Dilute Mineral Acid Research Articles

Action of Dilute Mineral Acid Solution on Pinene. III

Action of Dilute Mineral Acid Solution on Pinene. III

Action of Dilute Mineral Acid Solution on Pinene (I)

Action of Dilute Mineral Acid Solution on Pinene (I)

HEMICELLULOSE CONSTITUENTS IN ALFALFA ROOTS

The organic food reserves in the root of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) have been studied by various American investigators, with the object of correlating the findings with sound cultural practices (3, 6, 22). In these studies significant fluctuations in the hemicellulose content, as determined by a dilute acid hydrolysis, were noted. The purpose of this investigation was to subject the hemicellulose constituents of the alfalfa root to a more exact chemical study and thereby compare them to the related polysaccharide components of other plants (5, 11, 23). Recently English and German investigators have studied this class of substances in some detail, with the result that our knowledge of them has been greatly extended and clarified. Noteworthy advances have been made by O'Dwyer (13-17), Norms and Preece (12), Preece (18, 19), and by Schmidt (20) , and Ludtke (8-10) . Particularly valuable are the methods of fractionation and separation introduced by O'Dwyer, and Norris and Preece. Hawley and Norman 's (4) efforts to effect a rational system of nomenclature and classification of this complex group of polysaccharides have been a great aid, while Ludtke/s2 (8-10) studies on the occurrence of these materials in the cell wall and their role and function in cell wall formation and metabolism are outstanding. The hemicelluloses as a class are characterized by their ease of hydrolysis by dilute mineral acids and their solubility in dilute alkali. It is by extraction with alkali and subsequent precipitation that they are usually isolated. The properties of the hemicelluloses prepared by a dilute alkaline extraction are determined to a large extent by the concentration of alkali used, the conditions maintained during the extraction, and by the technique used to precipitate and purify them. Perhaps the most significant factor is the concentration of alkali used and the temperature at which the extraction is conducted. Whether the action of hot dilute alkali has a detrimental effect is determined to a large extent by the original properties and composition of the hemicelluloses in question. It is possible that even very dilute alkali can effect an appreciable

THE RING STRUCTURE OF THYMIDINE

The 2-desoxy-ribose nucleosides, first isolated by Levene and London’ by the hydrolysis of thymus nucleic acid, are characterized by their extreme ease of hydrolysis by very dilute mineral acids. Thus, guanine-2-desoxy-riboside is completely hydrolyzed by heating with 0.01 N hydrochloric acid during 5 minutes. Since the rate of hydrolysis is of the same order as that of the furanosides, it was considered possible that the 2-desoxy-ribonucleosides, similarly to the ribonucleosides, have the furanoside ring structure. When, however, it was discovered2 that methyl-2-desoxyglucopyranoside is almost as readily hydrolyzed, it appeared just as feasible that the natural derivatives might have the pyranoside ring structure. Hence the question of their ring structure was in need of further special investigation. We have now studied the ring structure of the sugar portion of thymidine (thymine-2-desoxy-riboside). This substance is found to react with triphenylmethyl chloride in pyridine to give a monotrityl derivative. Since it was shown by us3 that the analogous monotrityl uridine is the 5-substituted derivative, the formation of a monotrityl thymidine might, of itself, be considered a good indication that thymidine is, likewise, a furanoside. Definite proof of this conclusion was provided by substituting the remaining free hydroxyl group by a tosyl group and examining the behavior of the resulting monotosyl trityl thymidine on treat-

THE RING STRUCTURE OF THYMIDINE

The 2-desoxy-ribose nucleosides, first isolated by Levene and London’ by the hydrolysis of thymus nucleic acid, are characterized by their extreme ease of hydrolysis by very dilute mineral acids. Thus, guanine-2-desoxy-riboside is completely hydrolyzed by heating with 0.01 N hydrochloric acid during 5 minutes. Since the rate of hydrolysis is of the same order as that of the furanosides, it was considered possible that the 2-desoxy-ribonucleosides, similarly to the ribonucleosides, have the furanoside ring structure. When, however, it was discovered2 that methyl-2-desoxyglucopyranoside is almost as readily hydrolyzed, it appeared just as feasible that the natural derivatives might have the pyranoside ring structure. Hence the question of their ring structure was in need of further special investigation. We have now studied the ring structure of the sugar portion of thymidine (thymine-2-desoxy-riboside). This substance is found to react with triphenylmethyl chloride in pyridine to give a monotrityl derivative. Since it was shown by us3 that the analogous monotrityl uridine is the 5-substituted derivative, the formation of a monotrityl thymidine might, of itself, be considered a good indication that thymidine is, likewise, a furanoside. Definite proof of this conclusion was provided by substituting the remaining free hydroxyl group by a tosyl group and examining the behavior of the resulting monotosyl trityl thymidine on treat-

砂鐵鑛の濕式處理に關する研究

I. Description of the five principal processes for the treatment of titaniferous iron ores II. Treatment of crude sponge iron with diluted mineral acids to dissolve out iron and to leave titanium in residue.III. Ditto with concentrated ferric chloride solution.IV. Discussion on the possibility of ferric chloride-leaching in a commercial scale.V. Summary.

Variability of shell porosity in the hen's egg

does not appear. First page follows. Introduction In connection with the formation of the egg in the domestic hen, (Surface (1912)) state that the uterus, which is the shell-forming part of the oviduct, possesses at least two kinds of glands, the function of which is to furnish shell-forming material. From one kind calcerous matter is secreted, from the other mucus. The result is a shell which, according to (Lillie (1919)), consists of three layers, the mammillary layer, the intermediate spongy layer, and the surface cuticle. This heterogeneous envelope is permeable to gases. Lillie explains this characteristic on the basis of a supposed ‘network’ of pores in the spongy layer, connecting the conical inner ends of the mammillae with pores of the cuticle. This conception of shell porosity no doubt originated with (Landois (1865)). The application of the term ‘spongy’ to the intermediate layer of the egg shell was due to an entirely faulty and misleading experimental procedure. Egg shells were treated with dilute mineral acids. As a matter of course small bubbles of gas, carbon dioxide, appeared scattered all over the exposed shell surface. These bubbles, however, were wrongly interpreted to indicate cavities in the shell and were further assumed to be interconnected by a network of fine channels. Thus, unfortunately, the name ‘spongy layer’ was introduced into ornithological terminology. (Clevisch (1913)), in the course of his much more thorough studies of the subject, found the intermediate layer to represent calcium carbonate crystals, densely knitted together by what appeared to be albuminous material.

STUDIES IN ISO-UREAS AND ISO-UREIDES: I. SOME NEW ISO-UREAS; SALTS AND ACYL DERIVATIVES

In this investigation a series of new iso-urea ethers has been prepared by the general reaction of addition of alcohols to cyanamide in the presence of dry hydrogen chloride. Where the hydrochlorides of the iso-ureas were difficult to isolate and purify, conversion to the salicylates gave excellent results. The new iso-ureas were further characterized by condensing them with methyl malonate to form iso-urea salts of 2-alkoxy-barbituric acids, from which the acids themselves could be easily liberated by the addition of dilute mineral acid. A few open-chain acyl derivatives were also prepared.

The therapeutic action of some bismuthyl derivatives of organic hydroxy-acids

The chemotherapeutic action of compounds of bismuth in spirochætal infections was observed by Robert and Sauton. These workers found that sodium bismuthyl tartrate had a marked effect in preventing and curing infection with Spirochæta gallinarum (Fowl Spirillosis). Since then the action of compounds of bismuth has been extensively investigated in spirochætal infections (see Levaditi). The present work concerns the bismuth derivatives of organic hydroxy-acids. All the compounds investigated are white amorphous solids, of which only the derivatives of the monobasic sugar acids are at all soluble in water. They are stable to acetic acid, but are instantly decomposed by dilute mineral acids; and; with the exception of the citric acid and ester com­pounds, are soluble in alkali. The therapeutic action of these compounds was tested in the case of mice infected with Sp. laverani (Breinl and Kinghorn; Sp. muris of Wenyon). Infections with the strain used, which was non-pathogenic for mice, had the following characteristics:—As a rule, five or six days after subcutaneous in­ oculation with a suspension in saline of infected blood, the organisms were found in the peripheral circulation in small numbers. Thereafter they usually became more numerous and persisted for long periods. Their abundance in the blood appeared to vary from time to time and after some months they might become very scanty. The value of this infection as a test for chemotherapeutic pro­perties lies in the fact that it is susceptible to agents such as salvarsan, which are effective in the treatment of infections with Tr. pallidum .

THE CALCIUM MOBILIZING HORMONE OF THE PARATHYROID GLANDS

A study of the most highly purified extracts of the parathyroid glands can give us at this time no more than presumptive evidence as to the chemistry of the active principle that they contain. Proteolytic enzymes rapidly inactivate the best preparations. It is therefore probable that the hormone is a protein derivative of a fairly complex nature. There is always the possibility, which cannot be overlooked, that the active principle is a relatively simple substance which associates itself with the protein-like fractions that have been studied. Active extracts, as many have now shown, can best be prepared by first submitting the fresh glands of oxen to a somewhat vigorous extraction with a dilute mineral acid preferably at 100 C. Such crude extracts, thus prepared, form the starting point for the purification process; the object to be attained on this purification process is the production of a product that

The physiological behavior of glucosane.

The anhydrosugar, glucosane (C6H10O5), and its polymer, tetra-glucosane, are widely used in Germany in the dietary treatment of diabetes. These substances are reputed to be oxidized by the diabetic since, according to Nothmann and Kuhnau1 and others, no extra urinary sugar results after its administration, no rise in blood sugar occurs thereafter, and an antiketogenic and protein sparing action follows its ingestion. It is likewise claimed to be glycogenic.In the present paper we have investigated the behavior of “Salabrose,” a commercial tetra-glucosane preparation obtained from Germany, and have administered it orally, subcutaneously, and intraperitoneally to normal and phlorhizinized dogs. In order to determine whether glucosane might be excreted unchanged in the urine or feces following its administration, it has been quantitatively determined by reconversion to glucose by boiling for a short interval with dilute mineral acid. It was found that boiling for 15 minutes with 20 or 30 per cent HC1 destroy...

The presence and determination of adenine nucleotide in human blood

Tungstic acid protein free blood filtrate was hydrolyzed with dilute mineral acid for two hours, then made strongly alkaline with ammonia and evaporated slowly to a small volume. After filtration, the filtrate was made alkaline with ammonia and precipitated with silver chloride in ammonia. The washed precipitate was decomposed and picric acid added. The resulting crystaline precipitate was purified and one analysis proved to have 29.3 per cent. nitrogen. It melted at 281 C. After removal of the picric acid, the residue proved to have approximately 38 per cent. nitrogen. It precipitated with gold chloride and ammoniacal silver. It gave no color with Nessler's solution and no blue color with alkaline phosphotungstate.Tungstic acid filtrate was precipitated with silver, the precipitate broken up and the filtrate precipitated with neutral lead acetate in acid solution. The lead precipitate was decomposed and then gave a strong pentrose reaction with orcin and an absorption band between the D and the E. With n...

Experimental researches on vegetable assimilation and respira­tion. XIV. —Assimilation by submerged plants dilute solutions of bicarbonates and of acids: an improved bubble-counting technique

The procedure of counting the bubbles given off from the cut stem of a submerged water plant, to obtain a measure of the magnitude of the plant’s assimilation, was introduced by Dutrochet in 1837 and matured by Sachs in 1864. It has been of great use in demonstrations and class work, and has also been seriously employed in a number of researches. From time to time it has been subjected to a good deal of criticism, as giving a faulty measure of the true rate of photosynthesis. It is, however, a striking fact that nothing has been done to improve the technique of the procedure since the method was originally introduced. The first part of the present paper describes a simple device which removes at once two of the very serious defects of the method, and renders it much more suitable for research work. The second part applies this method to an elucidation of the extraordinary effect of dilute mineral acids upon bubble rate brought forward by Treboux. In the third part the relation of bubbling in bicarbonates to bubbling in carbonic acid is investigated, and it is shown that Angelstein’s statement that water plants can actively split bicarbonates in solution is erroneous.

On the Action of Large Doses of Dilute Mineral Acids on Metabolism

On the Action of Large Doses of Dilute Mineral Acids on Metabolism

Scientific Serials

THE Journal of the Chemical Society, July and August, 1875.—These numbers contain the following papers, besides the usual number of abstracts from other serials:—On Narcotine, Cotarnine, and Hydrocotarnine (Part I.), by G. H. Beckett and Dr. C. R. A. Wright. The authors first treat of the preparation of cotarnine, then of its conversion into hydrocotarnine, and the action of oxidising agents upon the latter. Finally, there are accounts of the action of nascent hydrogen, of boiling baryta water, and of ordinary water on narcotine. As an appendix to this interesting paper we have a treatise by Dr. F. Pierce, on the Physiological Action of Cotarnine and Hydrocotarnine. It appears from this that the addition ofhydrogen to cotarnine converts a base which is apparently inert into a very active substance, the change in physiological action being far more striking even than the alteration brought about in the physical and chemical properties.—On Andrewsite and Chalkosiderite, by Prof. Story Maskelyne.—An Examination of Methods for effecting the quantitative separation oi Iron Sesquioxide, Alumina, and Phosphoric Acid, by Dr. Walter Flight; this paper is very elaborate and interesting.—On a New Method of Supporting Crucibles in Gas Furnaces, by C. Griffin.—On some points in Examination of Waters by the Ammonia method, by W. H. Deering.—On the Structure and Composition of certain Pseudomorphic Crystals, having the form of Orthoclase, by J. Arthur Phillips.—On Sodium Ethylthiosulphate, by Win. Ramsay.—On the Action of Organic Acids and their Anhydrides on the Natural Alkaloids (Part IV.) by G. H. Beckett and Dr. C. R. A. Wright. The authors treat of the action of polybasic acids on morphine and codeine, of succinic acid on morphine, of camphoric acid on codeine and morphine, of tartaric and oxalic acids on codeine, and of oxalic acid on morphine.—A note, by the same authors, on the Sulphates of Narceine and other Narceine derivatives; giving an account of the action of nascent hydrogen, of acetic anhydride, and of ethyliodide upon narceine.—On the Action of Chlorine on Pyrogallol, by John Stenhouse and Ch. E. Groves; the authors speak of two substances not described before, with such minuteness, and call them Mairogallol and Leucogallol.—In an appendix Mr. W. J. Lewis gives an account of the crystallographic characters of Mairogallol.—On the Action of Dilute Mineral Acids on Bleaching Powder, by Ferdinand Kopfer; a very elaborate treatise with numerous tables and results of analysis, going iar to elucidate the still somewhat doubtful chemical composition of the substance commonly known as “chloride of lime.”

Societies and Academies

LONDONChemical Society, June 3.-Prof. Abel, F.R.S., & c, in the chair.-The following papers were read:-On the effects of pressure and cold upon the gaseous products of the distillation of carbonaceous shales, by Mr. J. T. Coleman. He finds that?,??? cubic feet of the gas produced in such large quantities at shale oil works when submitted to pressure will give about one gallon of volatile hydrocarbons fit for improving the illuminating power of ordinary coal-gas.-On the agricultural chemistry of the tea plantations of India, by Dr. C. Brown, giving analyses of the ashes of tea and the effect of fertilisers on the growth of the plant.-On the structure and composition of certain pseudo-morphic crystals having the form of orthoclase, by Mr. J. A. Phillips.-Note on the sulphates of narceine and other narceine derivatives, and On the action of organic acids and their anhydrides on the natural alkaloids, Part V., both by Mr. G. H. Beckett and Dr. C. R. A. Wright.-On the action of chlorine on pyrogallol, by Dr. J. Stenhouse and Mr. C. E. Groves; with an appendix by Mr. Lewis, on the crystalline forms of mairo-gallol, one of the products.-On nitro-alizarin, by Mr. W. H. Perkin, F.R.S. This compound, obtained by the action of nitric acid on acetyl-alizarin, dyes fabrics mordanted with alumina of an orange colour, whilst the amido-alizarin obtained from it by reduction gives a fine purple.-On some metallic derivatives of coumarin, by Mr. R. Williamson.-On the action of dilute mineral acids on bleaching powder, by F. Kopfer.

IV. On the existence of phosphoric acid in rocks of igneous origin

The important although obscure functions attributed to the elementary body phosphorus, both in the vegetable and in the animal kingdoms, and the well-known fact that rocks of nearly every description afford on disintegration soils more or less capable of supporting the life of plants, and from which consequently phosphoric acid cannot possibly be absent, seemed to render a search for that substance in rocks of igneous origin generally very desirable, because if there found, an easy and satisfactory explanation of the origin and first source of the element in question would be given. As I am not aware that any direct researches on this subject have yet been made, or at least placed on record, I venture to submit to the notice of the Royal Society the results of a few experiments made by myself, which, so far as they go, resolve the question in the affirmative. The first substance tried was the fine white porcelain-clay of Dartmoor, Devon, the result of the disintegration of the felspar of the granite of that district. This is one of the chief components of porcelain and of the finer kinds of English earthenware, and was found on analysis to correspond very closely in composition with that of the material employed in the manufacture of the Sèvres porcelain. It was thought that phosphoric acid, if present, would be in combination with a portion of the alumina; and as the phosphate of that earth is readily soluble in dilute mineral acids, while the silicate offers great resistance to these agents, mere digestion with acid would suffice to extract the whole, or the greater part of the phosphate, which could be afterwards precipitated by an alkali, and examined.