Dilemmas In Order Research Articles

“Here I’m Black, there I’m White”: Israeli social-workers retrospective perspective on intercultural encounters in India and Ethiopia during their training

ABSTRACT International social work brings about an intercultural encounter between guests and hosts from the North and the South, a division associated with power relations. This type of encounter creates a unique learning space for international social work students. In light of the transformative learning theory, the study examined the retrospective perspective of Israeli social workers regarding their intercultural encounter when visiting India and Ethiopia as part of their international social work training. It focuses on formative experiences, which have the potential to generate transformative learning. Using a qualitative approach and photovoice methodology, data was collected from 14 social workers who had taken part in an international social work program. Three main themes emerged from the analysis: 1) Local professional orientation; 2) Exposure to local social-cultural issues; 3) The intercultural encounter as a mirror of Israeli society. The findings shed light on how formative experiences in a foreign land create a basis for transformative learning. The results suggest the need to replace the term ‘culture shock’ with the notion of disorienting dilemmas in order to serve the goals of reflective learning from intercultural encounters and context-dependent learning in social work education in general, and international social work education in particular.

Good Soldiering and Re-Virtuing Military Ethics Training

Abstract With warfare’s increasing complexity and damage from ethical failures, it is critical for defence forces to develop best practice training in military ethics. As the Australian Army’s Good Soldiering program suggests, soldiers require technical but also ethical competence. But how are ethical behaviours and the virtues they depend on cultivated in soldiers and how can chaplains contribute as public theologians? Military ethics education includes teaching just war principles of Laws of Armed Conflict, as well as understanding illegal orders and command responsibility. But ultimately ethical behaviour, following Aristotle, is grounded in character development and best informed by a revival of virtue ethics. Case studies are a training format which cultivate virtues and their application. Military ethics training at its best is virtue-based and practiced with simulated dilemmas in order to equip soldiers to act justly and exercise ‘good soldiering’ in the home, barracks, field and operations.

CULTIVATING STEWARDSHIP IN THE NEXT GENERATION OF DESIGNERS: EMPLOYING AN EXPERIENTIAL CASEBASED METHOD USING LIVING BUILDING PROJECTS

ABSTRACT The urgency of addressing climate change challenges architectural educators to employ methods for cultivating stewardship in emerging designers by integrating a broad array of performance domains into the curriculum. Voices from the Field is an experiential applied professional practice course that employs cases pursuing high performance building certifications to demonstrate the interrelationship of technical, organizational, behavioral, and operational domains during the process of taking buildings from concept to realization. This study contributes to the literature on teaching with case-based pedagogical methods by employing qualitative data analysis of four sets of course deliverables produced by students who studied two Living Building Challenge (LBC) projects. The findings indicate that students gained an understanding of the integrated nature of design, and an awareness of the necessity of “Backwards Design” and “Tactical Materiality” to meet contemporary climate challenges. Additionally, students increased their understanding of the strategies, attitudes, and behaviors necessary to apply their sustainable ideals to real-world dilemmas in order to build a more just and sustainable society.

Identity, China’s foreign policy and Iran’s nuclear program

Iran’s nuclear program has been one of the most challenging international issues since the beginning of the 2010s. As an emerging superpower, China has sought to play an active role in international crises, including the Iranian nuclear case. China’s mainly focus was not whether to engage, but how to engage, and what proposals should be made when engaging to solve the dilemma in order to benefit multiple interests. This research tries to answer the question of what the components of China’s foreign policy towards Iran’s nuclear program are and how it is constructed within the framework of holistic constructivist theory. The methodology of this research is historical analysis as well as descriptive analytical methods. This paper proposes a categorisation of the six identity discourses that China exhibits on the Iranian nuclear issue. In this vein, the role of the international normative environment, which might have either aggressive or modifying impacts, should not be neglected. So China has sought to deal with Iran’s nuclear program peacefully through the framework of the Non-Proliferation Treaty in cooperation with the United States.

Dynamic Generation of Dilemma-Based Interactive Narratives

This paper presents a system which automatically generates interactive stories. These are focused on dilemmas in order to create dramatic tension. The system is provided with knowledge of generic story actions and dilemmas based on those cliches encountered in many of today’s soap operas. The story designer is only required to provide genre specific storyworld knowledge, such as information on characters and their relations, locations and actions. These dilemmas and story actions are instantiated for the given storyworld and a story planner creates sequences of actions that each lead to a dilemma for a character (who can be the user). The user interacts with the story by making decisions on relevant dilemmas and by freely choosing their own actions. Using this input the system chooses and adapts future story lines according to the user's past behaviour.

Incomplete explanations in physics teaching: discussing the rainbow with student teachers

Inspired by Shulman’s question ‘where do teachers’ explanations come from?’, this study explores two issues: the extent to which student teachers (STs) of physics can detect consequential gaps in a given explanation (RQ1), and the extent to which they will sacrifice simplicity for completeness when designing an explanation for a given audience (RQ2). The chosen topic was the rainbow; focussing on the case of the primary rainbow, a very limited explanation based on the interaction of a raindrop with a ray of sunlight was discussed with 33 STs, using two successive questionnaires. The results suggest that the STs were often largely unaware that the explanation was deeply incomplete (RQ1). This was accompanied by the lack of a ‘functional approach’ questioning how a changed variable might affect the phenomenon in question, even where this involves accepting a patently incoherent explanation. In relation to RQ2, the results suggest that the simplicity-coherence issue often remained unresolved for STs even after a critique of the explanation’s incompleteness. The final part of the paper centres on teacher preparation and the need to more explicitly address the simplicity-coherence dilemma in order to help STs to develop their critical awareness and responsible choice of explanations.

Severe leukocytosis and cytokine storm in a patient with covid-19 pneumonia

Since the emergence of the first cases of COVID-19 that was first reported in Wuhan China, the virus has spread globaly at a fast rate. It has carried a significant increase in the mortality rate. Most of these cases have been secondary to severe pneumonia as well as an increased incidence of thromboembolic complications leading to pulmonary embolism, myocardial infarctions, and strokes. It has been observed that many of these severe COVID-19 pneumonias have been associated with an increased levels of inflammatory markers including Cytokines and Interleukin 3 and 6 which can lead to an exaggereted humoral response with increased immunoglobulin production and tumor necrosis factors that can lead to lung tissue destruction. There is an overwhelming demand to find a mechanism to stop that vicious cycle and minimize tissue destruction. Thus, there is a need for more extensive studies regarding this medical dilemma in order to minimize the number of deaths around the world which so far has almost reached 2.5 million.

The microfoundations of organizational ambidexterity: A systematic review of individual ambidexterity through a multilevel framework

The analysis of ambidexterity at the individual level may help to open the black box of organizational ambidexterity and to address the microfoundations of the exploration/exploitation dilemma in order to know how it can be achieved. The purpose of this article is to examine the main characteristics, antecedents, and consequences of individual ambidexterity, highlighting several key theoretical and methodological issues. Through a systematic literature review, we synthesize and integrate knowledge about individual ambidexterity, identifying opportunities and challenges for future research. We propose a multilevel framework that includes antecedents, consequences, and contingent effects of individual ambidexterity and their relationships. This multilevel framework may help to overcome the micro–macro divide in the management field. We also provide a synthesis of future research proposals. JEL CLASSIFICATION: M10

Progress of CD5-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

CD5-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (CD5+ DLBCL) is a special type of DLBCL, which is characterized with later clinical staging, high-risk of relapse in extranodular tissues like bone marrow and central nervous system (CNS). Combined chemotherapy including rituximab and salvage autotransplantation/allotransplantation can not significantly improve the prognosis. This article reviews the clinicopathological features, the possible pathogenesis, treatment status and dilemma in order to get the better understanding of CD5+ DLBCL and avail the early diagnosis and individualized treatment. Key words: Lymphoma, large B-cell, diffuse; CD5; Antineoplastic combined chemotherapy protocols; Prognosis

How Inter-Disciplinary Group Members Manage Communication Challenges When Providing Hospice Care: An Application of Problematic Integration Theory

ABSTRACTWe used problematic integration theory to examine challenging conversations between the hospice inter-disciplinary group (IDG) and hospice patients/families. The research questions guiding the study were (1) What are the underlying reasons for IDG team members’ PI experiences when they interact with patients and their caregivers?, and (2) how do IDG members communicatively negotiate problematic integration when interacting with patients and their caregivers? In-depth focus group interviews with four IDGs and two certified nurse assistant teams revealed IDG members seem to experience the PI forms of ambivalence and certainty. There are two underlying reasons for IDGs’ PI experiences: value conflicts and process conflicts. IDG members try to negotiate PI via the theme of verbal dance, or the direct and indirect ways IDG members educated family and caregivers. This education process includes disclaimers, following the lead of the family, trust building and using personal life experiences. Problematic integration theory helps shed light on the communicative nature of interactional dilemmas IDG members experience and how they negotiate these dilemmas in order to effectively support and care for hospice patients.

On the Samaritan’s Dilemma, Foreign Aid, and Freedom

This paper presents an extension of the two-period Samaritan’s Dilemma in order to analyze the potential for foreign aid to promote freedom. An example is the United States’ recent opening towards Cuba. It is shown that a donor nation’s dual concern for economic reforms and greater freedoms can exacerbate the Samaritan’s Dilemma, even when economic aid is coupled with targets for freedom. By contrast, a policy that is focused on freedom alone can potentially resolve the Samaritan’s Dilemma. Such a policy requires the donor to temper the degree of altruism that motivates its provision of economic aid to the recipient nation.

"Hello Millstreet, Sarajevo Calling”: Cuerpo y diáspora a través de la puesta en escena de la canción.

Las confictvas paradojas que habitan el Festval de la Canción de Eurovisión, escenifcadas an-ualmente desde 1956, generan una suerte de fcción identtaria recientemente trabajada desde óptcas cercanas a los feminismos o la teoría queer en el ámbito anglosajón. Es así que este ensayo se concibe como una apuesta por las polítcas estéticas del aparentemente inocuo o anacrónico, incluso <em>kitsch</em>, Certamen, ya que, “al nombrar-puntuar país-actuación”, ineludible-mente se genera un dilema representacional clave para entender las complejidades culturales de nuestro tempo a través de la televisión. Por tanto, las dos líneas de este artculo serán por un lado visibilizar el creciente interés de los “países marginales” de la “Europa” de los últmos años en el Concurso en un inicio “europeístco”, con sus complejidades derivadas de la raza, el idioma o la diáspora; y por el otro, la presencia del cuerpo abyecto (andrógino, gay, lesbiano, transexual, transgénero, queer…) representando y a la vez deconstruyendo la idea de nación como cuerpo glorioso, si se quiere con Butler, “impermeable”, dejando paso a la multplicidad identtaria que hace de este un espectáculo televisivo en vivo único al combinar música, geo-polítca y competción a escala “pan-europea” pero retransmitdo a nivel mundial.

Solar Energy: Peaceful Hope Among Nations

The CFE (Federal Electricity Commission), the state-owned company supplier of electricity in Mexico has to face the greatest challenge in its history: increase the electric power required for economic development; this would mean having to add an additional electricity capacity of 57,122.3 MW (Mega Watts) for 2030. The Mexican Secretary of Energy expects that 37.8% will be provided by conventional technologies, and 62.2% through clean technologies. Thus, there are 35,530.07 MW of additional capacity pending on future clean projects. This case shows the financial and ethical dilemmas in order to achieve these goals with a focus on sustainability, seeking to minimize emissions of greenhouse gases. Aging coal plants, cheap natural gas, and a downward trend in the price of renewable energy, are signs of a dramatic structural change in the world electricity sector. These trends are likely to hold in the future where solar technologies have made up a bigger share, and regardless of their small percentage of participation in the energy mix, solar energy could reveal a surprising new story for the world. Facing CFE’s challenge, this case explores the role that solar photovoltaic energy could play where the sky is the limit.

Rational Design of Cancer Nanomedicine: Nanoproperty Integration and Synchronization.

Current cancer nanomedicines can only mitigate adverse effects but fail to enhance therapeutic efficacies of anticancer drugs. Rational design of next-generation cancer nanomedicines should aim to enhance their therapeutic efficacies. Taking this into account, this review first analyzes the typical cancer-drug-delivery process of an intravenously administered nanomedicine and concludes that the delivery involves a five-step CAPIR cascade and that high efficiency at every step is critical to guarantee high overall therapeutic efficiency. Further analysis shows that the nanoproperties needed in each step for a nanomedicine to maximize its efficiency are different and even opposing in different steps, particularly what the authors call the PEG, surface-charge, size and stability dilemmas. To resolve those dilemmas in order to integrate all needed nanoproperties into one nanomedicine, stability, surface and size nanoproperty transitions (3S transitions for short) are proposed and the reported strategies to realize these transitions are comprehensively summarized. Examples of nanomedicines capable of the 3S transitions are discussed, as are future research directions to design high-performance cancer nanomedicines and their clinical translations.

From Donders’ Dilemma to Objective Internal Assessment: How Experimental Developmental Psychology Can Contribute to Moral Education

For a century, developmental psychology, and psychology as a whole, has been caught in an objectivity-validity dilemma which divides the scientific community: when measuring psychological traits, researchers either strive for objectivity at the expense of validity in regard to the object of the measurement, or they strive for validity by using subjective information from participants and subjective methods of rating this information, thus lacking objectivity. While the main problem of physical measurement is precision, the main problem of psychology is validity: does an instrument really measure what it should? On the one hand, psychologists like Sigmund Freud, Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg believed that valid inferences on psychological functioning can only be made through subjective methods like clinical interviews – at the expense of objectivity. On the other hand, scientists working in the tradition of Louis Leon Thurston and Karl Pearson wanted to turn psychology into an objective science by assessing psychological traits through behavioral data even if that meant deleting important psychological traits like moral orientations and moral competence from the scientific research agenda. In this article I will show that this methodological dilemma can be (and has been) resolved on the basis of the ideas of Franciscus Cornelis Donders (1868), who, a long time ago, showed how we can study internal mental processes in an objective way, that is, without relying on the subjective experience of the participant and without subjective scoring. Interestingly, Donders used behavioral dilemmas in order to measure thinking. It took us a long time to understand the significance of Donders’ invention and to apply it to psychological measurement. Our Moral Competence Test (MCT) is probably the first method of psychological measurement based on it. The MCT has helped us to test many hypotheses on moral orientations and moral competence objectively, which hitherto could be studied only with subjective methods. It has also made possible to design and evaluate new, effective methods of moral education.

Playing a Better Me: How Players Rehearse Their Ethos via Moral Choices

This article is an exploration of players’ understandings of games that offer moral dilemmas in order to explore player choice in tandem with game mechanics. We investigate how game structures, including the presence of choice, a game’s length, and avatar presentation, push players in particular ways and also how players use those systems for their own ends. We explore how players “rehearse their ethos” through gameplay and how they are continually pushing back against the magic circle. It is based on two-dozen semi-structured interviews with players conducted in 2012. It illustrates that there are no clear-cut answers—game structures, including narratives, character designs, length, or save systems, can push players to act in certain ways that may or may not align with their own beliefs and goals.

KETERTIBAN YANG ADIL VERSUS KETIDAKADILAN: BEBAN SOSIAL-EKONOMI YANG HISTORIS DARI HUKUM

<p><em>This paper is based on a two decade observation on the dilemma of order and justice, leading to an attempt to analyze the social-economic factors underlying the historical roots of injustice. On its course it attempted to take lessons from historically proven axioms provided by certain heavy weight thinkers. While trying to make the best out of those axioms, the analysis could not ignore the hard facts of the daily life of the billions of people suffering from unending injustice in most parts of the world, in the rich and let alone in the poor parts of it. Neither could it escape from criticizing the ubiquitous mess in the justice system, almost universally. Although the overall problem of injustice does not seem to provide much hope for a better life of the people at large, the conclusion of this paper tried to distant away from a pessimistic stance and instead proposed an agenda for those who may concern to be carried out. This paper contains forethoughts of a book in the making regarding basically the same problem. </em></p><p><em> </em></p><p align="right"><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong><em>:</em></p><em>history, authority, rationality, law, order, equality, justice</em>

KETERTIBAN YANG ADIL VERSUS KETIDAKADILAN: BEBAN SOSIAL-EKONOMI YANG HISTORIS DARI HUKUM

This paper is based on a two decade observation on the dilemma of order and justice, leading to an attempt to analyze the social-economic factors underlying the historical roots of injustice. On its course it attempted to take lessons from historically proven axioms provided by certain heavy weight thinkers. While trying to make the best out of those axioms, the analysis could not ignore the hard facts of the daily life of the billions of people suffering from unending injustice in most parts of the world, in the rich and let alone in the poor parts of it. Neither could it escape from criticizing the ubiquitous mess in the justice system, almost universally. Although the overall problem of injustice does not seem to provide much hope for a better life of the people at large, the conclusion of this paper tried to distant away from a pessimistic stance and instead proposed an agenda for those who may concern to be carried out. This paper contains forethoughts of a book in the making regarding basically the same problem. Keywords : history, authority, rationality, law, order, equality, justice

Reconciling mentor and residence lecturer’s scores in grading students on teaching practice to be true reflection of students' performance

With the increasing number of students who qualify and enroll in universities the world over, and also in the various faculties and colleges of education studies, where students-teachers are trained for the teaching profession, it has become obvious that resident university teachers alone are unable to give ample supervision and monitoring to student-teacher trainees who go out of the campuses to experience real teaching practice. This is often referred to, as external or out of campus teaching practice. In trying to find solution to this vacuum created by insufficient lecturers, not being able to give enough supervisions and assessment scores to grade the practicing teachers, tutors or individuals in the various localities and/or institutions where the student-teachers do the external teaching practice are contracted by the universities as either mentors or internal supervisors to take oversight responsibilities of the student teachers formation, alongside the university lecturers, termed as external supervisors. This paper seek to find out how to reconcile the grading scores of the mentors or internal supervisors which at times, is often on the high side, as against the lecturers or external supervisors scores in order to reflect the true performance levels of the student teachers. This paper also lines up some suggested solutions to the dilemma in order to reflect the real students’ performance scores.

Анализ глобального «зеленого» перехода

Mitigation of global warming and transitioning to a green and sustainable world
 are counteracted by a number of barriers and dilemmas. The paper analyzes a
 number of these barriers and dilemmas in order to highlight efficient strategies
 and solutions for a sustainable development. The dilemmas include the following
 examples:
 • There are limits to economic and material growth in a finite globe, but most
 governments in industrial countries are calling for more growth in a period of
 financial crisis.
 • More equity is required to stem the desire for growth, but inequity is increasing.
 • The increase in global temperature should stay below two degrees centigrade
 in order to avoid irreversible consequences, but the present path points to four
 degrees or more.
 • At least 50% of known reserves of fossil fuels must remain underground in order to
 avoid a temperature increase higher than two degrees, but a number of industrial
 countries are now promoting exploitation of new fossil sources like shale gas and
 oil from tar sand.
 • Reversing population growth facilitates sustainable development, but most
 governments of industrial nations appear to be more concerned about decreases
 in their population.