Dimensional Imaging System Research Articles

Detailed cellular and spatial characterization of chronic lung allograft dysfunction using imaging mass cytometry

Long-term survival after lung transplantation remains limited by chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD), with two main phenotypes: bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) and restrictive allograft syndrome (RAS). We aimed to assess CLAD lung allografts using imaging mass cytometry (IMC), a high dimensional tissue imaging system allowing a multiparametric in situ exploration at a single cell level. 4 BOS, 4 RAS, and 4 control lung samples were stained with 35 heavy metal-tagged antibodies selected to assess structural and immune proteins of interest. We identified 50 immune and non-immune cell clusters. CLAD lungs had significantly reduced club cells. A Ki67-high basal cell population was mostly present in RAS and in proximity to memory T cells. Memory CD8+ T cells were more frequent in CLAD lungs, regulatory T cells more prominent in RAS. IMC is a powerful technology for detailed cellular analysis within intact organ structures that may shed further light on CLAD mechanisms.

Quantum inspired approach for denoising with application to medical imaging.

Background noise in many fields such as medical imaging poses significant challenges for accurate diagnosis, prompting the development of denoising algorithms. Traditional methodologies, however, often struggle to address the complexities of noisy environments in high dimensional imaging systems. This paper introduces a novel quantum-inspired approach for image denoising, drawing upon principles of quantum and condensed matter physics. Our approach views medical images as amorphous structures akin to those found in condensed matter physics and we propose an algorithm that incorporates the concept of mode resolved localization directly into the denoising process. Notably, our approach eliminates the need for hyperparameter tuning. The proposed method is a standalone algorithm with minimal manual intervention, demonstrating its potential to use quantum-based techniques in classical signal denoising. Through numerical validation, we showcase the effectiveness of our approach in addressing noise-related challenges in imaging and especially medical imaging, underscoring its relevance for possible quantum computing applications.

Imaging Mass Cytometry for Detailed Cellular and Spatial Characterization of Chronic Lung Allograft Dysfunction (CLAD)

<h3>Purpose</h3> CLAD, the main limitation to long-term survival after a lung transplantation (LTx), has two main phenotypes: bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) and restrictive allograft syndrome (RAS). There is great need for better characterization of cells within the lung allograft tissue. We aimed to assess CLAD lung allografts using imaging mass cytometry (IMC), a high dimensional tissue imaging system allowing a comprehensive and multiparametric in situ exploration of tissue microenvironments at a single cell level, using heavy metal-tagged antibodies. <h3>Methods</h3> Explanted lung tissue was obtained at the time of retransplantation from 4 BOS patients, 4 RAS patients, and 4 control donor lungs. Paraffin-embedded lung tissue was sectioned and stained with 35 heavy-metal-tagged antibodies selected to identify structural and immune proteins of interest. For each sample, three 1 mm² regions of interest, centered on an airway, were ablated and data was analyzed using MCD viewer and HistoCAT software. <h3>Results</h3> To identify specific cell subsets identified by combinations of markers, we used tSNE to create a 2D representation of cells organised in 50 immune and non-immune clusters according to the similarity of their antibody-binding in 35-dimensional space (Figure 1A). We present several key examples of our findings: CLAD lungs had significantly reduced club cells (Figure 1B-D, H) and a trend towards reduced basal cells (Figure 1B-D, I). A Ki67-high basal cell population was mostly present in RAS samples (Figure 1B-D, I-J) and in close proximity to memory T cells (neighborhood analysis not shown, Figure 1L). Memory CD8+ T cells were more frequent in CLAD lungs (Figure 1E-G, K) with prominent regulatory T cells in RAS (Figure 1E-G). <h3>Conclusion</h3> IMC allowed us to identify distinct basal cells and their proximity to cytotoxic memory T cells in CLAD lungs. IMC is a powerful technology for detailed cellular analysis within intact organ structures that may shed further light on CLAD mechanisms.

Cylindrical MIMO-SAR Imaging and Associated 3-D Fourier Processing

In this paper, we propose a new three dimensional cylindrical imaging system based on the combination of a multiple-input multiple-output arc array in azimuth and a synthetic aperture radar on the vertical dimension for applications focused on buried threat detection. Imaging algorithms are adapted to these specific transceiver distributions in order to accelerate reconstructions in the Fourier domain. Following theoretical developments, an experimental proof of concept is proposed at 6 GHz using a circular dual positioning system specifically designed for these new studies. The validity of the proposed techniques is extended to larger cylindrical arrays using numerical simulations of complex volumetric scenes in the 5–12 GHz band. This work allows for significant gains in computation time for these specific imaging systems, which are more than three orders of magnitude shorter than those of conventional backpropagation techniques in the studied cases composed of more than 250,000 voxels.

Optical Design of a Shortwave Infrared Dual Camera CASSI Based on Improved Offner-Wynne Imaging Spectrometer

Based on the optical system characteristics of coded aperture snapshot spectral imager (CASSI), an optimized optical system of shortwave infrared dual camera CASSI was designed based on improved Offner-Wynne imaging spectrometer. The operating wavelength of the optical system ranges from 900nm to 1700nm, and the focal length is 1200mm. It consists of two parts: the two dimensional imaging system and the multispectral CASSI imaging system. The key technical parameters of the two parts are the same and there is no visual axis difference. Therefore, the optimized optical system can effectively improve real-time performance, optical transmittance and compactness of the dual camera shortwave infrared CASSI, which is conducive to the application in optical measurement scenes in the shooting range.

High Dimensional Imaging Mass Cytometry Panel to Visualize the Tumor Immune Microenvironment Contexture.

The integrative analysis of tumor immune microenvironment (TiME) components, their interactions and their microanatomical distribution is mandatory to better understand tumor progression. Imaging Mass Cytometry (IMC) is a high dimensional tissue imaging system which allows the comprehensive and multiparametric in situ exploration of tumor microenvironments at a single cell level. We describe here the design of a 39-antibody IMC panel for the staining of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human tumor sections. We also provide an optimized staining procedure and details of the experimental workflow. This panel deciphers the nature of immune cells, their functions and their interactions with tumor cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts as well as with other TiME structural components known to be associated with tumor progression like nerve fibers and tumor extracellular matrix proteins. This panel represents a valuable innovative and powerful tool for fundamental and clinical studies that could be used for the identification of prognostic biomarkers and mechanisms of resistance to current immunotherapies.

Comparison of wear characteristics of diamond segments under different sawing modes in sawing hard stone

In this study, the wear characteristics of two kinds of diamond segments with different composition of matrix were compared and investigated under two sawing modes through an experiment. Diamond particles were studied through scanning electron microscopy and three dimensional imaging system. Then, the remaining height of diamond segments was measured by digital vernier caliper. The wear characteristics of diamond segments were analyzed from wear morphology, protrusion height of diamond particles and the remaining height of diamond segments. The motion of two sawing modes and their effects on trajectories were analyzed which presented that the rocking reciprocating sawing mode can reduce sawing length and sawing time compared with horizontal reciprocating sawing mode used daily in industry. The results of experiment demonstrated that the main wear mechanism attributed to diamond segments wear is the fracture and falling of diamond particles caused by heavy loads especially in rocking reciprocating sawing mode. The average protrusion height of diamond particles is related with loads and the bonding strength of matrix. However, diamond segments wear can be effectively reduced in rocking reciprocating sawing mode while cobalt-based segments were adopted because a higher bonding strength to diamond particles can be provided compared with iron-based segments. The matrix of segments can be abrased slower while sawing length and sawing time were reduced.

Implementation of 2-Dimensional Medical Image Reconstruction Algorithm for Photoacoustic Imaging

In this paper, we review and discuss our proposed image reconstruction algorithm for two dimensional stereo photo-acoustic medical imaging system. The proposed algorithms aim to evaluate the existence possibility of acoustic source within a search area by using the geometric information which is the distance between each sensor element of ultrasound probe and corresponding searching point. Besides, we implemented the hardware and software aspects of an photo-acoustic imaging system that is described in hardware implementation section of this paper. At the end of this paper, some simulation results are presented which utilized the proposed algorithm while compared the image quality of its and conventional k-wave algorithm in which FFT should be used. The simulation results proved the effectiveness of the proposed reconstruction algorithm.

Diş Hekimliğinde Konik Işınlı Bilgisayarlı Tomografi Kullanımı: Literatür Taraması

Cone Beam Computed Tomography CBCT imaging system was used for the first time for angiography, radiotherapy and mammography in 1982. In 1990s, with its development, we had a chance to get 3 dimensional imaging system in addition to 2 dimensional in dentistry and it was first used for maxillofacial region in 1997. Although conventional radiography technique is commonly used nowadays, converting the morphology of 3 dimensional bone and teeth to 2 dimensional radiographs may cause insufficient examination and inaccurate diagnose. These insufficiencies made researchers study on 3 dimensional imaging systems to improve them. The usage of CBCT in dentistry has increased exceedingly, especially for last five years and includes diagnose and therapy of anatomic and pathologic structures in oral and maxillofacial region, assessment of temporomandibular joint, implant planning and many other issues. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of applications of Cone Beam Computed Tomography systems in dental practice and its facilities for dentists

The Effects of Gall Bladder Jeonggyeok and Seunggyeok on Radial Pulse Variation in Healthy Human Subjects

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to find parameters to compare the effects of Sa-Am acupuncture with gall bladder jeonggyeok and seunggyeok on radial pulse in healthy subjects. Methods : 60 healthy subjects participated in this study and divided into the gall bladder jeonggyeok group (GB+ group), the gall bladder seunggyeok group (GB- group) and the control group. Radial pulse was measured by a 3 dimensional pulse imaging system (DMP-3000) before, immediately after, 30 minutes after and 60 minutes after acupuncture on the Cun, Guan and Chi in the GB+, GB- group and at the same time for the control group. Results : 1. The GB+ and GB- group exhibited significantly increased T, M4/M1 and decreased T1/T, T2/T, T5/T, M1, M2 compared to the control group. 2. The GB+ and GB- group exhibited significantly increased H4, Ad/Ap, RAI/HR and decreased As/Ap, Aw/Ap in the right Guan and decreased pulse power volume/min in the left Guan compared to the control group. 3. The GB- group exhibited significantly decreased M3, M3/M1 and increased M4/M1, M5, M5/M1 compared to the GB+ group. The GB+ group exhibited significantly decreased T4/(TT4) compared to the GB- group. 4. The GB- group exhibited significantly decreased H1 in the right Guan, Chi, H4, pulse area in the right Chi, H5, pulse power volume/min in the left Chi, right Chi, and increased main peak angle in the right Guan, Chi compared to the GB+ group. Conclusion : The effect of gall bladder jeonggyeok and seunggyeok in healthy humans may be observed on various parameters. The parameters analyzed in this study may be used to differentiate effects between gall bladder jeonggyeok and seunggyeok on radial pulse. Further studies on the effects of Sa-Am acupuncture using radial pulse are needed.

TH-CD-207A-07: Prediction of High Dimensional State Subject to Respiratory Motion: A Manifold Learning Approach

Purpose: The development of high dimensional imaging systems (e.g. volumetric MRI, CBCT, photogrammetry systems) in image-guided radiotherapy provides important pathways to the ultimate goal of real-time volumetric/surface motion monitoring. This study aims to develop a prediction method for the high dimensional state subject to respiratory motion. Compared to conventional linear dimension reduction based approaches, our method utilizes manifold learning to construct a descriptive feature submanifold, where more efficient and accurate prediction can be performed. Methods: We developed a prediction framework for high-dimensional state subject to respiratory motion. The proposed method performs dimension reduction in a nonlinear setting to permit more descriptive features compared to its linear counterparts (e.g., classic PCA). Specifically, a kernel PCA is used to construct a proper low-dimensional feature manifold, where low-dimensional prediction is performed. A fixed-point iterative pre-image estimation method is applied subsequently to recover the predicted value in the original state space. We evaluated and compared the proposed method with PCA-based method on 200 level-set surfaces reconstructed from surface point clouds captured by the VisionRT system. The prediction accuracy was evaluated with respect to root-mean-squared-error (RMSE) for both 200ms and 600ms lookahead lengths. Results: The proposed method outperformed PCA-based approach with statistically higher prediction accuracy. In one-dimensional feature subspace, our method achieved mean prediction accuracy of 0.86mm and 0.89mm for 200ms and 600ms lookahead lengths respectively, compared to 0.95mm and 1.04mm from PCA-based method. The paired t-tests further demonstrated the statistical significance of the superiority of our method, with p-values of 6.33e-3 and 5.78e-5, respectively. Conclusion: The proposed approach benefits from the descriptiveness of a nonlinear manifold and the prediction reliability in such low dimensional manifold. The fixed-point iterative approach turns out to work well practically for the pre-image recovery. Our approach is particularly suitable to facilitate managing respiratory motion in image-guide radiotherapy. This work is supported in part by NIH grant R01 CA169102-02.

The Effects of Acupuncture on Radial Pulse in Healthy Human Subjects: A Comparative Study on Tonifications of Kidney and Urinary Bladder

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to observe the effects of Sa-am acupuncture with tonifications of kidney and urinary bladder on radial pulse in healthy subjects. Methods : Sixty healthy subjects participated in this study, and were divided into a kidney tonifying acupuncture group(KI group), urinary bladder tonifying acupuncture group(BL group) and control group. Radial pulse was measured by 3 dimensional pulse imaging system(DMP-3000) before, immediately after, 30 minutes after, and 60 minutes after acupuncture at Cun, Guan, and Chi in each time. Results : 1. BL group exhibited significantly reduced T1 / T, T4 / T, T4 / (T-T4), T5 / T and increased(T-T4) / T compared to KI group. 2. BL group showed increase of radial augmentation index / heart rate(RAI / HR) in left Cun, H5, Ad / Ap in left Chi, H1, As / Ap in right Chi compared to KI group. BL group showed decrease of As / Ap, Aw / Ap in left Chi, H1, pulse depth, Ad / Ap in right Chi compared to KI group. 3. KI group showed increase of Aw / Ap, H1, H2, H4, pulse area in right Guan, pulse depth in right Chi compared to BL group. KI group showed decrease of RAI in left Cun, applied pressure, pulse depth in left Guan, Aw / Ap in right Chi compared to BL group. Conclusions : The effects of Sa-am acupuncture with tonifications of kidney and urinary bladder in healthy humans have been observed on various parameters. The parameters analysed in this study can be used to differentiate the effects of Sa-am acupuncture with tonifications of kidney and urinary bladder on radial pulse.

GPU計算を実装した全波形サンプリング処理方式による内部欠陥の三次元超音波映像化

We develop a three dimensional (3-D) flaw imaging system using the full waveforms sampling and processing (FSAP) technique and an ultrasonic matrix array transducer. In FSAP, each array element is sequentially used as an emitter and all other array elements are used as receivers. By changing the emitting element, we obtain a set of signals of every two-element combination. The combination of all signals enables the generation of focal beams at any point in the region of interest. Using the focal beams, we can reconstruct high-resolution 3-D images of flaws. In this study, we introduce massively parallel calculations with graphics processing unit (GPU) to accelerate the beam-forming in FSAP. Here, we implement the GPU accelerated FSAP on a signal acquisition system with a multiplexer, which can rapidly switch the ultrasonic transmission and reception. We validate the performance of the FSAP imaging system by 3-D numerical simulations with the elastodynamic integration technique and experimental measurements with an acrylic specimen. The results show high-speed calculation of the beam-forming, and accurate and clear flaw images.

One-dimensional angular surface plasmon resonance imaging based array thermometer

An array thermometer based on the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) imaging is presented in this article. The background thermal effects of the sensor components are analyzed theoretically. A conventional one dimensional SPR imaging system is employed for temperature sensing experiment. The temperature of water under flow condition is measured in this system. The cooling processes of water distributed in one dimension are measured simultaneously in real time. This thermometer permits the real time and noninvasive temperature sensing, and one dimensional thermal gradient analysis. It may be readily integrated with the SPR sensors for temperature compensation, or the lab-on-chip system for micro scale thermal diagnostics of fluid or gases under flow condition.

PWE-039 Buried Treasure: Developing An Accurate, Low Cost Assessment Of Flexible Sigmoidoscopy Completion Using A Hand-held Metal Detector

IntroductionFlexible sigmoidoscopy (FS) is a validated screening test to reduce the incidence of colorectal cancer. Bowel Scope screening is due to be implemented in the UK by 2016. There is...

Wide spectral bandwidth electro-absorption modulator using coupled micro-cavity with asymmetric tandem quantum well

For reliable three dimensional (3D) imaging system, it is necessary for the optical shutter to have a wide spectral bandwidth operation and enhanced modulation depth. We propose an electro-absorption modulator (EAM) based on coupled Fabry-Perot cavities with micro-cavity (CCMC) which uses asymmetric tandem quantum wells (ATQWs) to obtain improved spectral bandwidth and enhanced modulation depth. Several modulator designs are investigated to obtain improved modulation performance such as wider spectral bandwidth and enhanced modulation depth. It was found that among all the studied modulator geometries, CCMC structure with ATQWs provides the widest spectral bandwidth of 9.6nm and high modulation depth in excess of 50% at -24V, which is good agreement with theoretical calculations. These results suggest that EAM has excellent potential as optical shutter for 3D imaging application.

Anesthetic management for laparoscopic surgery and robotic surgery

The advent of minimally invasive surgery has provided many benefits to patients including less trauma, less pain, quicker recovery, and shorter hospital stays. A typical example of a minimally invasive surgery technique is laparoscopic surgery. Intraperitoneal insufflation of carbon dioxide is a routine procedure for creating pneumoperitoneum for accurate visualization and operative manipulation during laparoscopic surgery. However, pneumoperitoneum resulted in ventilatory, respiratory, and hemodynamic changes. Along with these changes, the patient position for the operation complicated anesthetic management. An understanding of these pathophysiologic consequences associated with laparoscopic surgery is important in anesthetic management. Robotic surgery was developed to alleviate the disadvantages of laparoscopic surgery. The advantages of computer-assisted robotic surgery include improved operative field visibility with a three dimensional imaging system and improved control of fine movement. However, the huge size of the robot itself unavoidably invades the anesthetic work space and may impair access to the patient. In addition, repositioning of a patient is almost impossible once the robot has been stationed for surgery. With the innovation of scientific technology, new surgical and anesthetic techniques are being developed for patient care. Anesthesiologists need to be aware of this fast changing surgical field and scientific technology and how it affects anesthetic management.

Theoretical and experimental demonstration of resolution beyond the Rayleigh limit by FINCH fluorescence microscopic imaging

Fresnel Incoherent Correlation Holography (FINCH) enables holograms to be recorded from incoherent light with just a digital camera and spatial light modulator. We previously described its application to general three dimensional incoherent imaging and specifically to fluorescence microscopy, wherein one complex hologram contains the three dimensional information in the field of view, obviating the need for scanning or serial sectioning. We have now further analyzed FINCH in view of linear system theory and in comparison to conventional coherent and incoherent two dimensional imaging systems. We demonstrate, theoretically and experimentally, improved resolution by FINCH, when compared to conventional imaging.

Guidance Of Invasive Medical Devices By Three Dimensional Ultrasonic Imaging

A three dimensional ultrasonic diagnostic imaging system is operated to guide or observe the operation of an invasive medical device (30) in three dimensions. An interventional system (20) is used to operate the invasive medical device (30) and produces spatially-based information relating to the activity of the invasive medical device (30). The spatially-based information from the interventional system (20) is merged into the three dimensional ultrasonic image data to produce a live three dimensional image of the invasive medical device (30) or its activity. In one embodiment the locations where the activity of the invasive medical device (30) is performed is recorded and displayed in the three dimensional ultrasonic image. The three dimensional ultrasonic image may be shown as an anatomical volume rendered image or as a wire frame model (130) of the anatomy. In another embodiment an integrated three dimensional ultrasonic imaging and invasive device system is described.

Three dimensional object recognition with photon counting imagery in the presence of noise

Three dimensional (3D) imaging systems have been recently suggested for passive sensing and recognition of objects in photon-starved environments where only a few photons are emitted or reflected from the object. In this paradigm, it is important to make optimal use of limited information carried by photons. We present a statistical framework for 3D passive object recognition in presence of noise. Since in quantum-limited regime, detector dark noise is present, our approach takes into account the effect of noise on information bearing photons. The model is tested when background noise and dark noise sources are present for identifying a target in a 3D scene. It is shown that reliable object recognition is possible in photon-counting domain. The results suggest that with proper translation of physical characteristics of the imaging system into the information processing algorithms, photon-counting imagery can be used for object classification.