Antenna Dimensions Research Articles

A Compact mmWave MIMO Antenna for Future Wireless Networks

This article presents a four-element multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna design for next-generation millimeter-wave (mmWave) communication systems. The single antenna element of the MIMO systems consists of a T-shaped and plow-shaped patch radiator designed on an ultra-thin Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 substrate. The dimensions of the single antenna are 10 × 12 mm2. The MIMO system is designed by placing four elements in a polarization diversity configuration whose overall dimensions are 24 × 24 mm2. From the measured results, it is observed that the MIMO antenna provides 9.23 GHz impedance bandwidth ranging from 22.43 to 31.66 GHz. In addition, without the utilization of any decoupling network, a minimum isolation of 25 dB is achieved between adjacent MIMO elements. Furthermore, the proposed MIMO antenna system is fabricated, and it is noted that the simulated results are in good agreement with the measured results. Through the achieved results, it can be said that the proposed MIMO antenna system can be used in 5G mmWave radio frequency (RF) front-ends.

A miniatured helical antenna based on the sinusoidal folding structure with exponential spacing.

An exponential spacing and sinusoidal folded helical (ESSFH) antenna backed with a cavity is developed in this paper. Compared with the conventional helical (CH) antenna, the proposed antenna not only has smaller dimension but also exhibits a wider working bandwidth, a higher gain, and a better circular polarization (CP) characteristic. To reduce the dimension of the helical antenna, a sinusoidal structure is adopted along the circumference of the helix. However, it deteriorates the CP characteristic of the antenna. Therefore, the structure of the exponential helix spacing is introduced into the sinusoidal folded helical (SFH) antenna. Then, to further improve the gain of the ESSFH antenna, its ground plane is replaced by an optimized cavity. Compared with the CH antenna, the helix diameter of the ESSFH antenna Dλ is reduced from 0.32 to 0.23, and its volume is reduced to 53%. The ESSFH antenna backed with a cavity has an impedance bandwidth of 0.43-1.02GHz, which is much wider than 0.48-0.60GHz of the CH antenna. Moreover, it has an axial ratio of 1.77, while the axial ratio of the CH antenna is 2.61. In addition, its effective potential gain is 0.56, which is 22% higher than that of the CH antenna.

A novel design of wide and multi-bands 2×2 multiple-input multiple-output antenna for 5G mm-wave applications

In this paper, we present a new design for a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna with four ports operating in wide and multi-millimeter-wave (Mm-Wave) bands for various 5G applications (including the internet of things (IoT), communication devices, and smartphones). The antenna is designed in a rectangular zigzag shape with slots to make the antenna operate at different frequencies. For this, the antenna operates at multiple frequencies from 38 to 62 GHz, so it supports all advanced wireless communication applications. The most important characteristic of the design is its small size and compact structure compared to designs presented by researchers in previous literature so<em> </em>the antenna dimensions for four elements are 29×49 mm<sup>2</sup>. The antenna performance based on the results obtained from CST Studio Suite is good since the reflection coefficients of the antenna resonate at six main frequencies are 39.128 GHz, 42.992 GHz, 47.384 GHz, 51.536 GHz, 55.472 GHz, and 59.288 GHz. In addition, the isolation value between all antenna elements is ≤30 dB and the diversity gain value for all frequencies is 10 dB. Moreover, a very small value was obtained for the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) is <4.0576×10<sup>−11</sup>. Finally, the results indicate a favorable design and potential competitor for all 5G MIMO Mm-Wave applications.<br /><em></em>

A Dual-Polarized Dual-Band Patch Antenna Based on Orthogonal Modes Manipulation

In this paper, a co-caliber structure for dual-polarized dual-band (DPDB) radiation is presented through cross-polarized modes manipulation. After introducing slots and a connection branch into a typical patch antenna, two orthogonal radiation modes with different electrical-length achieved a meandered current mode at the lower frequency and a patch radiation mode at the higher frequency. The radiation patterns at both frequencies are patch-like, benefitting from certain feeding designs. The dual frequencies can be manipulated independently since their working modes are independent. In addition, compared with the traditional patch, the proposed antenna performs a higher aperture efficiency with a miniaturized antenna dimension. The antenna is finally fabricated and measured. The measured results showed that the antenna is evidently cross-polarized working at 10.38 GHz and 14.2 GHz and the gains are 5.57 dB and 6.82 dB, respectively. With the advantages of being compact, easily fabricated, and integrated, the proposed antenna can be potentially utilized in antenna research, polarization manipulation, multichannel communication system, and so on.

Modeling and Designing of a Compact Single Band PIFA Antenna for Wireless Application Using Artificial Neural Network

In this paper, we are interested to design a compact single band PIFA antenna using the artificial neural networks based on the multilayer perceptrons. The designed antenna will operate at the frequency 2.45 GHz for industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) band, the medical field, the mobile phone,the Wi-Fi and the Bluetooth. The absence of mathematical models that takes into account all the parameters that affect the characteristics of these antennas present a difficulty in the design of this type of antennas. In this paper, our main contribution is the development of a synthesis and analysis model for PIFA antenna based on the artificial neural network method. For this reasons, we have developed a model of the neural network based on the multilayer perceptron to predict the resonance frequency and the bandwidth of a single band PIFA antenna. By applying the same method, we managed to find a multilayer perceptron structure that can accurately predict the physicals dimensions of the PIFA single band antenna. Using the HFSS software, we designed the single band PIFA antenna that can operate at the frequency 2.45 GHz and presents a bandwidth at \(-10\) dB equal 1.0552 GHz, a good reflection coefficient (\(-51\) dB), the gain is 6.5867 dB.

Improving Compact Short Backfire Antenna Gain and Cross-Polarization Using Choke and Ring Cavity Loading

We present two designs that improve the gain and cross-polarization performance of the waveguide-fed short backfire (SBF) antenna by introducing a choke (SBF-2) and by loading the cavity with a metallic ring feature (SBF-2-Ring). A series of parametric simulation studies on antenna dimensions provides information on how to improve the antenna gain and cross-polarization performance while simultaneously extending the impedance bandwidth. For SBF-2, the peak gain was 16.6 dBi, the minimum cross-polarization ratio was −23.8 dB, and the maximum impedance bandwidth was 27.3%, with a gain bandwidth of 19.2%. For SBF-2-Ring, the peak gain was 15.8 dBi, the minimum cross-polarization ratio was −29.1 dB, and the maximum impedance bandwidth was 43.5%, with a gain bandwidth of 31.8%. The concepts were verified by designing, fabricating, and testing two prototypes in the microwave C-band. Excellent agreement between simulation and measurement was achieved. The measured gain for SBF-2-Ring was >14 dBi for 4.7–6.2 GHz and the worst case cross polarization in the diagonal plane was <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$&lt; -22$ </tex-math></inline-formula> dB for 5.3–5.8 GHz. Cross-polarization in the principal planes has significantly greater bandwidth and the worst case analysis is presented to give limitations on the performance.

DESIGN OF MIMO ANTENNA FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATION APPLICATIONS

The development of a new compact Ultra Wideband (UWB) antenna. The main advantages of the proposed array configuration are that it requires no isolation/decoupling circuit between the elements of the MIMO array. The suggested antenna has an impedance bandwidth of (3.1_10.6) GHz. The antenna dimension (25×58×1.6) mm3. It is based on a simple patch antenna configuration with a simple hexagonal radiator and partial ground. The partial ground is used to improve the reflection coefficient and isolation. A 16.54mm x 9mm ground plane is used. Each element was fed through a 50Ω microstrip transmission line (MTL). The suggested antenna is polarized linearly. It performs admirably at 10.46 GHz, with a gain of 1.77dB, a reflection coefficient of 28.42dB, VSWR approx 1, an envelope correlation coefficient very close to 0 dB, a diversity gain of 10dB, and isolation of 50.44dB, respectively, and suggested antenna's diversity characteristics, such as ECC and diversity gain, are also modeled.

Antenna for 5G Mobile Communication at 28 GHz

Fifth generation (5G) mobile communications has become one of the trendiest issues in recent years, especially in the development of wireless technology for communications. As such, 5G mobile communications will also suffer severe path loss, due to the high frequency bands. This work presents the antennas for 5G mobile communication at 28 GHz on Rogers RT5880 with a dielectric constant, εr of 2.2, loss tangent, tan δ of 0.0009 and thickness, h of 0.787 mm. A rectangular microstrip patch are proposed in this work which consist of a single element and array configurations with two and four elements. Microstrip feed line and inset feed line are implemented to observe their performances. It can be observed from the simulation results that the gain and directivity increase from a single element up until four elements array antenna for both the microstrip feed line and inset feed line of the rectangular microstrip patch antenna. This confirm to the fact that array antenna produces high gain and directivity which could overcome the challenge of high free space path loss in millimeter-wave. The spacing between each element in the array antenna are spaced accordingly and not so close with each other in order to suppress the mutual coupling between the elements. It is shown that the mutual coupling is greatly reduced based on the greater values of reflection coefficient in two-element and four-element array antennas. Based on the gain, directivity and reflection coefficient, inset feed line antennas perform better than microstrip feed line antennas. In terms of dimensions, the size of the antenna with an inset feed line reduces as compared to microstrip feed line as the number of elements increases. Thus, it is safe to conclude that inset feed line antennas outperform microstrip feed line antennas when it comes to gain, directivity, reflection coefficient, and dimensions of antennas. Therefore, the proposed array antennas in this work are suitable to be used in 5G mobile communications.

Improved Multiband Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna for 5G Application

In this work, a multiband microstrip patch antenna for 5G mobile applications was designed and simulation was conducted using HFSS (High Frequency Simulation structure) software. The frequency range of 3.5 GHz through 11.65 GHz was considered and the antenna dimensions were obtained from a well-established design equations. During simulation, the designed antenna was considered for an antenna without an inset feed and an inset fed antenna using layers of RT/Duroid 5880 substrate with a patch size of 33 mm × 28.8 mm and height of 1 mm. The antenna performance was analyzed in terms of S11 parameters, return loss, Voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), reflected power, and forwarding power. The result showed that the antenna radiates at a frequency of 3.5 GHz, 5.93 GHz, 7.49 GHz, 10.07 GHz and 11.65 GHz with an S11 value of -19.33, -17.40, -25.84, -32.94, -26.25 dB and VSWR of 1.88, 2.35, 1.68, 1.78 and 1.03. The designed antenna can be used for 5G applications that require the frequencies obtained in this research work.

A low profile antipodal Vivaldi antenna with improved front‐to‐back ratio and sidelobe levels for 5G applications

In this article, a novel miniaturized antipodal Vivaldi antenna (AVA) is proposed with significant improvement in the back and sidelobe levels (SLLs) to mitigate their adverse effect on the communication system components. The proposed AVA enhances SLL up to −5.7 dB and front to back ratio (FBR) to 20.2 dB. These improvements are accomplished by antenna size reduction and gain enhancement. The proposed AVA is miniaturized by 22.27% and the gain is increased up to 4 dBi compared to the conventional AVA (CAVA). The AVA is designed by incorporating substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) and corrugations. The use of corrugations improves the FBR and gain. Next, the improvements in the bandwidth and SLL are achieved by SIW. The antenna dimensions are 15 × 6 × 0.5 mm3 and it provides the enhanced and almost constant gain of 9.5 ± 1.5 dBi. The antenna is designed for the 38 GHz band of 5G applications and it has an impedance bandwidth of 36–48.43 GHz. The efficiency of an antenna is above 94% over the desired frequency range. The antenna is fabricated and verified with experimental results. The proposed antenna makes it as one of the best choices as a 5G antenna.

Design and analysis of multiband circular microstrip patch antenna for wireless communication

The study proposes a novel Approach of Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna for Multi-Band. The Proposed Antenna Dimension is (40×30×1.6)mm^3 on the FR-4, Which has ε_r equals(4.3) and Loss tangent (0.002). Both Patches and Grounds are Copper Material With Thickness (0.035 mm) Five Bands are Achieved, At Resonance Frequencies (9.658 GHz), (11.68 GHz), (16.054 GHz), (21.28 GHz), and (29.704 GHz) Respectively. This Antenna Operates In Wireless Applications for Operation in The X-Band, Ku-Band, Ka-Band, K-Band, and 5G. Also it is Works for Radar, Satellite Communications, Wireless Network Computer, Medical Communication Devices, and Local Multi Point TV, to Detect Vehicles Speeding, Especially in Europe Vehicles Speeding, Especially in Europe. The Proposed Antenna is Effectively Manufactured and Checked Using a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) and is Simulation Using CST-MW Software version 2019.

Design and analysis of wide and multi-bands multi-input multi-output antenna for 5G communications

A &lt;span&gt;good antenna design has played an essential role in the design of wireless communication systems, international companies are looking for the best design that suits their products in terms of size, bandwidth, gain, cost, and performance. In this paper, three antenna models are designed for fifth-generation (5G) communications, the first model is a single antenna, the second model is a two-ports multi-input multi-output (MIMO) antenna, and the third model is a four-ports MIMO antenna. The geometric dimensions of a single antenna are 20×37×1.6 mm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, the two-ports antenna dimensions are 44×37×1.6 mm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;, while the four-ports antenna dimensions are 74×44×1.6 mm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. The design of these antennas was based on the latest strategies in terms of their small sizes and operating from 13.5 to 20 GHz in wide and multiple bands to be compatible with all advanced communication devices. Based on the results that emerged, it was noted that the reflection coefficient (S11) &amp;lt; -10 dB and has better isolation between the ports is &amp;lt; -26 dB. While the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) value is &amp;lt; 1.036×10&lt;sup&gt;-9&lt;/sup&gt;, and the diversity gain (DG) value is 10 dB. All antennas proposed operate in ultra-wideband (UWB) which is very necessary for 5G communications devices.&lt;/span&gt;

Generalized Formulation of Response Features for Reliable Optimization of Antenna Input Characteristics

Electromagnetic (EM)-driven parameter adjustment has become imperative in the design of modern antennas. It is necessary because the initial designs rendered through topology evolution, parameter sweeping, or theoretical models are often of poor quality and need to be improved to satisfy stringent performance requirements. Given multiple objectives, constraints, and a typically large number of geometry parameters, the design closure should be carried out through numerical optimization. Unfortunately, standard algorithms entail high CPU expenses and are prone to failure. Feature-based optimization (FBO) is one of the methods developed to alleviate these difficulties by reformulating the design task in terms of the characteristic points extracted from EM-simulated responses. FBO capitalizes on a less nonlinear relationship between the feature point coordinates and antenna dimensions as compared to the original responses (e.g., frequency characteristics). This leads to flattening the functional landscape to be handled, faster convergence of the optimization algorithms, and a possibility of mitigating the issues pertinent to multimodality. Notwithstanding, the response features have to be individually defined for each type of antenna response and tailored to a particular type of design specifications. This requires user experience and hinders the widespread application of FBO. This article proposes a generalized and unified feature point definition, which is suitable for the majority of typical antenna input characteristics (narrowband, multiband, enhanced bandwidth, and wideband) and performance specifications (matching improvement, bandwidth enhancement, and a mixture thereof). Our framework allows for an automated definition of the feature points given the performance specifications, along with their extraction from EM-simulated responses. The operation of the framework is illustrated using a range of planar antennas and favorably compared to conventional (nonfeature-based) design closure task formulation.

Study of the radiation pattern of a rectangular horn antenna in the operation of multimode propagation of electromagnetic waves

The object of research in the work is the process of radiation of electromagnetic waves and the directional properties of a rectangular horn antenna in a multimode operation. The existing problem is that in practice when developing and researching horn antennas, only the single-mode mode of their operation is taken into account. The fundamental mode of the rectangular waveguide that feeds this horn antenna is chosen as the base mode of the emitted electromagnetic wave. Radiation of higher types of electromagnetic waves is not taken into account. To take into account the impact of higher types of electromagnetic waves on the directional properties of a rectangular horn antenna, it is proposed to investigate a multimode mode consisting of three types of magnetic waves H10, H20, and H30. Horn antennas have high-quality wide-range properties and make it possible to obtain a maximum frequency coverage ratio of 1.5–1.8. In this paper, the directional properties of a rectangular horn antenna are determined by the example of calculating and modeling normalized radiation patterns of a standard horn-type for a wide frequency range with an average frequency of 12 GHz and a frequency overlap factor of 1.67. It has been established that when emitting three higher types of waves, it is possible to simultaneously improve the characteristics and directional properties of a horn antenna by changing the amplitude of each component of the constituent waves of electromagnetic radiation. The work aimed to study the normalized radiation patterns of a rectangular horn antenna to improve its directional properties. It was found that with increasing frequency, starting from the middle frequency of the operating frequency range, the radiation pattern of a rectangular horn antenna expanded. That is, the opening angle increased in the direction of the main radiation, with a decrease in the radiation amplitude, the level of the side and rear lobes increased, which leads to a deterioration in the characteristics of the horn antenna. For the selected geometric dimensions of the horn antenna in the frequency range of 12–12.5 GHz in the multimode mode, it was possible to provide almost the same beam width in the horizontal and vertical planes at the level of 13.2–13.6°.

Ultrafast excited state dynamics in the monomeric and trimeric photosystem I core complex of Spirulina platensis probed by two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy.

Photosystem I (PSI), a naturally occurring supercomplex composed of a core part and a light-harvesting antenna, plays an essential role in the photosynthetic electron transfer chain. Evolutionary adaptation dictates a large variability in the type, number, arrangement, and absorption of the Chlorophylls (Chls) responsible for the early steps of light-harvesting and charge separation. For example, the specific location of long-wavelength Chls (referred to as red forms) in the cyanobacterial core has been intensively investigated, but the assignment of the chromophores involved is still controversial. The most red-shifted Chl a form has been observed in the trimer of the PSI core of the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis, with an absorption centered at ∼740nm. Here, we apply two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy to study photoexcitation dynamics in isolated trimers and monomers of the PSI core of S. platensis. By means of global analysis, we resolve and compare direct downhill and uphill excitation energy transfer (EET) processes between the bulk Chls and the red forms, observing significant differences between the monomer (lacking the most far red Chl form at 740nm) and the trimer, with the ultrafast EET component accelerated by five times, from 500 to 100fs, in the latter. Our findings highlight the complexity of EET dynamics occurring over a broad range of time constants and their sensitivity to energy distribution and arrangement of the cofactors involved. The comparison of monomeric and trimeric forms, differing both in the antenna dimension and in the extent of red forms, enables us to extract significant information regarding PSI functionality.

Designing of Solid State SIW Antenna for 5G Application

This experimental research paper presents the plan of a solid single band microstrip patch Substrate Integrated Waveguide(SIW) antenna, which might be suitable candidate for 5G wireless application working at 3.5GHz. Right now, the full world is within the surge of satisfying the request of capacity boosting highlights of remote eras, such as huge data rate in conjunction with moo inactivity, ultra-reliable communications, and enormous network. These all over said highlights of 5th era remote innovation might be for the most part held within the 3.5GHz band. The plan of SIW antenna proposed in this paper is carried on Roger RT3203 with 3.02 dielectric, 0.0016 misfortune digression, and 1 Oz thickness utilizing inset bolstering. The overall dimension of the patch antenna is 60.4523×34mm2. In this work, rectangular fix is planned with U-shape opened radio wire with utilizing SIW methodology. The antenna is outlined and recreated and the investigation was carried out on Computer Simulation Technology (CST) studio. The antenna attains gain of 2.61dB at 3.5GHz frequency, which is the most preferred feature that facilitates to implement this antenna plan in the 5G applications.

Compact dual-band MIMO cubical antenna for automotive applications

ABSTRACT There is a strong demand for compact and multiband antennas as wireless technologies become more integrated into automobiles. These antennas must be able to serve multiple services without compromising the size and installation space. In addition, the antenna incorporated should not affect the aesthetic appearance of the vehicle. This paper presents a compact multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna working at 2.45 GHz (Wi-Fi/Bluetooth/RFID) and ultra-wideband (UWB) frequencies. A basic rectangular monopole with a self-complementary structure is used to design the antenna element. The size of the antenna element is 20 × 22 mm2. The proposed MIMO cube is developed with four antenna elements in cubical orientation to achieve compactness and better isolation. The overall dimension of the MIMO antenna is 35 × 22 mm2. The diversity antenna shows impedance bandwidth of 2.4–11.5 GHz and isolation of more than 20 dB. The envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) of the MIMO antenna is less than 0.2, diversity gain (DG) is greater than 9 dB, and total active reflection coefficient (TARC) and channel capacity loss (CCL) are less than −10 dB and 0.4 bits/s/Hz, respectively. The gain and efficiency are found to be greater than 1 dBi and 72%, respectively.

Crescent Microstrip Antenna for LTE-U and 5G Systems

The field of wireless cellular network technology has seen a significant development in recent years, allowing the emergence of many new applications in addition to the traditional mobile phone calls. We are currently implementing the 5G system, which is replacing the previous cellular technologies on the market. Parallel to the development of cellular technologies, wireless local networks based on the IEEE 802.11× standards are rapidly spreading. The desire to use the advantages of both mobile telephony and wireless local networks has led to the idea of integrating the currently used communication systems in one device and requires a well-designed antenna, which should be given a lot of attention when designing the radio system. This article presents the proposed model of a two-band microstrip antenna for which the main assumption is its operating frequencies in the LTE-U (LTE-Unlicensed) band and one of the 5G system bands. The antenna dimensions and parameters have been calculated, simulated, and optimized using CST Microwave Studio software. The developed antenna has a compact structure with dimensions of (60 × 40 × 1.57) mm. The dielectric material RT Duroid 5880 with a dielectric constant εr = 2.2 and thickness h = 1.57 mm was used as a substrate for the antenna construction. The article presents an analysis of the results of simulation and measurements of selected electrical parameters and radiation characteristics of the proposed antenna. The antenna described in the article, working in 5G systems and LTE-U systems, is characterized by two operating bands with center frequencies equal to 3.52 GHz and 5.37 GHz, a low reflection coefficient (for resonances −31.54 dB and −23.16 dB), a gain value of 4.45 dBi, a wide frequency band of 3.0 GHz (68.18%), and a high energy efficiency in the range of 80–96.68%.

Design of a Compact Dual-Band Textile Antenna Based on Metasurface.

This paper presents a compact textile antenna design based on a metasurface for wearable applications. It operates in the 2.45 GHz and 5.5 GHz industrial, scientific, and medical bands. A two-dimensional equivalent circuit model is proposed to provide insight into the working principle of the metasurface. The tuning of the radiator's resonant frequencies can be easily performed by adjusting the dispersion curve of the metasurface unit cell. The metasurface in this work consists of a 4 × 4 array of unit cells fed by a printed coplanar waveguide structure with a slot in its reverse side to maintain its low profile structure. The main innovations of this work are: (i) the -2nd mode is employed to significantly miniaturize the antenna dimensions; (ii) the simultaneous excitation of the +1st mode to enable dual-band operation; (iii) an integrated back reflector to reduce back radiation and lower SAR; and (iv) the use of full textile materials to guarantee user comfort, ease of fabrication and low cost. The proposed antenna's footprint is 44.1 × 44.1 mm2 (0.12 λ2 at 2.45 GHz), with an impedance bandwidth of 10.2% centered at 2.45 GHz and 22.5% at 5.5 GHz. The maximum gain is -0.67 dBi and 7.4 dBi in free space, and 9% of power gain attenuation is generated when used on the body, and is suitable as a miniaturized antenna for wearable applications.

Fractal Cardioid Slot Antenna for Super Wideband Applications

A new geometry for uniplanar, ultra-wideband monopole antenna has been proposed for operations in the 1.8–30 GHz band, thanks to its fractal structure in the form of a cardioid. The antenna has extremely small dimensions at 0.21λ × 0.285λ at the lowest frequency of 1.8 GHz. A parametric analysis of the influence of certain antenna dimensions on its characteristics was performed in order to achieve the widest possible impedance bandwidth. This antenna is designed for low-cost FR-4 substrate because it is primarily intended for use in broadband energy harvesting and IoT systems, but it is also suitable for applications in communication systems. Simulation results show that the antenna has a reflection coefficient (S11) below −10 dB in the entire 1.8 GHz to 30 GHz frequency range, which covers all existing cellular bands: 3G, 4G, 5G Wi-Fi, ISM, satellite communication and radar bands. The antenna exhibits gains up to 5 dBi.