Dimensional Imaging Method Research Articles

Unlocking the Potential Thorough Analysis of Machine Learning for Breast Cancer Diagnosis

To forecast breast cancer with the goal of giving a thorough rundown of current developments in the area. Given that breast cancer is among the world's leading causes of mortality for women; improving patient outcomes requires early detection. This study looks into the ability to predict outcomes using a variety of machine learning (ML) models, including random forests, logistic regression, support vector machines, decision trees, k- nearest neighbours, and deep learning neural networks, in predicting the incidence of breast cancer from patient data, including genetic markers, imaging results, and demographics. Aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of presetn advancements, obstacles, and prospects in the field of CNN-based techniques for breast cancer identification. The review begins by outlining the urgent need for reliable and accurate diagnostic methods for breast cancer, highlighting the critical role that early identification plays in enhancing patient outcomes. Which delves into the intricate architecture of CNNs, revealing its unique applicability to mammography image analysis as well as their innate advantages in image classification tasks. Important topics of discussion include the various CNN architectures used for two- and three- dimensional (2D) imaging methods used in breast cancer diagnosis.

Comparison of Three Dimensional Dental Software Computed Tomography Findings with Real Time Surgical Approaches for Impacted Teeth

An exact localization of impacted teeth is often difficult to assume by using two dimensional conventional radiological techniques like OPG or dental films. In contrast to these two dimensional imaging method, the Dental slice Software Computed Tomography offers a three-dimensional imaging of maxilla-facial region, providing the opportunity to study objectives in all standard plans with three-dimension, reconstructed and multisection views. The aim of this study is to prove the effectiveness of the Dental slice Software Computed Tomography in evaluating the position of impacted teeth as a presurgical diagnostic aid. 25 patients with total of 40 impacted teeth were classified and evaluated by three sets .The first set of radiographs consist of traditional two dimensional images(per apical , occlusal films and OPG).The second set comprised three-dimensional views obtained from a Dental slice Soft ware Computed Tomography and a third set which was surgical interventions results. Teeth crowns were classified into: type I (buccal or labial), type II (palatal or lingual), type III (half distance of the labio-palatal or bucco-palatal ,labio-lingual or bucco-lingual) according to their position within dental arches. The dental soft ware Computed Tomography succeeded to identify the exact situations of whole 40(100%) impacted teeth crowns that were confirmed surgically in the same anatomical locations. On the other hand there was a Failure of 33(82.5%) crowns that could not be determine their positions by two dimensional images and proved surgically in opposite sides. Three dimensional Computed Tomography is a helpful and stimulating tools by providing the surgeons a perfect mulitislices: axial, coronal, sagital, two dimensional and three dimensional images in one visit and once exposure and permits the oral surgeons to visualize the position and surgical anatomy of the tooth as it will be in the operating theatre, thus establishing sufficient patterns for adequate surgical planning ,reduce of need for exploratory procedures with less morbidity to the osseous structure and time saving.

Noninvasive Imaging Method of Microwave Near Field Based on Solid-State Quantum Sensing

In this paper, we propose a non-invasive imaging method of microwave near field using a diamond containing nitrogen-vacancy centers. We applied synchronous pulsed sequence combined with charge coupled device camera to measure the amplitude of the microwave magnetic field. A full reconstruction formulation of the local field vector, including the amplitude and phase, is developed by measuring both left and right circular polarizations along the four nitrogen-vacancy axes. Compared to the raster scanning approach, the two dimensional imaging method is promising for application to circuit failure analysis. A diamond film with micrometer thinness enables high-resolution near field imaging. The proposed method is expected to have applications in monolithic-microwave-integrated circuit chip local diagnosis, antenna characterization, and field mode imaging of microwave cavities and waveguides.

Influence of 3D connectivity of rigid phases on damage evolution during tensile deformation of an AlSi12Cu4Ni2 piston alloy

The microstructural evolution during solution treatment at 500°C of a cast AlSi12Cu4Ni2 piston alloy is evaluated by two dimensional and three dimensional imaging methods aiming at identifying the microstructural features affecting the processes of damage formation and accumulation under tensile deformation. Highly interconnected networks of aluminides and Si undergo a local loss of connecting branches within these networks owing to the partial dissolution of Cu-rich aluminides and a slight Si spheroidisation. The damage by tensile deformation is studied using synchrotron tomography during in situ tensile tests. In both studied heat treatment conditions (0h and 4h solution treated) damage initiates in the form of micro-cracks in clusters of primary Si particles and debonding at the interface between Si and the matrix. These micro-cracks grow through intermetallic phases in the last stages of deformation. Final failure occurs by coalescence of these cracks mainly through the rigid phases. The loss of connectedness of the Si-intermetallics network during solution treatment allows the alloy to accommodate more damage and plastic strain resulting in an increase of ductility with respect to the as cast condition.

Possum-A Framework for Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Brain Images from Serial Sections.

Techniques based on imaging serial sections of brain tissue provide insight into brain structure and function. However, to compare or combine them with results from three dimensional imaging methods, reconstruction into a volumetric form is required. Currently, there are no tools for performing such a task in a streamlined way. Here we propose the Possum volumetric reconstruction framework which provides a selection of 2D to 3D image reconstruction routines allowing one to build workflows tailored to one’s specific requirements. The main components include routines for reconstruction with or without using external reference and solutions for typical issues encountered during the reconstruction process, such as propagation of the registration errors due to distorted sections. We validate the implementation using synthetic datasets and actual experimental imaging data derived from publicly available resources. We also evaluate efficiency of a subset of the algorithms implemented. The Possum framework is distributed under MIT license and it provides researchers with a possibility of building reconstruction workflows from existing components, without the need for low-level implementation. As a consequence, it also facilitates sharing and data exchange between researchers and laboratories.

Earliest cranio-encephalic trauma from the Levantine Middle Palaeolithic: 3D reappraisal of the Qafzeh 11 skull, consequences of pediatric brain damage on individual life condition and social care.

The Qafzeh site (Lower Galilee, Israel) has yielded the largest Levantine hominin collection from Middle Palaeolithic layers which were dated to circa 90–100 kyrs BP or to marine isotope stage 5b–c. Within the hominin sample, Qafzeh 11, circa 12–13 yrs old at death, presents a skull lesion previously attributed to a healed trauma. Three dimensional imaging methods allowed us to better explore this lesion which appeared as being a frontal bone depressed fracture, associated with brain damage. Furthermore the endocranial volume, smaller than expected for dental age, supports the hypothesis of a growth delay due to traumatic brain injury. This trauma did not affect the typical human brain morphology pattern of the right frontal and left occipital petalia. It is highly probable that this young individual suffered from personality and neurological troubles directly related to focal cerebral damage. Interestingly this young individual benefited of a unique funerary practice among the south-western Asian burials dated to Middle Palaeolithic.

Direct imaging of fluorescent structures behind turbid layers

We present a method to directly image fluorescent structures inside turbid media. This is based on wave-front shaping to optimize the scattered light onto a single fluorescent particle, as the optical memory effect for a scanning image of the surroundings of this particle. We show that iterating the optimization leads to the focusing on a single particle whose surroundings are subsequently scanned. In combination with a parabolic phase pattern, this method can be extended to a three dimensional imaging method inside turbid media.

A study on the effect of sound velocity estimation for underground imaging

An efficient technique for detecting objects buried underground is expected for archaeological exploration and civil engineering. We have proposed a three dimensional underground imaging method by using an amplitude correlation synthesis processing and an electromagnetic induction type sound source. Because the sound velocity of sand and soil depends on a lot of physical parameters that varies with the area, it is needed to be measured before imaging processing. Up to now, the sound velocity employed for signal processing is measured by receivers buried underground near the area to be detected. In order to improve the efficiency of field detection, a method of estimating the underground sound velocity by the sound velocity measured from the ground surface is studied. In this study, the comparison experimental results of the velocity of underground transverse wave, the velocity of underground longitudinal wave, and the sound velocity measured from the ground surface are introduced. Furthermore, the effect on the image of underground objects brought forth by the sound velocity estimation is discussed.

A 3D imaging technique for circular radar sensor networks based on radon transform

A three dimensional (3D) imaging method which is a complex–valued generalised Radon transform (CGRT)–CLEAN algorithm for circular radar sensor networks (CRSN) is proposed in this paper. Based on the analysis of CRSN echo model, the echo of a scatterer in the range–azimuth domain can be modelled as a single cycle sinusoid. Inspired by the generalised Radon transform, this paper utilises the CGRT to estimate for scatterers' positions. Then, combining the CGRT with CLEAN technique, the parameters of a scatterer which include position information and reflection coefficient can be obtained. Thus, a 3D image of a target can also be reconstructed. Comparing with other algorithms, the outstanding characteristic of the proposed algorithm is that there is no need to analyse azimuth spectrum to achieve a 3D imaging. The performances of the CGRT–CLEAN method have been verified by simulations, and the results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm for processing CRSN data.

Lateral detecting ability of three dimensional underground imaging using electromagnetic induction type sound source

A three dimensional imaging method using electromagnetic induction type sound source and amplitude correlation synthesis processing method was proposed in our previous work. Considering the directivity of the sound source and the nonlinearity of the processing method, this paper discusses the lateral detecting ability of the method by both numerical simulation and experimental testing. Three objects at identical depth are measured with varying lateral positions relating to the sound source and receiver array. The results show that the lateral detecting ability is determined mainly by the directivity of the sound source and the efficient detecting area is about 35∘ inside the spread angle of the sound source.

磁気共鳴分光 ＶＩ． 磁気共鳴イメージング（ＭＲＩ）

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) method gives us images of subjects with good quality non-invasively. Nowadays, this is an indispensable method especially in clinical fields. In a 2 dimensional imaging method, ampli-tude of magnetization in each pixel on a slice of a subject is controlled using T1, T2, diffusion constant and etc. This differentiation of magnetization amplitude generates imaging contrast. The controlled magnetization in each pixel is measured using gradient pulses which transform position to frequency. It means that position is treated as frequency in MRI during application of gradients. As a result, images with good contrast to noise ratio can be ob-tained. These important two techniques of imaging using gradients and contrast generation are described. In im-aging section, a slice, a frequency encoding and phase encoding techniques are described in detail. In contrast generation section, T1 and T2 weighted imaging methods are described.

A Directional Borehole Radar System

In this paper we present the simulation and design of a directional borehole radar. In addition we discuss an imaging method for the radar system. The antenna system contains an electric dipole which is in one direction shielded by a cylindrical perfectly conducting reflector. The radiation pattern of the reflected wavefield is computed by first solving the integral equation. This equation combines the unknown electric surface current density on the reflector and the known incident field from the electric dipole. Once the electric surface current density is known, the radiation pattern of the system is computed using the integral representation over the reflector and the dipole. The radiation patterns for various configurations have been computed in order to find an optimal configuration. A prototype of the antenna system based on an optimal configuration has been built, and the directional radiation pattern has been measured in the plane perpendicular to the antenna system. The measurements were in good agreement with the computations. Subsequently a three dimensional imaging method for the borehole radar is presented. Here a deconvolution is carried out in the angular direction, making use of the computed radiation pattern. Some imaging results will be shown.

Three-Dimensional, Nondestructive Imaging of Low Density Materials

ABSTRACTThe goal of this study was to develop a three–dimensional imaging method for studies of deformation in low-density materials during loading, and to implement finite element solutions of the elastic equations based on the images. Specimens of silica–reinforced polysiloxane foam pads, 15 mm in diameter by 1 mm thick, were used for this study. The nominal pore density was 50%, and the pores approximated interconnected spheres. The specimens were imaged with microtomography at ∼16µm resolution. A rotating stage with micrometer driven compression allowed imaging of the foams during deformation with precise registration of the images. A finite element mesh, generated from the image voxels, was used to calculate the mechanical properties of the structure, and the results were compared with conventional mechanical testing. The foam exhibited significant nonlinear behavior with compressive loading. The finite-element calculations from the images, which were in excellent agreement with experimental data, suggested that nonlinear behavior in the load displacement curves arises from buckling of the cell walls during compression and not from any nonlinear properties of the base elastomer. High–resolution microtomography, coupled with efficient finite–element modeling, shows promise for improving our understanding of the deformation behavior of cellular materials.

Imaging of EEG by spherical harmonic analysis

A new three dimensional imaging method for electroencephalogram(EEG) is suggested. It consists of the solution of an inward spherical harmonic continuation. The principle of the new method is introduced in Section II, then a few numerical simulation tests are shown and the feasibility of the new method is confirmed by the simulation results.

Three dimensional image analysis on retroperitoneal lymph node metastasis of testicular cancer

The effects of chemotherapy on the metastasis of retroperitoneal lymph nodes from testicular cancer have been generally evaluated with bi-dimensional imaging methods. Since the structure of these lymph nodes seems to be complicated, it is expected that three dimensional imaging methods could achieve more correct evaluation of the disease extension and the treatment effects when compared with bi-dimensional ones. The present study was undertaken to reconstruct the three dimensional imaging from CT films using personal computer system. Twenty one patients with bulky retroperitoneal nodal metastases were examined before and after chemotherapy. The evaluation of treatment effects based on three dimensional imaging method reflected the clinical course more adequately than the bi-dimensional one. When shrinkage rate of the tumor volume was less than 65%, viable tumor cells remained in all cases. Only one of six cases with more than 90% shrinkage revealed viable tumor cells. All patients in whom the metastases were estimated to be more than 100 cm3 in volume before chemotherapy and less than 50 cm3 after chemotherapy were shown to have completely necrotic tissues. In conclusion, three dimensional imaging was useful to estimate the post-treatment volume and shrinkage rate which correlated to the effects of treatment and prognosis.

Two dimensional imaging of photodesorbed species from surfaces and the desorption dynamics

A two dimensional imaging method to study the energy and the angular distributions of photodesorbed species is described. Initial results for NO adsorbed on Pt(111) excited by 193 nm laser pulses are presented to illustrate the versatility of the technique. The results are compared with other studies and the desorption dynamics is briefly discussed with available data.

Two dimensional imaging of photodesorbed species from surfaces and the desorption dynamics

Abstract A two dimensional imaging method to study the energy and the angular distributions of photodesorbed species is described. Initial results for NO adsorbed on Pt(111) excited by 193 nm laser pulses are presented to illustrate the versatility of the technique. The results are compared with other studies and the desorption dynamics is briefly discussed with available data.