Contact Angles Of Diiodomethane Research Articles

Heat transfer of liquid metal alloy on copper plate deposited with film of different surface free energy**Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11874191) and the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province, China (Grant No. ZR2016FM38).

Liquid metal alloys (LMAs) are the potential candidates of thermal interface materials (TIMs) for electronics cooling. In the present work, buffer layers of Ag, Ti, Cu, Ni, Mo, and W were deposited on polished Cu plates by DC magnetron sputtering, the contact angles of de-ionized water and diiodomethane on the buffer layers were measured by an easy drop shape analyzer and the surface free energies (SFEs) of the buffer layers were calculated by the Owens–Wendt–Kaelble equation. Samples were prepared by sandwiching the filmed Cu plates and LMAs. The thermal properties of the samples were measured by laser flash analysis method. The SFE of the buffer layer has a strong influence on the interface heat transfer, whereas the measurement temperature has no obvious effect on the thermal properties of the samples. As the SFE of the buffer layer increases, the wettability, thermal diffusivity, and thermal conductivity are enhanced, and the thermal contact resistance is decreased.

Wetting properties of Saponaria officinalis saponins

The contact angles of water, formamide and diiodomethane on the polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and quartz covered with Saponaria officinalis saponins and pure hederagenin films as well as the contact angles of aqueous solutions of saponins on the PTFE, PMMA and quartz surface, were measured. The adsorption of the saponins at the solid-water interface was also compared to that at the water-air one. The possibility to adsorb the saponins at the solid-water interface was analyzed on the basis of the Gibbs standard free energy of adsorption relative to the Gibbs free energy of interactions of saponins molecule with solid surface through the water phase. The changes in the solid-water and water-air interface tension under the influence of saponins adsorption were considered in the light of the PTFE, PMMA and quartz wettability by the aqueous solution of saponins. From this consideration it results that the contact angle of aqueous solution of saponins on PTFE, PMMA and quartz surface as well as the adhesion work of these solutions to solid can be predicted on the basis of the components and parameters of the water, solid and solution surface tensions. Experiments indicated that saponins are poor wetting agents and the adhesion work of the saponins solution does not depend on their concentration.

Surface free energy and microstructure dependent environmental stability of sol–gel SiO2 antireflective coatings: Effect of combined vapor phase surface treatment

Environmental stability is of great interest for sol–gel porous antireflective (AR) coatings. In this work, sol–gel silica AR coatings with excellent environmental stability were prepared via ammonia vapor treatment (AVT) combined with organosilane (hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) or hexadecyltrimethoxysilane (HTMS)) vapor treatment. The surface free energy (SFE) of the coatings treated with different approaches was estimated through Owens–Wendt method combined with Wenzel equation from the contact angles of water, glycerol and diiodomethane. Scanning electron microscope and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were employed to study the surface morphology and chemical composition of the silica coatings treated with different methods. The silica coatings treated by combined vapor phase method possess the SFE of 24.11 mJ·m−2 for N-HD-SiO2 and 34.18 mJ·m−2 for N-HT-SiO2. After being placed in a 90%RH humid environment for 2 months, the peak transmittance of BK7 glasses coated with N-HD-SiO2 and N-HT-SiO2 only decreases by 0.58% and 0.95%, respectively. Meanwhile, N-HD-SiO2 and N-HT-SiO2 coated BK7 glasses also show quite stable optical transmittance after exposure to a vacuum oil environment for 2 months. The mechanism of the combined vapor phase surface treatment is discussed based on the combination analysis of surface morphology, chemical composition and SFE of the coatings.

A robust superhydrophobic and highly oleophobic coating based on F-SiO2-copolymer composites

Superhydrophobic and highly oleophobic coatings have the potential for self-cleaning, anti-icing, optoelectronic and antifouling application. In this study, emulsion polymerization and sol-gel methods were employed to prepare a new superhydrophobic and highly oleophobic coating. The structures, surface morphology and the properties of the coating were analyzed by IR, SEM, TG and CA. Pencil scratch test and cross-cut tape test were performed to evaluate the coating mechanical properties. The coating exhibited superhydrophobicity with a water contact angle of greater than 150° and a sliding angle of 4.42° as well as high oleophobicity as demonstrated by a diiodomethane contact angle of 147.41° and a sliding angle of 9.85°. The coating exhibited 6H pencil hardness and 5B cross-cut adhesion properties. These interesting and robust properties make them promising candidates for some applications.

Effect on wettability of the topography and oxidation state of biaxially oriented poly(propylene) film

Surface topography and surface chemistry heterogeneity are widely accepted as causes of contact angle hysteresis. Contact angle hysteresis occurs on essentially all industrial polymer films. Four unmodified and flame-treated biaxially oriented poly(propylene) (BOPP) films produced from the same poly(propylene) base resin, but differing in surface topography and orientation, were characterized by measurement of the advancing and receding contact angles of water and diiodomethane, by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Contact angle hysteresis was much larger on flame-treated samples than on untreated samples even though some of the untreated films have significantly different topography at the nanoscale.

Mechanistic Understanding of the Planarization Behavior of Low κ Organosilicate Glass Films with Beol Barrier Slurries

Low κ Organosilicate Glass (OSG) films are being proliferated into new IC device architectures with CMP requirements spanning a wide range (highly selective to non-selective, low polish rates to high polish rates). This study aims to understand the relationship between these OSG film properties (both bulk and surface) and their planarization response, especially removal rate (RR). Eight OSG films were polished along with TEOS oxide using two barrier slurries. The films ranged in carbon content from 8 to 24 % and in nanoindentation elastic modulus from 5.5 to 21.8 GPa. Counterintuitively, higher mechanical strength (i.e., hardness, elastic modulus) of the low κ film did not result in lower polish rates; but was in agreement with previously noted behavior [1]. Removal rates also did not correlate to key OSG film properties such as refractive index (RI), dielectric constant (κ), or total carbon content (by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy). However, an inverse relationship was observed between RR and the bulk chemical bonding structure (Si-CH3/Si-O ratio) as determined by transmission infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) measurements (see Figure 1). In addition, a correlation between RR and OSG film’s surface free energy post-polish (measured from water and diiodomethane contact angles) was also observed. Based on the above findings, a mechanistic understanding of low κ OSG polishing was developed. [1] L. Matz, M. Haas, M. O’Neill, R. Sawayda, A. Meyers, in Advanced Metallization Conference (AMC) (eds A. J. McKerrow, Y. Shacham-Diamand, S. Shingubara and Y. Shimogaki), Materials Research Society, Warrandale, PA, 463 (2009) Figure 1

Synthesis and properties of fluorinated non-isocyanate polyurethanes coatings with good hydrophobic and oleophobic properties

To improve the chemical resistance of non-isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU), two kinds of diglycidyl ether, bisphenol AF (E-AF) and perfluorooctyl glycidyl ether (PFGE), were selected to synthesize two different cyclic carbonates, bisphenol AF (EC-AF) and perfluorooctyl cyclic carbonate (PFGC), respectively. These cyclic carbonates were successfully used to prepare fluorine-containing non-isocyanate polyurethane coatings. The effects of PFGC amounts on the properties of NIPU were studied, and it was found that the contact angles of water, diiodomethane, and hexadecane were increased with the addition of PFGC and up to 106.7°, 80.2°, and 72.7°, respectively, whereas the pendulum hardness of NIPU coatings relatively decreased with the increase in PFGC contents. The NIPU coatings exhibited excellent flexibility, adhesion, and impact resistance. They also displayed good thermal stability with 5% weight loss temperature (T5%) ranging from 249 to 271°C. Moreover, these coatings possessed very low water uptake, excellent hydrophobic/oleophobic properties, and corrosion resistance properties.

Preparation of omniphobic PVDF membranes with silica nanoparticles for treating coking wastewater using direct contact membrane distillation: Electrostatic adsorption vs. chemical bonding

In order to reduce the wetting and fouling propensity of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane during coking wastewater treatment by membrane distillation, two kinds of omniphobic PVDF composite membranes were prepared by coating SiO2 nanoparticles on PVDF membrane surface via electrostatic adsorption or chemical bonding respectively, and subsequently fluorination. The coated SiO2 nanoparticles observed as amounts of nano-scale protrusions by scanning electron microscope constructed a re-entrant structure and enhanced membrane surface roughness. The omniphobicity of the modified membranes was confirmed by high contact angles (> 150°) for water, diiodomethane and ethylene glycol on the membrane surface. The omniphobic layer with SiO2 nanoparticles coated via chemical bonding was more stable than electrostatic adsorption. Both the omniphobic PVDF membranes exhibited stable and high rejections of the inorganic and organic contaminants, which were determined by conductivity, total organic carbon and three-dimensional excitation-emission fluorescence spectroscopy of the distillate. The modified omniphobic membranes also showed much less flux decline than the pristine PVDF membrane in direct contact membrane distillation tests (120 h), suggesting their excellent anti-fouling performance. This study indicates that coating silica nanoparticles via chemical bonding is an effective and promising method to fabricate omniphobic PVDF membrane for coking wastewater treatment.

Surface and dynamic viscoelastic properties of cork from Quercus variabilis

Surface and dynamic viscoelastic properties of the reproduction cork from Quercus variabilis were studied in detail. There were 16 chemical elements in the Q. variabilis cork determined by the energy dispersive spectrometric (EDS) spectrum, and the contents of C and O were the highest. The mean colorimetric parameters L*, a*, and b* were 60.8, 14.0, and 30.6, respectively. The surface contact angles of Quercus variabilis cork were measured using an automatic contact angle meter. Three different types of liquid media (distilled water, formamide, and diiodomethane) were respectively dropped on the surface of corks using a microsyringe. The initial contact angles of water, formamide, and diiodomethane on the cork surface were 112.0°, 85.1°, and 75.2°, and the corresponding values decreased to 102.1°, 30.7°, and 72.1° when the liquids permeated the cork surface for 10 s. The moisture content values were 4.3%, 6.0%, and 9.0% when the dry cork samples were placed in the relative humidity conditions of 45%, 65%, and 85%, respectively, for 30 days. FT-IR spectra indicated the content of suberin in the sclereids and lenticels was much less than the content found in the pure corks. In the dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) spectrum, three obvious relaxation processes could be observed in the tan δ curve.

Superhydrophobic/oleophobic coatings based on a catalyst driven thiol‐epoxy‐acrylate ternary system

ABSTRACTSuperhydrophobic surfaces have attracted much attention for their exceptional properties such as self‐cleaning, anti‐fouling, and anti‐fogging. This study presents a facile approach for creating superhydrophobic coatings that are also oleophobic by utilizing spray deposition of polymers mixed with silica particles as an easy and effective route to control the surface roughness of the coatings. The polymer precursors formulated here are based on a ternary thiol‐epoxy‐acrylate mixture that reacts in the presence of a strong base without a need for external initiation (such as light). This system employs tetrafunctional thiol monomers as hubs where both the acrylate and the epoxy components can covalently bond. The acrylate component contains a perfluorinated side chain offering low surface energy properties and the difunctional epoxy monomers crosslink the thiol hubs to provide strength. Addition of a strong base catalyst (1,8‐diazabicycloundec‐7‐ene, or DBU) to the coating precursors initiates the polymerization reaction without the need for light. To identify the optimal formulation, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) measurements quantified the kinetics of the polymerization, X‐ray photoemission spectroscopy analysis revealed the surface composition, an optical goniometer evaluated the wetting behavior, and scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser the microscopy provided information about the surface topography of the coatings. Based on the results from FTIR, addition of 0.08 mol % of DBU effectively carries out the reaction within 10 min on the substrate while providing long solution shelf life for the spray coating process. The goniometer results showed that water contact angle of >150°, n‐dodecane contact angle of >110° and diiodomethane contact angle of >130° is achievable upon optimization of the coating precursors. This simple route to create superhydrophobic and oleophobic coatings by spraying may be useful for packaging, protective coatings, and other surface modifications. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46710.

WETTING PROPERTIES OF CHITOSAN-MODIFIED AND PLASMA-TREATED PEEK SURFACES

In this paper, the wettability of chitosan/phospholipid (1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine – DPPC), chitosan/lipid (cholesterol – Chol) and chitosan/protein (cyclosporine A – CsA) films on air plasma activated polyetheretherketone (PEEK) plates was studied. The layers were prepared using the solution spreading technique and their surface wetting properties were determined based on the measurements of the advancing and receding contact angles of water, formamide and diiodomethane. Moreover, based on the contact angle hysteresis model of Chibowski, values of total surface free energy were estimated. Significant changes in PEEK polarity were observed after plasma activation and modifications with Ch/DPPC, Ch/Chol and Ch/CsA layers. These molecules modulate the chitosan film surface by changing the type and magnitude of interactions, which is revealed in the values of surface free energy. These results may be important for the development and implementation of highly biocompatible bone substitution polymers coated with chitosan film with anti-fungal and anti-bactericidal properties. Those systems based on chitosan may also carry and release biologically active substances which could be relevant in the new generation of drug delivery systems.

Constructing Desired Vertical Component Distribution Within a PBDB-T:ITIC-M Photoactive Layer via Fine-Tuning the Surface Free Energy of a Titanium Chelate Cathode Buffer Layer.

Rationally controlling the vertical component distribution within a photoactive layer is crucial for efficient polymer solar cells (PSCs). Herein, fine-tuning the surface free energy (SFE) of the titanium(IV) oxide bis(2,4-pentanedionate) (TOPD) cathode buffer layer is proposed to achieve a desired perpendicular component distribution for the PBDB-T:ITIC-M photoactive layer. The Owens-Wendt method is adopted to precisely calculate the SFE of TOPD film jointly based on the water contact angle and the diiodomethane contact angle. We find that the SFE of TOPD film increases as the annealing temperature rises, and the subtle SFE change causes the profound vertical component distribution within the bulk region of PBDB-T:ITIC-M. The results of secondary-ion mass spectroscopy visibly demonstrate that the TOPD film with an SFE of 48.71 mJ/cm2, which is very close to that of the ITIC film (43.98 mJ/cm2), tends to form desired vertical component distribution. Consequently, compared with conventional bulk heterojunction devices, the power conversion efficiency increases from 9.00 to 10.20% benefiting from the short circuit current density increase from 14.76 to 16.88 mA/cm2. Our findings confirm that the SFE adjustment is an effective way of constructing the desired vertical component distribution and therefore achieving high-efficiency PSCs.

Wetting transparency of supported graphene is regulated by polarities of liquids and substrates

Graphene has to be supported on a substrate in a variety of applications. The underlying substrate can exert a remarkable impact on the wettability of graphene, but the inherent mechanism remains elusive. By quantifying the static contact angles of water (polar liquid) and diiodomethane (nonpolar liquid) droplets on graphene supported on different kinds of substrate, we found that the apparent wetting transparency of the supported graphene with airborne hydrocarbon adsorption depends essentially on polarities of both the liquids and the underlying substrates, and that, in most cases, the supported graphene exhibits wetting translucency. With the Owens-Wendt theory, we then identified the specific components of the surface energy, which indicated that inserting graphene does not introduce a polar interaction and that the apparent transmitted polar energy of one layer of graphene is ∼20% for the investigated substrates. The apparent polarity of supported graphene can potentially be tuned by the underlying substrate. Practically, the wettability of graphene can be determined by investigating the competitive relationship between the reduced dispersive and polar interaction of the substrate and the increased dispersive one introduced via inserting the graphene layers. Our findings may have significant implications in designing functional nanostructures through tuning the surface properties of graphene by its surroundings.

Synthesis, UV-curing Behavior and Surface Properties of New Fluorine-containing Aromatic Oxetane Monomers

In this paper, we combined high-end cationic UV-curable material with fluorinated chain obtaining a series of new fluorine-containing aromatic oxetane monomers via a mild nucleophilic substitution reaction. The structures and properties of monomers were characterized using 1H-NMR, 19F-NMR, dynamic viscosity tests and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It was determined that all of the fluorinated monomers obtained had much lower viscosity and higher thermostability after the introduction of hexafluorobenzene. Then, UV-curable coatings were prepared using four fluorine-containing aromatic oxetane monomers (FOX1–4); the UV-curing kinetics, with three kinds of initiators, and properties of the cured films were evaluated using real-time Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, water and diiodomethane contact angle tests, surface energy calculations and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The FTIR spectroscopy results showed that the coatings possessed excellent conversion rate (> 99% with liquid initiator PAG-201 in 150 s), and as the fluorine content increased, the monomers exhibited decreased mobility with the increasing viscosity and worse solubility with fluorinated monomers, resulting in a lower conversion rate. Moreover, the coatings possessed favorable hydrophobic and oleophobic properties and low surface energies owing to the fluoride chains floating to the membrane-air interface, which was also confirmed by discrete concave structures in SEM images. These new kinds of monomers can replace traditional fluorinated cationic monomers applied to the fingerprint resistant, fouling resistant, scratch resistant and anti-aging coatings, adhesives or printing ink materials.

The preparation of surface fluorinated polyethylene films with excellent properties similar to that of fluoropolymers

Various surface fluorinated polyethylene films with different fluorination degree have been prepared by direct fluorination. The chemical structure of the resulted fluorinated polyethylene layer has been effectively tuned by direct fluorination, where the fluorination degree and chemical structures are highly dependent on fluorination temperature. Direct fluorination with low temperature mainly results in a formation of CHF groups, whereas CF2 groups are prevailing at high temperature, which plays a major role in the enhancement of weathering-resistant properties. The polyethylene films with highly fluorinated layers show better weathering-resistant property, which are much more stable against UV irradiation compared with the virgin. Moreover, better thermal stability could also been observed in air atmosphere (up to 428.8°C) compared with the virgin (396.6°C) for the fluorinated layer. The increasing fluorination degree also results in lower surface energy (from 34.5 to 14.3mNm−1, 58.6% reduction), and higher contact angle of water (from 98.1° to 117.9°, 20.2% improvement) and diiodomethane (from 53.9° to 98.9°, 84.5% improvement), which contributing to the enhance of barrier properties towards O2 (30% reduction) and water as well as organic solvents. In addition, the corresponding apparent activation energy and pre-exponential factor of the direct fluorination process calculated from Arrhenius equation are 58.86kJmol−1 and 1.53×107min−1, respectively.

Chitosan/phospholipid coated polyethylene terephthalate (PET) polymer surfaces activated by air plasma

In our studies the hybrid chitosan/1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (Ch/DPPC) films on the air plasma treated polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plates were prepared using a few methods: spreading (S), Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) and Langmuir–Schaefer (LS). Wetting properties of the prepared layers were determined measuring the contact angles of water, formamide and diiodomethane. Moreover, the theoretical model proposed by van Oss et al. was used to study the surface thermodynamics, i.e. surface free energy and its components. The surface topography was analyzed based on the images from atomic force microscope (AFM), optical and mechanical profilometers. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) was used for surface chemical analysis. It was found that the way of layers preparation had a significant effect on wetting properties and surface free energy of the PET/Ch/DPPC films. Both topographic features and surface chemistry influenced the material characteristics. Moreover, the study gives information on the film polarity strongly affected by the molecular organization and packing. It is believed that the DPPC molecules, modifying the chitosan coating, can improve its hemostatic properties to obtain a positive assessment of athrombogenicity. Therefore the developed surfaces seem to be promising for the enhanced PET biocompatibility suitable for cardiovascular devices.

Highly transparent polyimide/nanocrystalline-zirconium dioxide hybrid materials for organic thin film transistor applications

A solution-processable high k dielectric materials based on polyimide/zirconium dioxide (PI-ZrO2) for organic thin film transistors (OTFTs) is demonstrated. To study the effect of the ZrO2 content on the properties of the dielectric layer, a series of PZn films (n = 0, 2, 5, 8, 10, 12, and 15, which are the weight percentage of ZrO2 in the film) were prepared. The results showed that all of the prepared hybrid films had a high transmittance of 96–99%. The nondestructive Zr K-edge XANES analysis revealed that the absorption intensity was proportional to the ZrO2 content. EXAFS analysis indicated that the ZrO2 formed bigger clusters in the film than in the solution state. Water and diiodomethane contact angle analysis found that the PZ12 film had the largest contact angles, lowest surface energy, and lowest water absorbance, which results in the least structural defects and highest carrier mobility. Electrical property analysis indicated that the dielectric constant of the films increased from 4.04 for the PZ0 film to 8.10 for the PZ12 film, but then dropped for the PZ15 film. All current leakages (−2 MV/cm) were less than 10−9 A/cm. The carrier mobility in the PZ0 film was 2.78 × 10−1, up to 4.15 × 10−1 for the PZ12 film, but down to 3.34 × 10−1 for the PZ15 film. The Ion/Ioff ratio was 2.3 × 103 for PZ0, up to 1.4 × 105 for PZ12, but down to 1.8 × 104 for PZ15. The hybrid dielectric devices showed better performance. This work reveals great potential for hybrid dielectric materials for OTFT applications.

Wettability and surface free energy of NIPU coatings based on bis(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)ether dicarbonate

Abstract Non-isocyanate poly(hydroxyurethanes) (NIPUs) are a new class of polymers prepared without using toxic and harmful phosgene and isocyanates. The formation of NIPUs based on an environmentally friendly method from cyclic carbonates and amines is an alternative to the chemistry of conventional polyurethanes. For the first time, the surface free energy of NIPUs coatings is widely presented in the literature. In this work, we present selected properties of NIPUs coatings based on bis(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)ether dicarbonate obtained from a commercially available diglycerol and various amines. The surface free energy and its dispersion and polar components were calculated using various methods based on static measurements of contact angle of diiodomethane and water. Owens-Wendt, Fawkes and Wu methods were used in order to determine surface free energy. Moreover, wetting envelopes of NIPU coatings are presented. NIPUs exhibited high hydrophilicity due to the pendant hydroxyl groups in the macromolecule. Furthermore, the contact angle of water increases when the lengthening of a diamine carbon chain increases in NIPUs based on aliphatic amines. These results will provide valuable guidance for the application of NIPUs in coatings and adhesives. The results reveal that potential applications of NIPUs are significantly limited by high hydrophilicity of surface of NIPUs coatings.

Components and parameters of solid/surfactant layer surface tension

Measurements of the contact angle for water, formamide and diiodomethane on the layers of R-95 Rhamnolipid, surfactin, n-octyl-β-d-glucopyranoside, n-dodecyl-β-d-glucopyranoside, n-dodecyl-β-d-maltoside, sucrose monodecanoate, sucrose monododecanoate, Tween 20, Tween 60 and Tween 80 as well as rhamnose, sucrose and poly(ethylene glycol) 8000 deposited on polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, polymethyl methacrylate, polyamide and quartz were made. On the basis of the obtained results the changes of surface properties of the studied solids under the influence of the surfactants as well as rhamnose, sucrose and poly(ethylene glycol) 8000 layer were considered using different theoretical methods From these considerations it was deduced that hydrophilic and hydrophobic balance of a given solid surface covered by the surfactant layer changes as a function of the layer thickness and kind of surfactant. However, surface properties of the thick layer of a given surfactant does not depend on the kind of solids. These properties for biosurfactants are comparable to that of rhamnosa, sugar surfactants to sucrose and Tween’s to poly(ethylene glycol) 8000.

Fabrication of a super‐amphiphobic aluminium alloy surface via wire electrical discharge machining and chemical etching technology

A simple method, involving twice electric machining by HS-WEDM and chemical etching, is used to fabricate super-amphiphobic (both super-hydrophobic and super-oleophobic) surfaces on aluminium alloy. The surface morphology of the samples was investigated using scanning electron microscopy and laser scanning confocal microscope. The evaluations of surface oleophobicity were carried out using the contact angles of ethylene glycol, diiodomethane and dodecane. Finally, the experimental result indicated that after the twice electric machining and chemical etching, the micro/nanometre-scale binary rough structure was presented on the sample surfaces, and the resulting sample surfaces produced in this method had super-hydrophobic and lipophilic properties (water contact angle of 155.74°). More importantly, after surface fluorination, the sample surfaces turned to super-amphiphobic surfaces and the biggest contact angles of water and oil were 156.24° and 157.34°, respectively. Therefore, it can be considered that the acquirement of the micro/nanometre-scale rough structures and the reduction of the surface energy are essential requirements to fabricate super-amphiphobic surfaces. The advantages of the present method over the other methods are that the used wire electrical discharge machining can machine most metals, and the processes of surface forming and microstructure fabrication were combined, which saves processing time greatly.