Dilemma Situations Research Articles

When deliberation is not possible: Moral dilemmas in fundraising

AbstractExtant literature highlights the importance of ethical fundraising, exacerbated by recent increased public attention and media criticism. Arguably this increased attention calls for a deeper examination and understanding of the types of moral scenarios and dilemmas fundraisers encounter. Furthermore, fundraisers are often under intense time pressure to solve the dilemma and thus require quick, on‐the‐spot decisions formulated from intuition. Currently there are limited resources and training to help fundraisers implement ethical fundraising in their work; additionally, there is negligible education or skills training to help guide them in scenarios requiring intuition. Moreover, current literature fails to examine what these situations entail and how fundraisers might use intuition to help solve ethical fundraising dilemmas. Fundraising dilemmas requiring the use of moral intuition are currently unexplored in the academic literature. Therefore this research identifies the kinds of moral dilemmas that require intuitive responses from fundraisers and examines how they are solved. Furthermore, we identify how the dilemmas align with moral foundations theory, and determine if they require intuitive responses. Semi‐structured interviews of fundraising experts were used to obtain detailed descriptions of a variety of moral dilemma situations that required intuitive responses. Using thematic analysis the moral dilemma scenarios were categorised into theoretical and practical themes. Theoretical themed results revealed dilemmas most often were the result of having to choose a response that aligned with two conflicting moral foundations: ingroup/loyalty and harm/care. The findings suggest that when fundraisers must make quick, intuitive decisions, they are often choosing between caring for an individual and demonstrating loyalty to their organisation. Furthermore, the results related to practical themes identified that dilemmas can also be categorised as involving certain types of fundraising activity and management decisions; such as major gifts, direct mail, and corporate fundraising, for example. The findings were used to create the first academic and practitioner moral dilemma measure that uses practical, applicable moral dilemmas to measure moral intuition amongst fundraisers. Our moral dilemma measure aligns responses with relevant categories of the moral foundations theory and can be used in further research. This research is original in that it is the first study to explore moral dilemmas requiring moral intuition within the population of fundraisers. Through obtaining tangible, realistic moral dilemma scenarios fundraisers encounter in the workplace, research can begin to look more closely at how fundraisers can be helped to solve dilemmas as part of their professional duties.

Sequential decision-making impacts moral judgment: How iterative dilemmas can expand our perspective on sacrificial harm

When are sacrificial harms morally appropriate? Traditionally, research within moral psychology has investigated this issue by asking participants to render moral judgments on batteries of single-shot, sacrificial dilemmas. Each of these dilemmas has its own set of targets and describes a situation independent from those described in the other dilemmas. Every decision that participants are asked to make thus takes place within its own, separate moral universe. As a result, people's moral judgments can only be influenced by what happens within that specific dilemma situation. This research methodology ignores that moral judgments are interdependent and that people might try to balance multiple moral concerns across multiple decisions. In the present series of studies we present participants with iterative versions of sacrificial dilemmas that involve the same set of targets across multiple iterations. Using this novel approach, and across five preregistered studies (total n = 1890), we provide clear evidence that a) responding to dilemmas in a sequential, iterative manner impacts the type of moral judgments that participants favor and b) that participants' moral judgments are not only motivated by the desire to refrain from harming others (usually labelled as deontological judgment), or a desire to minimize harms (utilitarian judgment), but also by a desire to spread out harm across all possible targets.

Diet Elimination of The Breastfeeding Mother in Treating Allergies of Infants Ages 0-12

Background: Breast Milk (BM) is the primary nutrient that must be given to babies. Complete breast milk nutrients help the babies' growth, development, and boost immunity. Some data found that breastfeeding triggers infant allergies.
 Objectives: To critically appraise the evidence of the effectiveness of the breastfeeding mother's elimination diet (ED) in treating allergies of infants ages 0-12.
 Methods: A literature search was conducted for publication during 2016 – 2021 using the following databases: EBSCO, Google Scholar, and Proquest with the search keywords of "Elimination Diet" AND "Allergies" AND "Breastfeeding". Eight primary articles were selected and included in the review.
 Results: The study revealed five themes, namely the effectiveness of the elimination diet, the variation of the elimination diet, the effects of the elimination diet, the breast milk benefit, and the support from the family and healthcare while doing the elimination diet.
 Conclusion: Having babies with allergies can put mothers in a dilemma situation. Fortunately, a mother can still breastfeed their babies without worrying about their babies' growth. Support from health workers and families is needed by breastfeeding mothers in doing the elimination diet consistently.

A new technological approach in diagnostic pathology: mass spectrometry imaging-based metabolomics for biomarker detection in urachal cancer

Urachal adenocarcinomas (UrC) are rare but aggressive. Despite being of profound therapeutic relevance, UrC cannot be differentiated by histomorphology alone from other adenocarcinomas of differential diagnostic importance. As no reliable tissue-based diagnostic biomarkers are available, we aimed to detect such by integrating mass-spectrometry imaging-based metabolomics and digital pathology, thus allowing for a multimodal approach on the basis of spatial information. To achieve this, a cohort of UrC (n = 19) and colorectal adenocarcinomas (CRC, n = 27) as the differential diagnosis of highest therapeutic relevance was created, tissue micro-arrays (TMAs) were constructed, and pathological data was recorded. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained tissue sections were scanned and annotated, enabling an automized discrimination of tumor and non-tumor areas after training of an adequate algorithm. Spectral information within tumor regions, obtained via matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-Orbitrap-mass spectrometry imaging (MSI), were subsequently extracted in an automated workflow. On this basis, metabolic differences between UrC and CRC were revealed using machine learning algorithms. As a result, the study demonstrated the feasibility of MALDI-MSI for the evaluation of FFPE tissue in UrC and CRC with the potential to combine spatial metabolomics data with annotated histopathological data from digitalized H&E slides. The detected Area under the curve (AUC) of 0.94 in general and 0.77 for the analyte taurine alone (diagnostic accuracy for taurine: 74%) makes the technology a promising tool in this differential diagnostic dilemma situation. Although the data has to be considered as a proof-of-concept study, it presents a new adoption of this technology that has not been used in this scenario in which reliable diagnostic biomarkers (such as immunohistochemical markers) are currently not available.New diagnostic strategies are needed to distinguish rarely arising urachal adenocarcinomas (UrC) from other types of adenocarcinomas, as therapy regimes differ. In situ metabolic differences between UrC and colorectal adenocarcinomas were revealed using mass spectrometry imaging combined with digital pathology. A classification accuracy of 87% was achieved, exceeding currently available approaches.

Values Education in Science Lessons with Activities: Responsibility Value

This research aimed to gain the value of responsibility implicitly through activity-based values education tasks (ABVET) prepared in secondary school science lessons. The research was carried out with the embedded quasi-experimental design, one of the mixed research methods. The study group of the research consisted of 37 middle school students in total. Non-parametric tests were used to analyze the quantitative data obtained within the scope of the research and descriptive analysis was used in the analysis of qualitative data. The Dilemma Situations Form (DSF) developed by the researchers, activity documents, student and researcher diaries, and focus group interview form were used as data collection tools. Lessons were taught in the control group as curriculum in practice. In the experimental group, lessons were taught by the researchers with an enriched content and activity program aimed at gaining responsibility value. It was concluded that there was a significant difference in favor of the experimental group between the post-test scores of the experimental and control groups. It was concluded that ABVET was effective in gaining responsibility value to sixth grade students with the data obtained from the DSF, activity documents, student and researcher diaries and focus group interview form. This research shows which method, technique, and material can be preferred for values education in science courses included in education programs. Given the promising results of the current research, methods or techniques related to the constructivist approach such as the appropriate values education program, ABVET should be used for different science subjects, various courses, and grade levels in future studies.

Dilemma Motives in Contemporary Ghanaian Hilife Songs: Paapa Yankson’s ‘Woyer Anaa WoMaame’in Perspective

In Ghana and Africa, dilemma motives and concepts constitute a large number of the folklore. Ideas related to dilemma motives and concepts like the dilemma tales leave listeners and audiences analyzing whilst making informed and critical choices presented among dicey alternatives. Given that these choices are quite difficult and may question the ethical, moral and legal thoughts of the individual; dilemma motives leave the audiences to judge the comparative skills and abilities of characters presented in the dilemma situation. The richness of dilemma concepts cannot be ignored when blended in the lyrics of African beats. An idea of African Rhetoric is indicating the critical thinking skills of the forbearers before the inception of written literature. Oral Ghanaian literature made use of dilemma motives to develop individual analytical skills and in effect arrive at the resolution of conflicting ideas embedded in woven choices.For instance, Ghanaian oral literature use dilemma motives to develop individual analytical skills, and in effect arrive at the resolution of conflicting ideas embedded in dicey choices. These choices are difficult such that it tends to question the ethical, moral and legal thoughts of the individual. Thus, leaving the audience to judge uses comparative skills and abilities of characters presented in the situation. In PaapaYankson’s song, the audience is presented with a dilemma, a husband is given a choice to save either the wife or mother who are both drowning. Using a qualitative approach, ethnographic research methodologies and elements of rhetoric, I thematically analyse the lyrics of the title and uncover how individuals familiar with the song solve this dilemma.

How Leaders deal with Pro-Social Rule Breaking: Unravelling their rationales for response behavior

In this paper, we explore leaders’ rationales for their responses to pro-social rule-breaking by their subordinates. Pro-social rule breaking describes a violation of formal organizational rules but with a good intention. Demonstrating appropriate leadership behavior in such a situation is a challenging task. On the one hand, leaders are expected to recognize the good intention of their subordinates, on the other hand, they are responsible for ensuring that rules are respected. Our study aims to improve our understanding of this dilemma situation of leaders by identifying key elements that leaders use for the rationalization of their behavior. In doing so, we employed a qualitative experimental design with vignettes. Our findings suggest that leaders generally consider two types of responses: 'clarifying and supporting' or 'clarifying and sanctioning'. Their rationales for these responses are based on two different levels of reflection. At the first level, they will consider cues directly related to the pro-social rule breaking, such as the outcome, the perceived intention, the severity, and the communication of the rule violation. However, these reflections will be mitigated or reinforced by more general cues on a second level like the organizational culture, the leader-follower relationship, and the structural setting.

Interbrain Synchrony of Team Collaborative Decision-Making: An fNIRS Hyperscanning Study.

In many situations, decision-making behaviors are mostly composed of team patterns (i.e., more than two persons). However, brain-based models that inform how team interactions contribute and impact team collaborative decision-making (TCDM) behavior, is lacking. To examine the neural substrates activated during TCDM in realistic, interpersonal interaction contexts, dyads were asked to model TCDM toward their opponent, in a multi-person prisoner’s dilemma game, while neural activity was measured using functional near infrared spectroscopy. These experiments resulted in two main findings. First, there are different neural substrates between TCDM and ISDM, which were modulated by social environmental cues. i.e., the low incentive reward yielded higher activation within the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), in individual separately decision-making (ISDM) stage while the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the middle frontopolar area was activated in TCDM stage. The high incentive reward evoked a higher interbrain synchrony (IBS) value in the right IFG in TCDM stage. Second, males showed higher activation in the DLPFC and the middle frontopolar area during ISDM, while females evoked higher IBS in the right IFG during TCDM. These sex effects suggest that in individual social dilemma situations, males and females may separately depend on non-social and social cognitive ability to make decisions, while in the social interaction situations of TCDM, females may depend on both social and non-social cognitive abilities. This study provide a compelling basis and interesting perspective for future neuroscience work of TCDM behaviors.

Achieving Ethical Algorithmic Behaviour in the Internet of Things: A Review

The Internet of Things is emerging as a vast, inter-connected space of devices and things surrounding people, many of which are increasingly capable of autonomous action, from automatically sending data to cloud servers for analysis, changing the behaviour of smart objects, to changing the physical environment. A wide range of ethical concerns has arisen in their usage and development in recent years. Such concerns are exacerbated by the increasing autonomy given to connected things. This paper reviews, via examples, the landscape of ethical issues, and some recent approaches to address these issues concerning connected things behaving autonomously as part of the Internet of Things. We consider ethical issues in relation to device operations and accompanying algorithms. Examples of concerns include unsecured consumer devices, data collection with health-related Internet of Things, hackable vehicles, behaviour of autonomous vehicles in dilemma situations, accountability with Internet of Things systems, algorithmic bias, uncontrolled cooperation among things, and automation affecting user choice and control. Current ideas towards addressing a range of ethical concerns are reviewed and compared, including programming ethical behaviour, white-box algorithms, black-box validation, algorithmic social contracts, enveloping IoT systems, and guidelines and code of ethics for IoT developers; a suggestion from the analysis is that a multi-pronged approach could be useful based on the context of operation and deployment.

Psychological Well-Being, Knowledge Management Behavior and Performance: The Moderating Role of Leader-Member Exchange.

Knowledge is considered an essential resource and key to competitiveness. The behavior of sharing knowledge is an essential activity for the prosperity of the organization. For individuals, however, sharing knowledge can present a dilemma by giving up the exclusive right to certain knowledge that they own. This study identifies the psychological well-being as a leading factor in facilitating knowledge-sharing in dilemma situations. The author classified knowledge management behavior into sharing, hiding, and manipulating behavior, and studied them as mediators linking psychological well-being and performance. And to check the influence of the quality of the exchange relationship, leader-member exchange was used as a moderator. For the empirical analysis, 333 members from 12 organizations were surveyed by using different sources and times. Hierarchical regression analysis and bootstrapping analysis were conducted for verification of hypothesis. Results demonstrated that the psychological well-being influence directly on knowledge-sharing, -hiding, and -manipulating behaviors and indirectly on performance. In the multi-mediation test, only knowledge-sharing behavior mediated the relationship between psychological well-being and performance. And the moderating effect of leader-member exchange was significant only in the relationship between psychological well-being and knowledge-sharing behavior. This study contributes to the performance, knowledge management and positive psychology research fields, and suggests practical implications.

Ethical Implications of Legal Ethics Dilemma Situation and Principles of Resolution

Ethical Implications of Legal Ethics Dilemma Situation and Principles of Resolution

Memory-two zero-determinant strategies in repeated games.

Repeated games have provided an explanation of how mutual cooperation can be achieved even if defection is more favourable in a one-shot game in the Prisoner’s Dilemma situation. Recently found zero-determinant (ZD) strategies have substantially been investigated in evolutionary game theory. The original memory-one ZD strategies unilaterally enforce linear relationships between average pay-offs of players. Here, we extend the concept of ZD strategies to memory-two strategies in repeated games. Memory-two ZD strategies unilaterally enforce linear relationships between correlation functions of pay-offs and pay-offs of the previous round. Examples of memory-two ZD strategy in the repeated Prisoner’s Dilemma game are provided, some of which generalize the tit-for-tat strategy to a memory-two case. Extension of ZD strategies to memory-n case with n ≥ ~2 is also straightforward.

Ethik First - extracurricular support for medical students and young physicians facing moral dilemmas in hospital routine.

Introduction: Moral value conflicts play an increasingly central role in everyday hospital life. Clinical ethics, however, is only marginally represented in the compulsory curriculum for human medicine and the additional education regulations. The aim of the Ethik First project at the University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel is to close this gap with an extracurricular offer and to support medical students from the fifth clinical semester onward and during their practical year as well as assistant doctors in dealing with moral dilemmas in everyday hospital life. The project has taken the concomitant learning objectives from the national competency-based learning objective catalog for medicine. According to the target group, the address in particular, showed higher taxonomy levels. Project description: The multimodal concept is based on three pillars: In monthly principle-based case conferences, participants practice ethical reflection and moral judgment primarily on the basis of concrete cases introduced by them using the methods of problem-based learning and consideration-based deliberation. If participants do not bring forth a case, they discuss ethical aspects of current political relevance. Moreover, there is an annual public speaker event.Results: Since the project began in 2017, ~20 students and interns have taken part in Ethik First one or more times. In a web-based interim evaluation (N=13), all respondents fully agreed that they considered the format helpful for dealing with ethical questions at the clinic. They rated the relevance for their later profession as high. There is evidence for support in moral dilemma situations.Discussion: The first evaluation results of the voluntary extracurricular offer show the acceptance of the selected format, which goes beyond pure teaching in its conception in that it addresses moral stress as well and strengthens the participants’ individual resilience.Conclusion: Ethik First reinforces the role of ethical aspects in the training of (prospective) doctors and focuses on reflecting on cases they have experienced firsthand. We formulate a desideratum for appropriate advanced training concepts both in medical studies and in advanced medical training such that the training and development of comparable projects at medical faculties and at medical associations with student participation can be discussed.

Gaya Kepemimpinan Kelembagaan di Era Disrupsi (Tinjauan dari Perspektif Manajemen)

The Disruption era is part of the context of today’s society. This era was born from revolution 4.0. The era of revolution 4.0 is one stage of the industrial revolution that adopts the idea of a computerized system in management. By doing so, various virtual information technology products have emerged that lead to MOOCs (Massive Open Online Courses) system. The flood of technological innovations certainly brings various dilemma situations in various dimensions of human life. This situation arises when something common becomes unusual or vice versa thanks to the ability of digital technology. One of the permanent life systems and functions which regulates human efforts to meet their daily needs is institutions both local institutions such as families and indigenous peoples and new institutions (such as modern organizations). One of the important institutional actors is leadership. In short, leadership is defined as a leader’s efforts to influence its members to achieve goals. Therefore, it requires at least three fundamental institutional leadership styles to face the disruption era, namely situational leadership, transformational leadership and servant leadership. Situational leadership helps leaders to strengthen internally human resource commitment of staff or institutional members in accordance with the institutional context. Transformational leadership encourages the creation of institutional innovation according to its vision and mission. Institutional innovation begins with a leader’s efforts to constantly renew himself (on going formation) so that he/she is able to become agents of change for the institution and its members. Finally, servant leadership tries to encourage institutional functions to remain human-oriented since human beings are the image of God/Creator. These three leadership styles should become standard leadership styles which should be applied in institutions to ward off the dilemma of innovation in the disruption era.

Structuring Communication Effectively\u2014The Causal Effects of Communication Elements on Cooperation in Social Dilemmas

Many environmental problems represent social dilemma situations where individually rational behaviour leads to collectively suboptimal outcomes. Communication has been found to alleviate the dilemma and stimulate cooperation in these situations. Yet, the knowledge of the basic elements, i.e. the types of information that need to be provided and exchanged to make communication effective, is still incomplete. Previous research relies on ex post methods, i.e. after conducting an experiment researchers analyse what information was shared during the communication phase. By nature, this ex post categorization is endogenous. In this study, we identify the basic elements of effective communication ex ante and evaluate their impact in a more controlled way. Based on the findings of previous studies, we identify four cooperation-enhancing elements of communication: (i) problem awareness, (ii) identification of strategies, (iii) agreement, and (iv) ratification. In a laboratory experiment with 560 participants, we implement interventions representing these components and contrast the resulting levels of cooperation with the outcomes under free (unstructured) or no communication. We find that the intervention facilitating agreement on a common strategy (combination of (ii) and (iii)) is particularly powerful in boosting cooperation. And if this is combined with interventions promoting problem awareness and ratification, similar cooperation levels as in settings with free-form communication can be reached. Our results are relevant not only from an analytical perspective, but also provide insights for social dilemma situations in which effective communication processes cannot be successfully self-organized, calling for some form of external, structured facilitation or moderation.

MEDICAL ETHICAL DILEMMA AND EMPLOYEE LOYALTY IN THE PRIVATE HOSPITALS IN BORI-OGONI, RIVERS STATE

This study investigates the relationship between medical ethical dilemma and employee loyalty in the private hospitals in Bori-Ogoni, Rivers State.The study used deontological theory of ethics and Alderfer ERG theory of employee loyalty. The quasi-experimental design was used. The population of this study consists of 210 workers in private hospitals in Bori-Ogoni. The sample size of 140 was determined using Taro Yame sample size determination method. The primary data and secondary sources of data collection were used. The formulated hypotheses were tested using the Spearman Rank Oder Correlation coefficient analysis. The study revealed that is a significant relationship between medical ethical dilemma and medical decisions and employee loyalty in private hospitals in Bori- Ogoni. Therefore, we concluded that there is a strong significant relationship between medical ethical dilemma and medical decisions and employee loyalty in private hospitals in Bori- Ogoni. We also recommended that private hospitals management should strictly monitor workers medical decision making to ensure that it is in accordance with medical ethics and should also guide employees in dilemma situations in order to retain a loyal medical officer and also achieve generic goals of the organization.

자율운항선박 인공지능의 윤리문제에 대한 소고 - 사고 알고리즘을 중심으로 -

Ship is divided into four stages depending on whether the crew is on board and whether remote controllers are controlled, and fully Autonomous Ships will make optimal decisions based on algorithms designed by designers without human intervention. However, due to the characteristics of Artificial Intelligence such as autonomy and unforeseeability, the decision of a fully autonomous ship cannot always be expected to be ethical. However, Artificial Intelligence should make decisions that reflect human values. Especially in situations where the risk of conflict is unavoidable so called accidental algorithm, it should be able to explain what principles and criteria Artificial Intelligence makes decisions and these decisions should be reasonably accepted by society. This discussion of the ethical issues of Artificial Intelligence is the most active in the field of self-driving cars. However, there is a limitation that human values are difficult to have consistency and universality. In particular, in ethical dilemma situations, "Dualism of Practical Reason" makes decisions different from rational and ethical judgments, and standards for ethical behavior are also recognized differently depending on regional, cultural, and economic situations. As a result, while recognizing the need for ethical guidelines for Artificial Intelligence, it is skeptical about establishing specific standards. Because the ethical dilemma situation of self-driving cars cannot be predicted and fully responded to the real problems that will arise in the process of use. However, coming up with countermeasures after the problem occurs is only a measure to remedy the damage that has occurred in reality and is not a way to solve the fundamental problem. In particular, Maritime Autonomous ships operating in waters all around the world must make decisions that are reasonably accepted by world society. Therefore, Ethical guidelines, including accidental algorithms, should be prepared by the International Maritime Organization and reflected their legal system in individual countries. In the entire process from the development stage to the use stage, program developers and stake-holders will have to comply with Ethical standards and respond to Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships’s ethical issue through complementary work based on accumulated information.

Trolley dilemma in the sky: Context matters when civilians and cadets make remotely piloted aircraft decisions.

Crews operating remotely piloted aircrafts (RPAs) in military operations may be among the few that truly experience tragic dilemmas similar to the famous Trolley Problem. In order to analyze decision-making and emotional conflict of RPA operators within Trolley-Problem-like dilemma situations, we created an RPA simulation that varied mission contexts (firefighter, military and surveillance as a control condition) and the social "value" of a potential victim. We found that participants (Air Force cadets and civilian students) were less likely to make the common utilitarian choice (sacrificing one to save five), when the value of the one increased, especially in the military context. However, in the firefighter context, this decision pattern was much less pronounced. The results demonstrate behavioral and justification differences when people are more invested in a particular context despite ostensibly similar dilemmas.

Assessment of Good Pharmacy Practice among Community Pharmacist and their Perceptions on Ethical Dilemmas

Drugs are the prime member of any disease prevention plans and ailment treatment programmes. Pharmacists are the health professionals appointed by relevant authorities for safe and efficacious use of drugs, since they are the specially upskilled and trained personnel for controlling, organizing and distribution of medicines. Medicine alone does not provide desired treatment output. In order to achieve the optimal treatment goals pharmacist must provide enhanced drug related needs and ensure the services are of proper quality. This study aims to assess the Good Pharmacy Practice among community pharmacist, determine the frequency of ethical dilemma at community pharmacy settings and to assess the reasons why community pharmacists may compromise ethical values.It was a descriptive cross - sectional study carried out in different community pharmacies in Kozhikode district of Kerala. The study was executed in 6 months time period. The sample size was 115 community pharmacists working in Kozhikode district. Total of 120 subjects were enrolled and data were collected using a validated self-administered questionnaire. The result shows that most of the pharmacists were providing quality services to the patients and they are facing various ethical dilemma situations in their day today life. They were facing ethical dilemma situation at least once in three months. Community pharmacists compromise on ethical values and ethical issues mainly for protecting their job. The physicians request and employer’s invasion into their activities has a great role in ethical dilemma situations and thus violating the rules.
 Keywords: GPP, community pharmacy, ethical dilemma, pharmacy services.

Plato as a Game Theorist towards an International Trade Policy

In the beginning of the second book of his Politeia (Republic) Plato in passage 2.358e–359a–c raises the issue of the administration of justice as a means of motivating people to behave fairly regarding their relationships and when cooperating with each other because, at the end, this is mutually beneficial for all of them. We argue that this particular passage could be seen as a part of a wider process of evolution and development of the institutions of the ancient Athenian economy during the Classical period (508–322 BCE) and could be interpreted through modern theoretical concepts, and more particularly, game theory. Plato argued that there are two players, each with two identical strategies, to treat the other justly or unjustly. In the beginning, each player chooses the “unjust” strategy, trying to cheat the other. In this context, which could be seen as a prisoner’s dilemma situation, both end with the worst possible outcome, that is, deceiving each other and this has severe financial consequences for both of them. Realizing this, in a repeated game situation, with increasing information on the outcome and on each other, they choose the “just” strategy so achieving the best outcome and transforming the game in a cooperative one. We analyze this, formulating a dynamic game which is related to international commercial transactions, after explaining how such a situation could really arise in Classical Athens. We argue that this is the optimal scenario for both parties because it minimizes the risk of deceiving each other and creates harmony while performing financial transactions.