Dimensional Flow Research Articles

EXTH-12. POTENTIATING THE EFFICACY OF IMMUNE CHECK-POINT INHIBITORS IN GLIOBLASTOMA BY INHIBITION OF CXCL12

Abstract BACKGROUND The tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) in glioblastoma (GBM) is rich in CXCL12, a chemokine known for stimulating angiogenesis. CXCL12 also controls immune cell trafficking and promotes polarization to an immunosuppressive phenotype. We postulated that inhibiting CXCL12 will modulate the immunosuppressive TIME in GBM, thereby augmenting the efficacy of immunotherapy agents like immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). We examined the immunomodulatory and therapeutic efficacy of CXCL12 inhibition, using a small molecule NOX-A12, with and without ICIs in pre-clinical murine GBM models. METHODS B6 immunocompetent mice bearing intracranial (i.c.) or subcutaneous (s.c.) SB28 tumors received either vehicle, NOX-A12, anti-PD1 and anti-CTLA4 (dual ICI) or NOX-A12 + dual ICI (combination). Tumor growth was measured by IVIS imaging and immune cells in brain were analyzed using high dimensional flow cytometry. Survival was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier curves and log rank test. RESULTS Combination treatment resulted in tumor regression and long-term survival in 40% of s.c. tumor bearing mice compared to 10% treated with dual ICI only. Three of 4 mice rechallenged with contralateral s.c. tumor remained tumor free while all naive mice reached endpoint. TIME from treated s.c. tumors revealed increase in CD4 and effector memory CD8 T cells by combination treatment compared to dual ICI. In i.c. GBM tumors, while no survival benefit or growth inhibition was seen, combination treatment induced an early increase in effector memory CD8 T cells and PD-L1+ B cells, and a later increase in MHC-II+ microglia compared to dual ICI. CONCLUSION Inhibition of CXCL12 enabled the increase of effector cytotoxic T cells by ICI, improving survival in the s.c. GBM model, but not in i.c. GBM model. This might be due to differences in CXCL12 effect between extra and intra-CNS tumor or due to robust immune response causing excessive brain edema and death. These will be further explored in ongoing and future studies.

Lie-symmetry analysis of a three dimensional flow due to unsteady stretching of a flat surface with non-uniform temperature distribution

Various mathematical frameworks have been developed to study dynamics of the fluid flow in stretching films. In this work, a three–dimensional flow induced by an unsteady stretching of an infinite flat sheet is analyzed through the Lie symmetry approach. Twelve Lie point symmetries for the nonlinear partial differential equations describing the considered flow and heat transfer phenomena are derived. Invariants for these Lie symmetries are obtained to construct a new class of similarity transformations. With the deduced similarity transformations, the flow equations are converted to ordinary differential equations which are solved using the Homotopy analysis method. The deduced analytic solution enables an exploration of the effects of various parameters on the flow and heat transfer, which have not been revealed previously using the Lie method as per the authors’ knowledge. The influences of the stretching rate, parameters that maintain the non-uniformity and unsteadiness of sheet temperature, and the Prandtl number, are demonstrated with the help of graphs and tables. These results show that for certain values of the system parameters, heat transfer reverses its direction and occurs from the fluid to the sheet. At these values, maximum heat transfer does not occur at the sheet but rather slightly above it.

Darcy-Forchheimer magnetohydrodynamic flow of non-Newtonian Reiner-Rivlin hybrid nanofluid bounded by double-revolving disks

The applications of fluid flow and heat transfer between coaxial double-revolving disks are diverse and can be found in various engineering and scientific domains. In general, the utilization of engine oil ( EO) mixed with hybrid nanoparticles serves various purposes in engine cooling, such as maintaining viscosity-temperature properties, preventing corrosion, and achieving other cooling-related objectives. This investigation focuses on the Darcy-Forchheimer flow of a non-Newtonian Reiner-Rivlin hybrid nanofluid confined between double-revolving disks. The hybrid nanoparticles used include cadmium telluride ( CdTe) and titanium dioxide ( TiO2), combined with the base fluid engine oil. The dimensional flow equations are converted into dimensionless forms using suitable similarity transformations. Subsequently, a semi-analytical methodology known as the homotopy analysis method ( HAM) is utilized to tackle this problem. Graphs are used to determine the effects of the various flow parameters of the hybrid nanofluids on the velocities, temperature, skin friction coefficient, and the Nusselt number. After validating the findings against previous research, an attractive agreement was observed. Some major outcomes from this present problem are that axial, radial, and temperature profiles increase with the rise of the cross-viscosity parameter while the tangential velocity decreases. Radial velocity increased, and tangential velocity diminished with an enhanced magnetic field parameter. Radial velocity is increased for higher values of the dimensionless forced parameter. For higher values of the porosity parameter, the temperature profile improved. Also, the exploration of the Nusselt number and skin friction for the disks, incorporating the effects of a magnetic field and porous medium, reveals that skin friction for both disks increase with the rising Reynolds number and volume fraction of the cadmium telluride nanoparticles.

Significant statistical model of heat transfer rate in radiative Carreau tri-hybrid nanofluid with entropy analysis using response surface methodology used in solar aircraft

The recent advancement of technologies focuses on the use of solar-based heat radiation and nanotechnology. The primary source of heat is solar energy, which is obtained by absorbing sunlight. In addition, solar thermal planes, photovoltaic cells, and sun-based hybrid nanofluids all help to harness solar energy. Therefore, main concern of the study is to explored the two-dimensional Engine oil-based Carreau tri-hybrid nanofluid (SiO2 (silica dioxide), MOS2 (Molybdenum disulfide), Fe3O4(black iron oxide)) flow via a stretching sheet within solar wings. The flow phenomena of the non-Newtonian fluid enrich for the effects of radiant energy and the external heat source. By adopting similarity transfiguration, the dimensional partial main flow equations are changed into nonlinear dimensionless ordinary differential equations. The most effective and powerful tool of the semi-analytical method ADM (Adomain Decomposition Method) is utilized to solve the nanofluid flow problem. The uniqueness of the proposed study arises due to the analysis of entropy generation obtained by various irreversibility processes. The graphical illustration of outcome of various governing parameters on velocity, temperature, entropy terms and engineering quantities have been presented and theoretically analyzed. The findings reveal that The Carreau ternary hybrid nanofluids enhance the system's thermal conductivity for optimal temperature regulation in solar aircraft and better heat dissipation. The use of Carreau ternary hybrid nanofluids significantly reduces entropy generation, which implies a more reversible process, enhancing the overall efficiency of the energy conversion systems in solar aircraft. The heat flow of the system is accurately reflected by the chosen variables and their interactions, as demonstrated by the constructed model's strong statistical significance. For real-world applications, this improves the model's predictability and dependability.

Three dimensional branching pipe flows for optimal scalar transport between walls

Abstract We are interested in the design of forcing in the Navier–Stokes equation such that the resultant flow maximises the transport of a passive temperature between two differentially heated walls for a given power supply budget. This problem in the community is also known as ‘wall-to-wall optimal transport’ and can be reduced to optimizing the choice of the divergence-free velocity field in the advection-diffusion equation subject to an enstrophy constraint (which can be understood as a constraint on the power required to generate the flow). Previous work established that the transport cannot scale faster than 1/3-power of the power supply. Recently, Tobasco and Doering (2017 Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 264502) and Doering and Tobasco (2019 Commun. Pure Appl. Math. 72 2385–448) constructed self-similar two-dimensional steady branching flows saturating this bound up to a logarithmic correction. This correction appears to arise due to a topological obstruction inherent to two-dimensional steady flows. In this paper, we present a novel design of three-dimensional ‘branching pipe flows’ that bypasses this obstruction and, consequently, eliminates this logarithmic correction and therefore identifies the optimal scaling as a clean 1/3-power law. Our flows resemble the ones obtained in previous numerical studies of the three-dimensional wall-to-wall problem by Motoki, Kawahara and Shimizu (2018 J. Fluid Mech. 851 R4). We also discuss the implications of this result to the heat transfer problem in Rayleigh–Bénard convection and the problem of anomalous dissipation in a passive scalar.

RADIATION AND THERMAL DIFFUSION EFFECTS ON VISCO-ELASTIC FLUID PAST A POROUS PLATE WITH CHEMICAL REACTION AND HEAT GENERATION

A free convective two dimensional MHD boundary layer flow of a non-Newtonian (visco-elastic) fluid past a vertical porous plate have been thoroughly researched in this paper. The thermal diffusion Effects are also analyzed in presence of chemical reaction and radiation. A steady suction pressure is maintained at the plate. A singular perturbation method has been used to solve the problem. The analytical results are obtained for different values of the various dimensionless parameters entering into the flow problem and discussed quantitatively.

Influence of internal flow structure on flow energy losses in a centrifugal pump with splitter blades using entropy generation theory

Centrifugal pumps are essential in various industrial applications, including renewable energy. To maximize the pump’s overall performance, estimating flow energy losses (FEL) is crucial. However, due to internal flow complexity, it is necessary to employ new methods and approaches to better understand FEL mechanisms. This study uses entropy generation theory to investigate the relationship between FEL and various flow patterns in all pump hydraulic components. Numerical simulations were conducted using a 3-dimensional incompressible unsteady flow at four different flow coefficients. The delayed detached eddy simulation (DDES) model was used, and the results showed good agreement with experimental data compared to the SST k-w model. Emphasis was given to the flow energy losses and the relative and absolute velocity distribution in the impeller and diffuser components at various flow coefficients. Flow energy losses primarily occur in the impeller (70%) followed by the diffuser (23%). Impeller losses are concentrated at the outlet region due to the wake-jet phenomena (28.6%), splitter blades region (15.3%), and impeller’s leading edge (LE) (10.7%). Vaned diffuser losses occur in the vanless zone (stator-rotor interaction) and near leading/trailing edges.Moreover, wall shear stress and the significant relative velocity gradient near the walls of the impeller and diffuser blades are the main contributors to the FEL in this region. This study provides insights into a better understanding of FEL mechanisms and highlights areas for improving pump performance.

Large global solutions to the three dimensional compressible flow of liquid crystals

The purpose of this paper is to provide a class of large initial data which generates global solutions of the compressible flow of liquid crystals in R3. This class of data relax the smallness restriction imposed on the initial incompressible velocity. Moreover, the result improve considerably the work by Hu and Wu [SIAM J. Math. Anal., 45 (2013), 2678-2699].

Potential immunomodulatory effects of CAS+IMD monoclonal antibody cocktail in hospitalized patients with COVID-19

Passive administration of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), such as CAS+IMD (Casirivimab+Imdevimab) antibody cocktail demonstrated beneficial effects on clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 who were seronegative at baseline and outpatients. However, little is known about their impact on the host immunophenotypes. We conducted an immunoprofiling study in 46 patients from a single site of a multi-site trial of CAS+IMD in hospitalized patients. We collected longitudinal samples during October 2020∼April 2021, prior to the emergence of the Delta and Omicron variants and the use of COVID-19 vaccines. All collected samples were analyzed without exclusion and post-hoc statistical analysis was performed. We examined the dynamic interplay of CAS+IMD with host immunity applying dimensional reduction approach on plasma proteomics and high dimensional flow cytometry data. Using an unbiased clustering method, we identified unique immunophenotypes associated with acute inflammation and disease resolution. Compared to placebo group, administration of CAS+IMD accelerated the transition from an acute inflammatory immunophenotype, to a less inflammatory or "resolving" immunophenotype, as characterized by reduced tissue injury, proinflammatory markers and restored lymphocyte/monocyte imbalance independent of baseline serostatus. Moreover, CAS+IMD did not impair the magnitude or the quality of host T cell immunity against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Our results identified immunophenotypic changes indicative of a possible SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies-induced anti-inflammatory effect, without an evident impairment of cellular antiviral immunity, suggesting that further studies of Mabs effects on SAS-CoV-2 or other viral mediated inflammation are warranted. Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc and federal funds from the Department of Health and Human Services; Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, under OT number: HHSO100201700020C.

Impact of buildings’ configuration in an urban context on the spread pattern of NO2 and indoor air quality: A CFD simulation

The influence of the building’s configuration on the air flow pattern and the amount of pollutant entering the buildings was investigated. Six common forms of low-rise buildings in Shiraz City were evaluated as investigated patterns. Each of these forms were placed in four rotation modes (24 case studies in total) in an urban regular pavilion-shaped context, placed in the vicinity of an urban highway (as a source of pollutant production) and were simulated using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). In this research, air velocity and NO2 concentration were considered as the air quality parameters. Steady 3-dimensional flow was used to simulate these cases using the SST k-[Formula: see text] turbulence model, which was numerically solved based on the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations. The CFD software used in this research was validated in comparison with wind tunnel tests and acceptable results were found. The TOPSIS multi-criteria decision-making method was used to choose the best case based on increasing the air velocity and decreasing amount of pollutant inside the building. The results show that the best and worst building forms are related to the step-shaped and the L-shaped form, respectively. The results of this research provide design solutions for architects and urban designers to improve the ventilation quality of buildings.

Effect of MHD and radiation on biviscous Bingham fluid flow on Marangoni boundary for heat source/sink with chemical reaction

A significance of Marangoni-driven convective magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) was investigated in a planned study. The present study examines the impact of radiation and chemical reactions on the two dimensional boundary layer flow of bi-viscous Bingham fluid on a thermosolutal Marangoni boundary with magnetic field and heat source/sink. The physical flow problem is mathematically modelled into Navier–Stokes equations. These nonlinear partial differential equations are then mapped into a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations using similarity transformation. The elegant analytical method is used to obtain analytic approximations for the resulting system of nonlinear differential equations. The analytical solution for the temperature and concentration profiles is expressed in terms of Kummer's confluent hypergeometric function. The features of flow characteristics such as velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles in response to the variations of the emerging parameters are simulated and examined with a physical explanation through graphs. Surface tension is considered to be corresponding to heat and mass. The results reveal that the velocity profile decreases with increasing the magnetic field, while the Marangoni number value increases with increasing the velocity profile. Moreover, the temperature profile rises with rising the radiation parameter and whereas the value chemical reaction parameter upsurges with decline concentration profile. The present problem has great interest due to its applications in industrial applications such as drying of silicon wafers, thin layers of paint, glues, in heat exchangers, crystal growth in space, biological fluids, blood, synovial liquids, plasma, lubricants, many pharmaceutical products, proteins, sewage sludge, china clay, and many more.

Comparative study for heat transfer characteristics of many graphene hybrid nanofluids flow over a shrinking sheet

In this work, steady two-dimensional boundary layer flow of an electrically conductive hybrid nanofluids past a shrinking sheet, along with magnetic field, thermal radiation, suction/injection, heat source/sink and velocity slip model, has been investigated. Particularly, eight mixed hybrid graphene nanofluids of copper, silver, aluminium oxide and titanium dioxide were studied and compared with the classical graphene–water nanofluid. Appropriate similarity transformations have been used to convert the governing PDEs into a set of non-linear ODEs, then, we deduced exact solutions of the flow and temperature. In addition, possibility of obtaining no, unique and dual solutions for these functions were introduced as critical values and regions via graphs. Moreover, validation of the present solutions with those in the literature has been tabulated. Furthermore, asymptotic expression and local extremum for the most important equation were studied.On comparing with those results in the literature at some special values of the included parameters, excellent agreements were gotten. It was mentioned that two conditions have to be simultaneously applied to result the temperature dual solution with restrictions on choosing values of specific parameters. Further, in the injection case, the temperature distributions are larger by about 66.7% on comparing with those in the suction case, for all almost the investigated parameters. To get the highest temperature, it was deduced that the copper is to be firstly added to the water and then mixed with the graphene to produce the hybrid nanofluid. Graphene–copper/water employs as a heater on increasing the Eckert number, shrinking parameter and second velocity slip (for N<0). Furthermore, it acts as cooler with an increase of magnetic field, |heat source/sink parameter|, suction/injection parameter, solid volume fraction, first velocity slip and second velocity slip (for N>0).

Rapid assay development for low input targeted proteomics using a versatile linear ion trap.

Advances in proteomics and mass spectrometry enable the study of limited cell populations, where high-mass accuracy instruments are typically required. While triple quadrupoles offer fast and sensitive low-mass accuracy measurements, these instruments are effectively restricted to targeted proteomics. Linear ion traps (LITs) offer a versatile, cost-effective alternative capable of both targeted and global proteomics. Here, we describe a workflow using a new hybrid quadrupole-LIT instrument that rapidly develops targeted proteomics assays from global data-independent acquisition (DIA) measurements without needing high-mass accuracy. Using an automated software approach for scheduling parallel reaction monitoring assays (PRM), we show consistent quantification across three orders of magnitude in a matched-matrix background. We demonstrate measuring low-level proteins such as transcription factors and cytokines with quantitative linearity below two orders of magnitude in a 1 ng background proteome without requiring stable isotope-labeled standards. From a 1 ng sample, we found clear consistency between proteins in subsets of CD4 + and CD8 + T cells measured using high dimensional flow cytometry and LIT-based proteomics. Based on these results, we believe hybrid quadrupole-LIT instruments represent an economical solution to democratizing mass spectrometry in a wide variety of laboratory settings.

Generic properties of $3$-dimensional Reeb flows: Birkhoff sections and entropy

In this paper we use broken book decompositions to study Reeb flows on closed 3 -manifolds. We show that if the Liouville measure of a non-degenerate contact form can be approximated by periodic orbits, then there is a Birkhoff section for the associated Reeb flow. In view of Irie’s equidistribution theorem, this is shown to imply that the set of contact forms whose Reeb flows have a Birkhoff section contains an open and dense set in the C^{\infty} -topology. We also show that the set of contact forms whose Reeb flows have positive topological entropy is open and dense in the C^{\infty} -topology.

A novel method of reconstructing planar flow field from given distribution of single velocity component: comparison to conventional divergence-free approach

Measurements of a single flow velocity component are still prevalent due to their reasonable costs and some difficulties in multiple-component measurements. If the transverse component can be obtained additionally by a numerical technique, qualitative features of the flow will be understood more effectively. In this context, methods based on the 2-dimensonal divergence-free assumption have been widely used for problems in which a single velocity component is measured over a planar domain. In this study, the authors proposed a method of approximating the second planar velocity component by minimising an objective function expressed with divergence and vorticity so that the mass transport in the out-of-plane direction could be taken into consideration. The present method was tested with numerically produced 3-dimensional flows in a hexahedral chamber and a flow around a bluff body measured by particle image velocimetry. There was a tendency that the present method calculated the second velocity component with smaller errors than existing divergence-free approaches. It was also shown that the present method had a high capability to locate strong suction and generation caused by the mass transport in the out-of-plane direction. The present method is deemed promising for many one-component flow measurements in engineering and medicine.

Uniqueness of weak solutions of the Plateau flow

In this paper, we study the uniqueness of weak solutions of the heat flow of half-harmonic maps, which was first introduced by Wettstein as a half-Laplacian heat flow and recently studied by Struwe using more classical techniques. On top of its similarity with the two dimensional harmonic map flow, this geometric gradient flow is of interest due to its links with free boundary minimal surfaces and the Plateau problem, leading Struwe to propose the name Plateau flow, which we adopt throughout. We obtain uniqueness of weak solutions of this flow under a natural condition on the energy, which answers positively a question raised by Struwe.

Analysis of Soret and Dufour effects on radiative heat transfer in hybrid bioconvective flow of carbon nanotubes

Numerous heat transfer applications, such as heat exchangers, solar trough collectors, and fields including food processing, material research, and aerospace engineering, utilize hybrid nanofluids. Compared to conventional fluids, hybrid nanofluids exhibit significantly enhanced thermal conductivity. The aim of this work is to explore flow and heat transmission features under of magneto-hydrodynamic bioconvective flow of carbon nanotubes over the stretched surface with Dufour and Soret effects. Additionally, comparative dynamics of the carbon nanotubes (SWCMT − MWCNT/C2H6O2 with SWCMT − MWCNT/C2H6O2 − H2O) flow using the Prandtl fluid model in the presence of thermal radiation and motile microorganisms has been investigated. Novel feature Additionally, the focus is also to examine the presence of microorganisms in mixture base hybrid nanofluid. To examine heat transfer features of Prandtl hybrid nanofluid over the stretched surface convective heating is taken into consideration while modeling the boundary conditions. Suitable similarity transform has been employed to convert dimensional flow governing equations into dimensionless equations and solution of the problem has been obtained using effective, accurate and time saving bvp-4c technique in MATLAB. Velocity, temperature, concentration and microorganisms profiles have been demonstrated graphically under varying impact of various dimensionless parameters such as inclined magnetization, mixed convection, Dufour effect, Soret effect, thermal radiation effect, and bioconvection lewis number. It has been observed that raising values of magnetization (0.5 ≤ M ≤ 4), mixed convection (0.01 ≤ λ ≤ 0.05) and inclination angle (0° ≤ α ≤ 180°) enhance fluid motion rapidly in Ethylene glycol based Prandtl hybrid nanofluid (SWCMT − MWCNT/C2H6O2) when compared with mixture base working fluid of carbon nanotubes SWCMT − MWCNT/C2H6O2 − H2O). Raising thermal radiation (0.1 ≤ Rd ≤ 1.7) and Dufour number (0.1 ≤ Du ≤ 0.19) values improves temperature profile. Moreover, a good agreement has been found between the current outcome and existing literature for skin friction outcomes.

Targeting the Dendritic Cell-Secreted Immunoregulatory Cytokine CCL22 Alleviates Radioresistance.

Radiation-mediated immune suppression limits efficacy and is a barrier in cancer therapy. Radiation induces negative regulators of tumor immunity including regulatory T cells (Treg). Mechanisms underlying Treg infiltration after radiotherapy (RT) are poorly defined. Given that conventional dendritic cells (cDC) maintain Treg, we sought to identify and target cDC signaling to block Treg infiltration after radiation. Transcriptomics and high dimensional flow cytometry revealed changes in murine tumor cDC that not only mediate Treg infiltration after RT but also associate with worse survival in human cancer datasets. Antibodies perturbing a cDC-CCL22-Treg axis were tested in syngeneic murine tumors. A prototype interferon-anti-epidermal growth factor receptor fusion protein (αEGFR-IFNα) was examined to block Treg infiltration and promote a CD8+ T cell response after RT. Radiation expands a population of mature cDC1 enriched in immunoregulatory markers that mediates Treg infiltration via the Treg-recruiting chemokine CCL22. Blocking CCL22 or Treg depletion both enhanced RT efficacy. αEGFR-IFNα blocked cDC1 CCL22 production while simultaneously inducing an antitumor CD8+ T cell response to enhance RT efficacy in multiple EGFR-expressing murine tumor models, including following systemic administration. We identify a previously unappreciated cDC mechanism mediating Treg tumor infiltration after RT. Our findings suggest blocking the cDC1-CCL22-Treg axis augments RT efficacy. αEGFR-IFNα added to RT provided robust antitumor responses better than systemic free interferon administration and may overcome clinical limitations to interferon therapy. Our findings highlight the complex behavior of cDC after RT and provide novel therapeutic strategies for overcoming RT-driven immunosuppression to improve RT efficacy. See related commentary by Kalinski et al., p. 4260.

Using single cell CITE-seq and high parameter flow cytometry to characterize human regulatory T cells

Abstract Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are an essential population of T cells that are critical for maintenance of peripheral tolerance. Imbalanced Treg frequency or dysregulation of Treg function can lead to the development of autoimmune diseases. Thus, the modulation of Treg frequency or function has become an important therapeutical approach to treat autoimmune disorders. Despite increased study, whether distinct populations of Tregs with unique functions exist is unclear. Here, we used a combination of single-cell CITE-Seq (scCITE-Seq) and high parameter flow cytometry to resolve the heterogeneity of Tregs in humans. Using magnetic cell enrichment in conjunction with fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), we isolated Tregs and performed downstream scCITE-Seq. By using more than a hundred antibody-oligo conjugates, we identified distinct populations of Tregs, uncovered the proteomics signature associated with these populations, and revealed donor-to-donor variability in the peripheral Treg compartment. The protein expression pattern and antigen density on Tregs revealed by scCITE-Seq correlated to that of high dimensional flow cytometry. Trajectory analysis segregated Treg subsets into distinct differentiation pathways with unique proteomic signatures ranging from naïve, activated to memory Tregs. These findings improve our understanding of the heterogeneity of Tregs and provide a single-cell proteomic atlas for dissecting the complex roles of Tregs in health and disease.

Flow of Bingham fluid through a three dimensional thin layer

The paper is devoted to the study of asymptotic behavior of the solution of three dimensional steady flow of Bingham fluid through a three dimensional thin layer with Dirichlet boundary conditions. We are interested in the asymptotic behavior, to this aim we prove some convergence results concerning the velocity and pressure when the thickness tends to zero. The limit problem obtained after transforming the original problem into one posed over a fixed reference domain and the parameter representing the thickness of the layer tend to zero is studied. The lower-dimensional constitutive law and the differential equation satisfied by the limit variables in the non rigid zone are obtained. In addition, the uniqueness of limit solution has been also established. Existence and uniqueness results and a lower-dimensional constitutive law are obtained. An identical study of a two-dimensional problem yields a one dimensional model prevalent in engineering literature.