Solvent Dilution Research Articles

Simultaneous determination of triazole fungicides in animal-origin food by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry

A method for the simultaneous determination of 21 triazole fungicides in animal-origin foods was established by using UPLC–MS/MS. The dilution solvent, extraction solvent, and QuEChERS purification adsorbent composition, were optimized. The response value of the target compound was the highest and the chromatographic peak shape was optimal under the following conditions: water-acetonitrile as the mobile phase, acetonitrile to extract the target compound, C18 (100 mg) as the adsorbent, and water-acetonitrile as the diluent. Our method was validated under electrospray ionization (ESI) + conditions with six animal-origin foods. The 21 triazole fungicides showed good linear relationships (0.1–20 μg∙L−1, R2 > 0.99). The limits of detection and quantitation ranged from 0.1 to 0.3 μg∙kg−1 and 0.3 to 0.9 μg∙kg−1, respectively. The average recoveries ranged from 72.0% to 114.8% with RSDs < 9.9%. Therefore, our method was suitable for the determination of pesticide residues in commercially available animal-origin samples.

Determination of thermodynamic properties and phase transition temperatures of phenylbenzoate-based calamitic liquid crystals by inverse gas chromatography method

ABSTRACT In this study, Phenylbenzoate-based calamitic liquid crystals (LCs) were synthesized and characterized, and then the thermodynamic properties and phase transition temperatures were investigated by inverse gas chromatography (IGC) at infinite dilution. The phase transition temperatures of the LCs were determined in the range of 40–170°C by the IGC method. Finally, in the thermodynamic equilibrium region (the range of 160–200°C), Flory-Huggins theory and the equation of state theory with the LC-solvent interaction parameters, the effective exchange energy parameters, the weight fraction activity coefficient, and also the partial molar heat of mixing at infinite dilution of solvent, the molar heat of vaporization of solvent, and the partial molar heat of sorption of solvent were calculated.

Post-modification of PLLA nanofiber nonwovens by various solvent treatments

Abstract Degradable polymeric Biomaterials, such as polylactic acid, are widely used in medical field as bioresorbable implant coatings. More recently, stent covers, implantable tubes or wound dressings made from electrospun nanofibers have been developed. In order to tailor the material for specific applications, dedicated fine-tuning procedures are required. To modify fiber interconnection or porosity, solvents or their dilutions are applicable. In this work, the effect of differently diluted protic and aprotic-polar solvents on electrospun poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) nonwovens was investigated via immersion or vapor exposure. Fiber adhesion was observed with protic solvents. Fiber destruction and increased polymer crystallinity was observed with aprotic polar solvents. The immersion duration revealed to be far more irrelevant than solvent dilution. None of the tested solvents affected molecular weight. This opens up significant research potential to replace halogenated solvents as a cornerstone of eco-friendly “green” electrospinning processes. The results of this study are suggesting that biomaterials with desired properties can be produced in a targeted manner.

Breast cancer cell growth arrest and chemopreventive effects of Passiflora edulis Sims (Passifloraceae) ethanolic leaves extract on a rat model of mammary carcinoma.

Despite various prevention and treatment measures, the incidence and mortality due to breast cancer has been increasing globally. Passiflora edulis Sims is a plant used for the treatment of various diseases in traditional medicine, including cancers. To assess the anti-breast cancer activity of the ethanolic extract of P. edulis leaves in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, the cell growth and proliferation were determined based on the MTT and BrdU assays. The flow cytometry was used to analyze the cell death mechanism while, cell migration, cell adhesion and chemotaxis were assayed for anti-metastatic potential. In vivo, 56 female Wistar rats aged 45-50 days (∼75g) were exposed to 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-DMBA except the normal group. Negative control group (DMBA) received solvent dilution throughout the study; standards groups (tamoxifen - 3.3mg/kg BW and letrozole - 1mg/kg BW) as well as P. edulis leaves ethanolic extract groups (50, 100 and 200mg/kg) treated for 20 weeks. Tumor incidence, tumor burden and volume, CA 15-3 serum' level, antioxidant, inflammatory status and histopathology were assessed. P. edulis extract showed a significant and concentration-dependent inhibition of MCF-7 and MDA-MB 231cells growth at 100μg/mL. It inhibited cell proliferation and clones' formation and induced apoptosis in MDA-MB 231cells. The migration of cell into the zone freed of cells and the number of invading cells after the 48 and 72h were significantly diminished while, it increased their adherence to collagen and fibronectin extracellular matrix as does Doxorubicin. In vivo, all rats in the DMBA group exhibited a significant (p < 0.001) increase in tumor volume, tumor burden and grade (adenocarcinoma of SBR III) and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels (TNF-α, INF-γ, IL-6 and IL-12). P. edulis extract at all tested doses significantly inhibited the DMBA-induced increase in tumor incidence, tumor burden and grade (SBR I) as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, it increased enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants (SOD, catalase, and GSH) and decreased MDA levels although a greater effect was observed with Tamoxifen and Letrozole. P. edulis has medium content on polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins. P. edulis has chemo-preventive effects against DMBA-induced breast cancer in rats probably through its antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and apoptosis-inducing potentials.

Homogenization of the linearized ionic transport equations in random porous media

In this paper we obtain the homogenization results for a system of partial differential equations describing the transport of a N-component electrolyte in a dilute Newtonian solvent through a rigid random disperse porous medium. We present a study of the nonlinear Poisson–Boltzmann equation in a random medium, establish convergence of the stochastic homogenization procedure and prove well-posedness of the two-scale homogenized equations. In addition, after separating scales, we prove that the effective tensor satisfies the so-called Onsager properties, that is the tensor is symmetric and positive definite. This result shows that the Onsager theory applies to random porous media. The strong convergence of the fluxes is also established. In the periodic case homogenization results for the mentioned system have been obtained in Allaire et al (2010 J. Math. Phys. 51 123103).

Using mandelic acid as an extraction solvent in the extraction of Cu(II) and Cd(II) from soil samples.

In this study, an efficient, green, and rapid sample preparation method based on mandelic acid dimer was proposed for the extraction of Cu(II) and Cd(II) from soil samples followed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. In this research, for the first time, the liquid dimer was prepared by heating solid mandelic acid. Then the mixture of soil and a complexing agent was added into it. The mixture was transferred into a microwave oven. Diluted nitric acid solution as a dilution solvent was added. After centrifugation, two aliquots of the collected phase were removed and injected into the instrument. The relevant optimization parameters such as dimer volume, microwave exposure time, amount of complexing agent, and the type and volume of dilution solvent were investigated and optimized. Under the optimum conditions, detection limits were obtained 0.17 and 0.16mgKg-1 for Cu(II) and Cd(II), respectively. The linear ranges were 0.50-50mgKg-1 with coefficient of determination ≥ 0.9981. The developed method along with a reference method was applied for the analysis of the selected heavy metal ions in different soil samples and comparable results were obtained. Also, the method was performed on a certified reference material and the obtained concentrations compared with the certificated concentrations to assess accuracy of the proposed method.

EPA finds no PFAS in 10 pesticides

The US Environmental Protection Agency did not find any per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in 10 pesticides, 6 of which were previously reported to contain low parts-per-million levels of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS). The results in question were published last year by researchers at Texas Tech University and the US Department of Agriculture ( J. Haz. Mat. Lett. DOI: 10.1016/j.hazl.2022.100067 ). The sample-preparation method used in that study involved solvent dilution, which could have led to erroneous results, the EPA says. The agency suggests that the researchers may have multiplied background levels of PFOS by a large dilution factor, which would result in an overexaggerated concentration or false-positive identification. The EPA developed an extraction method that it says is a more appropriate preparation method than solvent dilution for pesticides containing nonvolatile oil and nonionic surfactants. The agency obtained samples of the 10 pesticides from the study authors and also purchased 4

Removal of low-concentration tetracycline from water by a two-step process of adsorption enrichment and photocatalytic regeneration

Developing a high-performance method that can effectively control pollution caused by low concentrations of antibiotics is urgently needed. Herein, a novel three-dimensional PPy/Zn3In2S6 nanoflower composites were prepared for the comprehensive treatment of low-concentration tetracycline (Tc) hydrochloride in wastewater based on the adsorption/photocatalysis of Zn3In2S6 and the conductivity of PPy. In this preparation method, adsorption enrichment and photocatalytic regeneration were conducted in two steps, eliminating the dilution and dispersion effects of aqueous solvents on photocatalytic species and antibiotics. Results showed that Zn3In2S6 could effectively adsorb 87.85% of Tc at pH of 4.5 and photocatalytically degrade Tc at pH of 10.5. Although the adsorption capacity of Zn3In2S6 was slightly reduced after being combined with PPy, its photocatalytic efficiency was substantially enhanced. Specifically, 0.5%PPy/Zn3In2S6 could degrade 99.92% of the surface-enriched Tc in 1 h and induce the regeneration of the adsorption sites. Furthermore, the adsorption capacity remained above 85% even after recycling PPy/Zn3In2S6 ten times. The photocatalytic degradation mechanism analysis revealed that the enrichment of Tc on 0.5%PPy/Zn3In2S6 negatively impacts the photocatalytic efficiency, while •O2− and •OH radicals were the main oxidative species that played an important role in the photoregeneration process.

Solvent pre-selection for binary mixtures based on the activity coefficient at infinite dilution in deep eutectic solvent: Tetraethylammonium chloride+ Ethylene glycol

The values of activity coefficient at infinite dilution (γ12∞) were reported for 27 solutes in tetraethylammonium chloride + ethylene glycol deep eutectic solvent (DES) system at a molar ratio of 1.000:1.997 by inverse gas chromatography (IGC) method at intervals of 10 K from 303.15 to 333.15 K. Then the measured γ12∞ values were used to determine the thermodynamic functions (ΔH1E,∞, ΔS1E,∞, and ΔG1E,∞). The values of selectivity (Sij∞) and capacity (kj∞) for six extraction problems (that is, heptane/toluene, benzene/methanol, heptane/thiophene, acetone/ethanol, cyclohexane/benzene, and cyclohexane/ethanol.) were calculated from experimental γ12∞ values and compared with literature values of other solvents under the same separation conditions. The results indicate that the studied DES is a potential extractant for separation of cyclohexane/ethanol and heptane/thiophene systems. The Flory-Huggins interaction parameters (χ12∞) were used to evaluate the miscibility between DES and organic probes, and the results reveal that alcohols exhibited the best solubility in tested DES. Furthermore, the Hildebrand solubility parameters (δ2) were calculated for tested DES, and the values of δ2 decreased with the increase of temperature.

Fluorescence imaging approaches for eco-friendly determination of perampanel in human plasma and application for therapeutic drug monitoring.

Antiepileptic drugs are among the most common medications that require therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). Indeed, TDM provides a realistic approach to adjust drug doses for epilepsy based on plasma concentrations to optimize its clinical outcome. The most common technique for TDM is high-performance liquid chromatography, which has a very low green profile among analytical techniques. Perampanel (PER) is an inherently fluorescent compound that its fluorophore readily allows sensitive and quantitative measurements. This paper describes the development and validation of a sensitive, specific, and eco-friendly spectrofluorimetric method for the determination of PER. Experimental parameters affecting fluorescence intensity of the compound, including solvent dilution, temperature, and excitation wavelength, were studied and optimized. The developed spectrofluorimetric method was established in acetonitrile at λex = 295 nm and λem = 431 nm over a concentration range of 5-60 ng/ml. The adopted method was applied for the determination of PER in human plasma; it was effective in the range of 15-50 ng/ml. The proposed method was found to be sensitive and specific for PER and can be applied successfully in TDM of PER and in quality control laboratories.

Simple and fast quantification of cannabinoids in animal feeds by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

There is growing interest in using hemp materials as animal feed ingredients, which may raise safety concerns because of the potential transfer of active cannabinoids to the resultant products of animal origin. Hence, the detection and identification of cannabinoids in feeds would be useful. We developed a simple, fast, and sensitive method for simultaneous quantification of 4 major cannabinoids in animal feeds by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). We used a simple solvent extraction and dilution approach to extract cannabinoids from the feed matrix. We validated the method in 2 types of cattle feeds with acceptable intra-day and inter-day accuracy (87.5-116%) and precision (< 15%). The limit of detection was 0.05 µg/g, and the limit of quantification was 0.1 µg/g. Furthermore, the method was able to identify and quantify cannabinoids in cattle feeds mixed with hempseed cake as well as in several different hempseed materials, demonstrating its potential in veterinary laboratory applications.

A detailed evaluation of the advantages and limitations of online RP-LC×HILIC compared to HILIC×RP-LC for phenolic analysis

The combination of hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) and reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RP-LC) has proved effective in the LC × LC analysis of polyphenols due to the high degree of orthogonality associated with these separation modes for various classes of phenolic compounds. However, despite the growing number of such applications, HILIC is almost exclusively used as the first dimension (1D) separation mode, and RP-LC in the second dimension (2D). This is somewhat surprising in light of the potential advantages of swapping these separation modes. In this contribution, we present a detailed evaluation of the potential of online RP-LC × HILIC-MS for the analysis of phenolic compounds, comparing the performance of this system to the more established HILIC × RP-LC-MS configuration.Method development was performed using a predictive optimisation program, and fixed solvent modulation was employed to combat the solvent incompatibility between HILIC and RP-LC mobile phases. Red wine, rooibos tea, Protea and chestnut phenolic extracts containing a large diversity of phenolic compound classes were analysed by both HILIC × RP-LC- and RP-LC × HILIC-MS in order to compare the separation performance.Overall, the kinetic performance of HILIC × RP-LC was found to be clearly superior, with higher peak capacities and better resolution obtained for the majority of samples compared to RP-LC × HILIC analyses using similar column dimensions. Dilution of the 1D solvent combined with large volume injections proved insufficient to focus especially phenolic acids in the 2D HILIC separation, which resulted in severe 2D peak distortion for these compounds, and negatively impacted on method performance. On the other hand, a noteworthy improvement in the sensitivity of RP-LC × HILIC-MS analyses was observed due to higher ESI-MS response for the 2D HILIC mobile phase and greater sample loading capacity of the 1D RP-LC column, brought on by the high solubility of phenolic samples in aqueous solutions. As a result, a significantly higher number of compounds were detected in the RP-LC × HILIC-MS separations. These findings point to the potential advantage of RP-LC × HILIC as a complementary configuration to HILIC × RP-LC for phenolic analysis.

Ultrasonic irradiation as a mild and efficient protocol for the demineralization of chitin from shrimp shell wastes

Chitin is conventionally isolated under harsh reaction conditions through two constitutive steps deproteinization and demineralization. This paper considers a protocol for chitin's isolation from shrimp shell waste. Ultrasonic irradiation was employed as an effective technique for the isolation process at a mild reaction condition with dilute solvents, a lower temperature and shorter reaction times compared to the conventional one. Shrimp shells wastes were pretreated by washing, grinding and sieving. The grounded shells were deproteinized with 2 M sodium hydroxide solution and followed by demineralization using 1 M hydrochloric acid. The mechanisms by which the demineralization occurs in the deproteinized shells were described using a simple decomposition model. Quantitative mineral analysis was performed by titrimetric at different temperatures 40, 50, 60, and 70 °C under constant ultrasound power and frequency. The results indicated that the protein content significantly reduced to 0.87% w/w when the highest NaOH concentrations were reached. At the same time, the ultrasound assists demineralization, resulting in the lowest mineral content of 1.29% w/w. This work also effectively demonstrates the kinetic model that occurs through the demineralization, in which reaction rate,dCaCO3dt=−k2K1CCaCO3(1+2K1CCaCO3) and k2=Ae−EaRT are an excellent model to describe the process. In this work, the physicochemical characterization showed that the properties of isolated chitin were not much influenced by the ultrasonic treatment, which has the same characteristics as the commercial product.

Model-based design and optimization of GSSR chromatography for peptide purification

Gradient with Steady State Recycle (GSSR) is a recently developed process for center-cut separation by solvent-gradient chromatography. The process comprises a multicolumn, open-loop system with cyclic steady-state operation that simulates a solvent gradient moving countercurrently with respect to the solid phase. However, the feed is always injected into the same column and the product always collected from the same column as in single-column batch chromatography. Here, three-column GSSR chromatography for peptide purification is optimized using state-of-the-art mathematical programming tools. The optimization problem is formulated using a full-discretization approach for steady periodic dynamics. The resulting nonlinear programming problem is solved by an efficient open-source interior-point solver coupled to a high-performance parallel linear solver for sparse symmetric indefinite matrices. The procedure is successfully employed to find optimal solutions for a series of process design problems with increasing number of decision variables. In addition to productivity and recovery, process performance is analyzed in terms of two key performance indicators: dilution ratio and solvent consumption ratio. Finally, the problem of robust process design under uncertainty in the solvent gradient manipulation is examined. The best solution is chosen only among candidate solutions that are robust feasible, i.e., remain feasible for all modifier gradient perturbations within the accuracy range of the gradient pump. This gives rise to a robust approach to optimal design in which the nominal problem is replaced by a worst case problem. Overall, our work illustrates the advantages of using advanced mathematical programming tools in designing and optimizing a GSSR process for which it is difficult to deduce sufficiently general heuristic design rules.

The effect of synthetic conditions on piezoresistive properties of ultrasensitive carbon nanotube/PDMS 3D composites

Carbon nanotube polymeric composites are widely developed as piezoresistive sensors. Despite these materials showed improved mechanical stability, they are less sensible than carbon aerogel. Moreover, the piezoresistive properties of these nanocomposites cannot be tuned to adapt the sensor to the different applications. Here we observed as modifying solvent dilution in the hard template synthetic route, allow for the fabrication of porous piezoresistive nanocomposites with different limits of detection, working ranges and sensitivities. More in details three different foams with diverse features were produced. Although all the three materials presented outstanding performances, the porous material prepared at higher dilution showed an incredible limit of detection for displacement (∼50 nm) and pressure (0.2 Pa) that are respectively 2.6 and 10 times lower than that recorded at lower prepolymer dilutions. However lower dilutions allow to produce sensors able to monitor larger pressures ranges (up to ∼150 kPa), which are 3 times higher than that of recorded in composites prepared at higher dilutions. Moreover, all the materials evidenced fast response time and high mechanical and electronics stability. Therefore, we demonstrated as this approach easily allows the synthesis of nanocomposites with improved performances and different sensing properties that can be tuned depending on the needed application with an unprecedent flexibility.

Effect of dilution solvent and injection volume on the analysis of basic hydrophilic therapeutic polypeptide salts with pressurized carbon dioxide mobile phases

The chromatographic analysis of long-chain hydrophilic therapeutic peptides, with molecular weight mostly in the 3500–4500 Da range (31–34 amino acids), is explored with pressurized CO2 in the mobile phase. The optimal method was obtained on a Torus 2-PIC column, with a gradient elution of 50–90% co-solvent in CO2, which is relevant of enhanced-fluidity liquid chromatography (EFLC). Both UV (210 nm) and mass spectrometric detection modes were employed to assess the purity of the major peak and its resolution from impurities. Ten out of the eleven peptides in this set were basic, thus they were analyzed as acetate or trifluoroacetate salts. As significant peak distortion was observed in some cases, thorough examination of dilution solvent and injection volume was conducted to improve peak shape and resolution from impurities. Finally, the best injection volume was 1 µL, as any other volume (smaller or larger) yielded distorted peaks, and the best dilution solvent composition was the same as the mobile phase co-solvent (methanol comprising 5% water and 0.1 % methanesulfonic acid). However, not all peptide salts were fully soluble in this solvent so other alternatives (including more water in the dilution solvent), offering adequate dissolution but slightly inferior chromatographic performance should be chosen in such cases.

Development of a Reliable ic-ELISA with a Robust Antimatrix Interference Capability Based on QuEChERS Technology for the Rapid Detection of Zearalenone in Edible and Medical Coix Seeds and Subsequent Risk Assessments.

Indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA) is an ideal immunoassay method for large-scale screenings to detect mycotoxin contaminants. However, the matrix effect of complicated samples has always been challenging when performing immunoassays, as it leads to false-positive or negative results. In this study, convenient QuEChERS technology combined with optimizing the dilution solvent was ingeniously used to eliminate interference from the sample matrix to greatly improve the detection accuracy, and reliable ic-ELISAs for the two official tolerance levels of 60 and 500 μg/kg were developed to screen zearalenone (ZEN) in edible and medical coix seeds without any further correction. Then, the 122 batches of coix seeds were determined, and the positive rate was up to 97.54%. The contaminated distribution was further analyzed, and risk assessment was subsequently performed for its edible and medical purposes. The findings indicated that consumption of coix seeds with higher ZEN contamination levels may cause adverse health effects for both medical and edible consumption in the adult population; even under the condition of average contamination level, ZEN from coix seeds was the more prominent contributor to the total risk compared to other sources when used as food; thus, effective prevention and control should be an essential topic in the future.

Modeling Tracer Diffusion Coefficients of Any Type of Solutes in Polar and Non-Polar Dense Solvents.

In this work, a simple two-parameters correlation based on the Rice and Gray, Lennard-Jones, and Stockmayer theories was devised for the calculation of binary diffusion coefficients () of any type of solutes at infinite dilution in polar and non-polar solvents. This equation can be relevant for systems with polar solvents, since most models in the literature fail when strong intermolecular forces predominate in solution. The new correlation embodies the Stockmayer potential without requiring the dipole moments of any component, which significantly enlarges its application. It was validated with the largest database of polar and non-polar dense systems, with 8812 data points (NDP) spanning 553 systems, of which 133 have water as solvent (NDP = 1266), 89 contain polar solvents excluding water (NDP = 1405), 177 have supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) as solvent (NDP = 5028), and 154 have non-polar or weakly polar solvents excluding SC-CO2 (NDP = 1113). Overall, the model achieved an average deviation of only 3.43%, with accurate and unbiased behavior even for polar systems.

Characterization of 17 unknown ketamine manufacturing by-product impurities by UHPLC-QTOF-MS.

This study initially reported the selection and characterization of 17 unknown impurities attributed to the manufacture process of ketamine. A total of 150 seized ketamine samples were investigated through ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight (UHPLC-Q-TOF). Seventeen characteristic impurities were selected in accordance with four criteria: The compound was detected in over 10% of all 150 seized ketamine samples, the compound had at least one nitrogen, the unsaturation of the compound was more than 5, and the compound was stable in the dilution solvent solution for 48h. The accurate masses of the protonated molecules and product ions of the target impurities were obtained based on the full scan mode and the product ion mode of Q-TOF, respectively. Lastly, the possible structures of the above impurities were tentatively elucidated in accordance with the synthetic route of ketamine, protonated molecules, and MS2 product ions. All 17 impurities had the same skeleton of deschloroketamine (DCK), but were substituted with additional chlorine, hydroxyl, methyl, cyclohexane, and o-chlorophenyl cyclopentyl ketone substituents. Under the electrospray ionization (ESI), the above impurities showed similar characteristic fragment ions through the dissociation of the CH3NH2, C2H6NH, H2O, CO, C2H4O, C4H6, and C2H2 moieties. The above impurities have been routinely used for the profiling analysis of seized ketamine samples in the National Narcotics Laboratory of China and employed to establish the tactical intelligence for law enforcement agencies.

Lornoxicam-Loaded Cubosomes: - Preparation and In vitro Characterization.

Cubosomes are nanosized structures self-assembled nanostructured materials used for controlling the release of the entrapped drug molecule. Lornoxicam (LXM) is a potent analgesic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) drug with a short half-life (3-4) hours. The present study aims to prepare LXM-loaded cubosomes with well-defined morphology, particle size, PDI, high entrapment efficiency, sustained drug release, and high zeta potential value, as a transdermal drug delivery system.&#x0D; Twelve formulas of LXM-loaded cubosomal dispersions were prepared by a solvent dilution method using Glyceryl monooleate ( GMO) as polar lipid with different stabilizers as Pluronic® F127 or tween 80 and different types of hydrotrope as ethanol or propylene glycol. These formulas were evaluated for their particle size analysis &amp; PDI, E.E. %, and in-vitro drug release to select a group of the optimum formulas, that further characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and zeta potential analyzer to select the optimum dispersion. FTIR study was used to investigate the compatibility of the drug with excipients.&#x0D; The obtained results indicated that F3, composed of GMO, Pluronic® F127, ethanol, drug, and phosphate buffer solution pH 7.4 in the following per cents 7.28%, 1.82%, 8%, 2%, and 80.9% w/w, respectively, prepared in 20min agitation period, as the optimum formula for its high E.E. % (94.30±0.002%), small particle size (16.3±0.19nm), low PDI (0.06±0.02), and high zeta potential value (-65.9±0.05mV), and well-defined cubic structure. FTIR study indicated no interaction between LXM and other formulas components.&#x0D; This study's conclusion illustrated that LXM-loaded cubosomal dispersion could be considered a promising nano-carrier for transdermal drug delivery.