.

Diverse Soliton wave solutions of for the nonlinear potential Kadomtsev–Petviashvili and Calogero–Degasperis equations

This paper investigates the soliton wave structures of the nonlinear potential Kadomtsev–Petviashvili and Calogero–Degasperis equations by employing the direct algebraic method. These equations are used to investigate the (2+1)-dimensional interaction of a Riemann wave propagating along the y-axis with a long wave along the x-axis and the stability of the one-soliton solution of the well-known Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equation under transverse perturbations. Since the wavelength of weakly dispersive, nonlinear waves is longer than their amplitude and their variations in the second spatial dimension (rescaled y) are slower than those in the principal propagation direction (rescaled x), the studied models’ soliton wave solutions are used to describe wave dynamics. Many solutions are obtained and demonstrated by plotting them in 2D, 3D, and contour plots. The implemented analytical scheme’s performance verifies its effectiveness and power. All solutions’ accuracy is checked by putting them back into their original model.

CEAM-YOLOv7: Improved YOLOv7 Based on Channel Expansion and Attention Mechanism for Driver Distraction Behavior Detection

Driver distraction behavior is prone to induce traffic accidents. Therefore, it is necessary to detect them to caution drivers in time for traffic safety. In driver behavior recognition, the variety of behaviors and the diversity of the driving environment can have a certain effect on detection accuracy, and the information loss is severe in most existing methods. These make it challenging to improve the real-time accuracy of driver distraction behavior. In this paper, we propose an improved YOLOv7 based on the channel expansion and attention mechanism for driver distraction behavior detection, named CEAM-YOLOv7. The global attention mechanism (GAM) module focuses on the key information to improve accuracy. With the insertion of GAM into the Backbone and Head of YOLOv7, the global dimensional interaction features are scaled up to enable the network to extract key features. Furthermore, In the CEAM-YOLOv7 architecture, the convolution computation has been significantly simplified, which is conducive to increasing the detection speed. Combined with the Inversion and contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE) image enhancement algorithm, a channel expansion (CE) algorithm for data augmentation is presented to further optimize the detection effect of infrared (IR) images. On the driver distraction IR dataset of Hunan University of Science and Technology (HNUST) and Hunan University (HNU), the verification results show that CEAM-YOLOv7 achieved 20.26% higher <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">mAP</i> compared to the original YOLOv7 model, and the <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">FPS</i> reaches 156, which illustrate that CEAM-YOLOv7 outperforms state-of-the-art methods in both accuracy and speed.

Materials-driven approaches to understand extrinsic drug resistance in cancer.

Metastatic cancer has a poor prognosis, because it is broadly disseminated and associated with both intrinsic and acquired drug resistance. Critical unmet needs in effectively killing drug resistant cancer cells include overcoming the drug desensitization characteristics of some metastatic cancers/lesions, and tailoring therapeutic regimens to both the tumor microenvironment and the genetic profiles of the resident cancer cells. Bioengineers and materials scientists are developing technologies to determine how metastatic sites exclude therapies, and how extracellular factors (including cells, proteins, metabolites, extracellular matrix, and abiotic factors) at metastatic sites significantly affect drug pharmacodynamics. Two looming challenges are determining which feature, or combination of features, from the tumor microenvironment drive drug resistance, and what the relative impact is of extracellular signals vs. intrinsic cell genetics in determining drug response. Sophisticated systems biology tools that can de-convolve a crowded network of signals and responses, as well as controllable microenvironments capable of providing discrete and tunable extracellular cues can help us begin to interrogate the high dimensional interactions governing drug resistance in patients.

Stereotypical Processing of Emotional Faces: Perceptual and Decisional Components.

People tend to associate anger with male faces and happiness or surprise with female faces. This angry-men-happy-women bias has been ascribed to either top-down (e.g., well-learned stereotypes) or bottom-up (e.g., shared morphological cues) processes. The dissociation between these two theoretical alternatives has proved challenging. The current effort addresses this challenge by harnessing two complementary metatheoretical approaches to dimensional interaction: Garner's logic of inferring informational structure and General Recognition Theory—a multidimensional extension of signal detection theory. Conjoint application of these two rigorous methodologies afforded us to: (a) uncover the internal representations that generate the angry-men-happy-women phenomenon, (b) disentangle varieties of perceptual (bottom-up) and decisional (top-down) sources of interaction, and (c) relate operational and theoretical meanings of dimensional independence. The results show that the dimensional interaction between emotion and gender is generated by varieties of perceptual and decisional biases. These outcomes document the involvement of both bottom-up (e.g., shared morphological structures) and top-down (stereotypes) factors in social perception.

Atomistic and phase field simulations of three dimensional interactions of [formula omitted] twins with grain boundaries in Mg: Twin transmission and dislocation emission

In polycrystals, the interaction of dislocations and twins with grain boundaries (GBs) plays a role in hardening and formability during plastic deformation. While dislocation-GB interactions are relatively well-understood, twin-GB interactions remain mostly unknown. Here, an approach using molecular dynamics and phase-field simulations is followed to study the forward and lateral interactions between {101¯2} twins and tilt grain boundaries in Mg. Molecular dynamics results show that the resolved shear stress on slip/twinning modes of the neighboring grain, not the geometric alignment, is the dominant factor in determining the outcome of the twin-GB interactions. For some lateral interaction configurations, as the misorientation angle increases, the resolved shear stress on the same {101¯2} twin variant of the neighboring grain reduces while it increases for slip or I2 stacking fault emissions or other twin modes such as {112¯1} and {101¯1}, explaining why twin transmission is not seen at high misorientation angles. Furthermore, lateral and forward interactions of the twin with tilt grain boundaries whose misorientation axes are normal to the coherent twin boundary show significantly different outcomes. For the forward interaction, the twin is absorbed and stacking faults are emitted when interacting for low misorientation angles (up to 30°) while the lateral interaction results in twin transmission, nucleation of a {112¯1} twin, and emission of I2 stacking faults. Finally, comparisons between twin interactions with symmetric and asymmetric tilt GBs with different GB structures show similar outcomes.

Analytical behavior of weakly dispersive surface and internal waves in the ocean

The (2+1)-dimensional interaction of a Riemann wave propagating along the y-axis with a long wave along the x-axis is described by the space-time fractional Calogero-Degasperis (CD) and fractional potential Kadomstev-Petviashvili (PKP) equation. It can be modeled according to the Hamiltonian structure, the lax pair with the non-isospectral problem, and the pain level property. The proposed equations are widely used in beachfront ocean and coastal engineering to describe the propagation of shallow-water waves, demonstrate the propagation of waves in dissipative and nonlinear media, and reveal the propagation of waves in dissipative and nonlinear media. In this paper, we have established further exact solutions to the nonlinear fractional partial differential equation (NLFPDEs), namely the space-time fractional CD and fractional PKP equations using the modified Rieman-Liouville fractional derivative of Jumarie through the two variable (G′/G,1/G)-expansion method. As far as trigonometric, hyperbolic, and rational function solutions containing parameters are concerned, solutions are acquired when unique characteristics are assigned to the parameters. Subsequently, the solitary wave solutions are generated from the solutions of the traveling wave. It is important to observe that this method is a realistic, convenient, well-organized, and ground-breaking strategy for solving various types of NLFPDEs.