Dihydroxybenzophenone Research Articles

2,4'-Dihydroxybenzophenone: A Promising Anti-Inflammatory Agent Targeting Toll-like Receptor 4/Myeloid Differentiation Factor 2-Mediated Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species Production during Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Systemic Inflammation.

The biochemical properties of 2,4'-dihydroxybenzophenone (DHP) have not been extensively studied. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether DHP could alleviate inflammatory responses induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and endotoxemia. The results indicated that DHP effectively reduced mortality and morphological abnormalities, restored heart rate, and mitigated macrophage and neutrophil recruitment to inflammatory sites in LPS-microinjected zebrafish larvae. Additionally, the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators, including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-12 (IL-12), was significantly reduced in the presence of DHP. In RAW 264.7 macrophages, DHP inhibited the LPS-induced inflammatory response by downregulating pro-inflammatory mediators and decreasing the expression of myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88), phosphorylation of IL-1 receptor-associated protein kinase-4 (p-IRAK4), and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). Molecular docking analysis demonstrated that DHP occupies the hydrophobic pocket of myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD2) and blocks the dimerization of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). A molecular dynamics simulation confirmed that DHP stably bound to the hydrophobic pocket of MD2. Furthermore, the DHP treatment inhibited mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) production during the LPS-induced inflammatory response in both RAW 264.7 macrophages and zebrafish larvae, which was accompanied by stabilizing mitochondrial membrane potential. In conclusion, our study highlights the therapeutic potential of DHP in alleviating LPS-induced inflammation and endotoxemia. The findings suggest that DHP exerts its anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the TLR4/MD2 signaling pathway and reducing the level of mtROS production. These results contribute to a better understanding of the biochemical properties of DHP and support its further exploration as a potential therapeutic agent for inflammatory conditions and endotoxemia.

2,4'-Dihydroxybenzophenone Exerts Bone Formation and Antiosteoporotic Activity by Stimulating the β-Catenin Signaling Pathway.

2,4'-Dihydroxybenzophenone (DHP) is an organic compound derived from Garcinia xanthochymus, but there have been no reports on its biochemical functions and bioavailability. In this study, we evaluated whether DHP affects osteoblast differentiation and activation in MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast cells, as well as antiosteoporotic activity in zebrafish larvae. Nontoxic concentrations of DHP-treated MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast cells increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activation and mineralization in a concentration-dependent manner, accompanied by higher expression of osteoblast-specific markers, including Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), osterix, and ALP. Consistent with the data in MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast cells, DHP upregulated osteoblast-specific marker genes in zebrafish larvae and simultaneously enhanced vertebral formation. We also revealed that DHP increased the phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) at Ser9 and the total expression of β-catenin in the cytosol and markedly increased the localization of β-catenin into the nucleus. Furthermore, DHP restored the prednisolone (PDS)-induced marked decrease in ALP activity and mineralization, as well as osteoblast-specific marker expression. In PDS-treated zebrafish, DHP also alleviated PDS-induced osteoporosis by restoring vertebral formation and osteoblast-related gene expression. Taken together, these results suggest that DHP is a potential osteoanabolic candidate for treating osteoporosis by stimulating osteoblast differentiation.

A versatile, highly effective intumescent flame-retardant synergist for polypropylene and polyamide 6 composites

A novel phosphorus-based macromolecular flame-retardant synergist named DPS was designed and synthesized via three steps from 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO), dihydroxybenzophenone (DHBP) and pentaerythritol (PER). The prepared synergist was used in combination with a base flame-retardant (melamine-coated ammonium polyphosphate (APP-M), or aluminum diethylphosphinate (ADP)) to create novel binary intumescent flame retardant (IFR) systems for polypropylene (PP) and polyamide 6 (PA6) matrices. The structure of DPS was characterized by fourier transform infrared (FTIR), phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P NMR) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analysis. The thermal stability and combustion behaviors of the flame-retardant polymer composites were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94 vertical burning tests. It was found that with a low fraction of DPS (20–25 wt%), the developed binary IFR systems significantly enhanced the flame-retardant performance of both PP and PA6. The results indicate that owing to the rich phosphorus content and abundant aromatic structures, DPS has synergistic actions with the base flame retardants to scavenge free radicals and promote char formation in the gaseous and condensed phases, respectively. Additionally, the mechanical properties of the PP composites were also evaluated, revealing the mechanical reinforcement effect of the binary IFR, i.e., simultaneous improvement of tensile modulus, ultimate tensile strength and impact toughness. This further demonstrates the effectiveness of the developed IFR formulations in terms of well-balanced flame-retardant performance and mechanical properties.

Emulsification of castor oil using poly (N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) for functional finishing of cotton fabric

Castor oil (CAO)/poly (N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PVP) hybrid was synthesized at different reaction conditions including PVP/CAO weight ratio, temperature, and time. The results indicated that the optimum conditions to synthesis that hybrid is reacting of PVP having a molecular weight of 40,000 Da with CAO at a weight ratio of 30% and temperature of 150°C for 60 min. The synthesized hybrid was characterized via FTIR. Emulsification of such hybrid in water results in a white stable emulsion. The TEM analysis proved that the prepared emulsion of a particle size ranges from 320 to 370 nm. The technical feasibility to apply the produced emulsion for functional finishing of cotton fabric was studied. The results obtained indicated that treating cotton fabric with easy care finishing bath containing the synthesized emulsion results in enhancement in nitrogen content, tensile strength, whiteness index, stiffness, and antibacterial activities along with a decreasing in resiliency, wettability, and surface roughness properties of treated fabric, compared to the control sample. Moreover, incorporation of zinc oxide nano-particles (ZnO-NPs) or dihydroxybenzophenone (DHBP) in the above mentioned finishing bath enhances the functional properties of the finished fabric. Furthermore, dyeing fabric samples with different reactive and direct dyes followed by finishing using the aforementioned finishing bath, in absence of ZnO-NPs and DHBP, gives rise to an enhancement in the color strength of such samples compared to the dyed samples. The fastness to washing and perspiration of only the direct dye dyed/finished sample was improved. Almost all the dyed/finished samples exhibited an improvement in their fastness to the wet rubbing and alkaline perspiration along with a reduction in fastness to light. In addition, the SEM, as well as EDX analysis of treated fabric, was investigated.

Study on Synthesis, Optical properties and Application of Benzophenone derivatives

AbstractIn this study, the mono‐substituted and di‐substituted benzophenone derivatives containing the ester group were synthesized by the reaction of dihydroxy benzophenone with acyl chloride. Their structures were characterized by 1H NMR and 13C NMR and their optical properties and application in ultraviolet curable coatings were studied. The mono‐substituted compounds can be used as UV absorbers and do not participate in the curing of the free radical system during UV‐curing, enhancing the light stability of coatings and cured coatings and facilitating the storage of UV‐curable coatings. The di‐substituted compounds can be used as photoinitiators for ultraviolet curable coatings and show good film morphology.

Biotransformation of bisphenol F by white-rot fungus Phanerochaete sordida YK-624 under non-ligninolytic condition.

Environmental bisphenol F (BPF) has a cyclic endocrine disruption effect, seriously threatening animal and human health. It is frequently detected in environmental samples worldwide. For BPF remediation, biological methods are more environmentally friendly than physicochemical methods. White-rot fungi have been increasingly studied due to their potential capability to degrade environmental pollutants. Phanerochaete sordida YK-624 has been shown to degrade BPF by ligninolytic enzymes under ligninolytic conditions. In the present study, degradation of BPF under non-ligninolytic conditions (no production of ligninolytic enzymes) was investigated. Our results showed that BPF could be completely removed after 7-d incubation. A metabolite of BPF, 4,4'-dihydroxybenzophenone (DHBP) was identified by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance, and DHBP was further degraded by this fungus to form 4-hydroxyphenyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (HPHB). DHBP and HPHB were the intermediate metabolites of BPF and would be further degraded by P. sordida YK-624. We also found that cytochrome P450s played an important role in BPF degradation. Additionally, transcriptomic analysis further supported the involvement of these enzymes in the action of BPF degradation. Therefore, BPF is transformed to DHBP and then to HPHB likely oxidized by cytochrome P450s in P. sordida YK-624. Furthermore, the toxicological studies demonstrated that the order of endocrine-disrupting activity for BPF and its metabolites was HPHB > BPF > DHBP. KEY POINTS: • White-rot fungus Phanerochaete sordida YK-624 could degrade BPF. • Cytochrome P450s were involved in the BPF degradation. • The order of endocrine disrupting activity was: HPHB > BPF > DHBP.

Degradation of dihydroxybenzophenone through monopersulfate activation over nanostructured cobalt ferrites with various morphologies: A comparative study

Differences in the structural morphology of heterogeneous catalysts, oxygen vacancy (OV), and lattice defect degree could induce different catalytic performances due to the possession of different active sites and abundance of unpaired electrons. Despite this, few studies on in-depth discussion and detailed comparison of the influence of these factors for activating monopersulfate (MPS) have been made so far. Here, we proposed three types of nanostructured cobalt ferrites (NCFs), consisting of CoFe2O4 nanobundle (CFNB), CoFe2O4 nanosheet (CFNS), and CoFe2O4 nanoplate (CFNP). The catalytic performance of these NCFs was evaluated through MPS activation for degradation of 4,4′-dihydroxybenzophenone (DBP), an extensively used UV filter. As a result, pH-dependent generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) showed that the catalytic mechanism tended to shift from radical and non-radial pathways under neutral conditions to 1O2-induced non-radical at low and high pH with increased generation of SO4•− and •OH. Given the abundance of OV, lattice defects, and highest specific area, CFNS possessed the most superior performance driven by high reactivity of ≡CoII/≡CoIII and ≡FeII/≡FeIII redox cycles, while DBP-induced electron transfer accounted for enhanced activity of CFNB. CFNP with relatively high OV and electrochemically active surface area, on the other hand, showed its efficiency in generation of ROS. Intermediates from the reaction were also verified through LCQ-LC/MS spectra and DFT calculation for elucidating the DBP degradation over NCFs-activated MPS.

Gold Nanoparticle-Based Photo-Cross-Linking Strategy for Cellular Target Identification of Supercomplex Molecular Systems.

Cellular target identification plays an essential role in innovative drug development and pharmacological mechanism elucidation. However, very few practical experimental methodologies have been developed for identifying target proteins for supercomplex molecular systems such as biologically active phytochemicals or pharmaceutical compositions. To overcome this limitation, we synthesized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as solid scaffolds, which were bound with 4,4'-dihydroxybenzophenone (DHBP) as a photo-cross-linking group on the surface. Then, DHBP-modified AuNPs cross-linked various organic compounds from phytochemicals under ultraviolet radiation via carbene reactions, H-C bond insertion, for catalytic C-C bond formation. We next used the phytochemical-cross-linked AuNPs (phytoAuNPs) to pull down potential binding proteins from brain tissue lysate and identified 13 neuroprotective targets by mass spectrometry analysis. As an exemplary study, we selected Hsp60 as a crucial cellular target to further screen 14 target-binding compounds from phytochemicals through surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis, followed by Hsp60 activity detection and neuroprotective effect assay in cells. Collectively, this gold nanoparticle-based photo-cross-linking strategy can serve as a useful platform for discovering novel cellular targets for supercomplex molecular systems and help to explore pharmacological mechanisms and active substances.

Insight into chain scission and release profiles from photodegradation of polycarbonate microplastics

Bisphenol A polycarbonate (BPA-PC) is a kind of widely used engineering plastics. However, excessive usage causes the production of plastic wastes, following property changes of polymers and high risks of released chemicals during outdoor weathering. In this study, we systematically investigated the photoaging behavior of PC microplastics (MPs) in aquatic environment and evaluated the potential risk of released intermediates. Light irradiation along with mechanical abrasion facilitated the fragmentation of PC MPs and stimulated photooxidative modification during 640 h of ultraviolet (UV) exposure. Continuous degradation of the polymer was accompanied with dramatic decline of molecular weight. Also, BPA was released from irradiated PC MPs with a trend of an initial rapid increase followed by a decrease versus the irradiation time, and the maximum concentration of dropped BPA was detected up to 652.80 ± 72.89 μg/g (43.39% and 56.61% respectively in particles and leachates). However, the releasing amount of BPA in the leachate merely occupied 2.7% of the total organic carbon (TOC) leached out, suggesting that a great number of unknown organic products were produced other than BPA. Liquid chromatography-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS) analysis showed that these organic compounds forming MPs-derived dissolved organic matter (MPs DOM) were partly composed of 4,4’-dihydroxybenzophenone (DHB), p-hydroxybenzoic acid (p-HBA) and methyparaben (MeP), which would also contribute to the estrogenic activity. The degradation pathway of PC MPs was elaborated with the photolysis process of PC dimer and BPA, and the remarkable photoaging of PC MPs was mainly dominated by the generated reactive oxygen species (ROS). The findings of this study indicated that understanding the photoaging process of PC MPs was vital to evaluate their integral cumulative estrogenic activity in aquatic environment, and further highlighted the notable possible risks of plastic leachates to exposed biota.

Oxidative Stress, Endocrine Disturbance, and Immune Interference in Humans Showed Relationships to Serum Bisphenol Concentrations in a Dense Industrial Area.

Bisphenol A (BPA) analogues, used in a range of products due to health concerns regarding BPA, have emerged as ubiquitous environmental contaminants worldwide. This study aims to evaluate the levels of nine bisphenols (BPs) and eight biomarkers (malondialdehyde, MDA; 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, 8-OHdG; estradiol, E2; follicle-stimulating hormone, FSH; luteinizing hormone, LH; complement compound 3, C3; immunoglobulin M, IgM and c-reaction protein, CRP) in human serum (n = 353) to explore their potential relationships. The detection rates (DRs) of eight BPs in serum samples taken from people working in a dense industrial area of Shenzhen (Guangdong Province, China) were over 72% except for bisphenol B (BPB) (DR = 27.5%). The mean concentrations of BPA, bisphenol P (BPP), BPB, bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol FL (BPFL), 4,4'-dihydroxy-benzophenone (DHBP), bisphenol AF (BPAF), 4,4'-thiodiphenol (TDP) and bisphenol S (BPS) were 42.062, 2.083, 0.765, 0.578, 0.423, 0.402, 0.191, 0.120, and 0.071 ng/mL, respectively. BPA and BPFL were significantly correlated with the level of oxidative stress indices MDA and 8-OHdG; BPAF, BPB, and DHBP were strongly correlated with the level of endocrine disturbance indices E2, FSH, and LH; and BPF, DHBP, and BPAF were apparently related to the level of immune interference indices C3 and IgM. This study also suggests multiple impacts (oxidative stress, endocrine disturbance, and immune interference) mediated by BPs contaminants in vivo. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report the correlations among these nine serum BPs and oxidative stress and endocrine and immune system indices in human serum samples collected from dense industrial areas.

Global identification of the cellular targets for a multi-molecule system by a photochemically-induced coupling reaction.

Current target identification strategies mainly focus on single compounds. However, no practical experimental methodologies have been developed for multi-molecule systems. Herein, we established a cellular target identification technology for a multi-molecule system by preparing 4,4'-dihydroxybenzophenone (DHBP)-bound Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) with photochemically induced crosslinking capacity. DHBP-bound NPs reacted with the chemicals from the medicinal plant extract as a multi-molecule system under ultraviolet radiation by forming carbon-carbon bonds, thus generating extract-crosslinked NPs for capturing target proteins from cell lysates. The technology, which is named the Zhao-Yao (ZY) strategy, may promote the comprehensive interpretation of the pharmacological mechanism of multi-molecule systems via the global identification of cellular targets.

Weath ering Performance of Beech Wood Coated with Acrylic Paint Containing UV Stabilizers of Dihydroxy Benzophenone and Nano Zinc Oxide

In this study, the effect of UV stabilizers (dihydroxy benzophenone and nano zinc oxide) on the weathering degradation of water-based acrylic coating on beech wood was investigated. The wood specimens were coated by brush and then weathered naturally for six months. The obtained results showed that the use of nano zinc oxide reduced color changes and mold growth on the surface of weathered samples. However, the results of contact angle, pull-off adhesion, colorimeter and FTIR revealed that the dihydroxyl benzophenone was not effective in preventing weathering degradation of coated wood.

In vitro evaluation of the hepatic lipid accumulation of bisphenol analogs: A high-content screening assay

Bisphenol A (BPA) has a variety of adverse effects on human health; therefore, BPA analogs are increasingly used as replacements. Notably, recent studies have revealed that BPA exposure induced hepatic lipid accumulation, but few studies are available regarding the similar effects of other bisphenol analogues (BPs). Thus, in the present study, a high-content screening (HCS) assay was performed to simultaneously evaluate the hepatic lipid accumulation of 13 BPs in vitro. The BPs induced lipid deposition in HepG2 cells ranking as below: 4,4′-thiodiphenol (TDP) < bisphenol S (BPS) < 4,4′-dihydroxybenzophenone (DHBP) < tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) < tetrachlorobisphenol A (TCBPA) < bisphenol E (BPE) < bisphenol F (BPF) < bisphenol B (BPB) < bisphenol AF (BPAF) < bisphenol A (BPA) < bisphenol C (BPC) < tetramethylbisphenol A (TMBPA) < bisphenol AP (BPAP). Meanwhile, Oil Red O staining and triacylglycerol detection further validated the lipid accumulation elicited by the latter 8 BPs, which exhibited the more significant effects on lipid deposition. Mechanistically, significantly increased expressions of genes involved in fatty acid synthesis and nuclear receptors and decreased levels of genes associated with fatty acid β-oxidation were observed under BPs treatment. Therefore, the present work is the first to systematically provide direct evidence for BPs-induced hepatic lipid accumulation in vitro via HCS, which can be helpful for safety assessments of BPs.

Chemiluminescence immunoassay approach to quantify Bisphenol S in canned beverage using a NSP-SA-labeled specific monoclonal antibody

Bisphenol S (BPS) is a major alternative to Bisphenol A (BPA) newly applied in food packing material and disrupts reproductive and developmental endpoints through endocrine pathways. This study aimed to develop a rapid, sensitive, and accurate chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) for the detection of BPS in canned beverage. Anti-BPS monoclonal antibody (mAb) was generated by immunizing Balb/c mice with immunogen (BPS–BSA conjugation). CLIA assay conditions, including 3-[9-(((3-(N-succinimidyloxycarboxypropyl) [4-methxylphenyl] sulfonyl) amine) carboxyl]-10-acridiniumyl)-1-propanesulfonate inner salt (NSP-SA-NHS) labeling ratio (1:40), antigen concentration (1 μg mL−1) and antibody titer (1:8000; 125 ng mL−1 in PBS (0.01 M, pH 7.4)) were determined, respectively. The half inhibition concentration (IC50), detection limit (IC10), and working range of the CLIA in canned beverage were 0.04, 1.48, and 0.32–5 ng mL−1, respectively. Cross-reactivity with other bisphenols (4,4′-thiodiphenol, Bisphenol F, 4,4′- dihydroxy benzophenone, Bisphenol A and Bisphenol B) was less than 0.56%, and the recovery rates of BPS in canned beverage ranged from 80 to 109.2% (intra-assay) and from 82 to 108.4% (inter-assay). The results of CLIA were compared with high-performance liquid chromatography–UV (HPLC–UV) analysis, showing a good correlation of 0.956. After proper sample pre-treatment, this method allows relatively large amounts of sample analysis in a limited time period (30 min). Thus, it was deemed suitable and efficient for routine screening of BPS in canned beverage.

Two novel halogen‐free, phosphorus‐free, and intrinsically flame‐retardant benzoxazine thermosets containing electron‐withdrawing bridge groups

AbstractTwo novel furfurylamine type benzoxazine prepolymers are firstly synthesized from 4,4′‐bishydroxydeoxybenzoin (BHDB) and 4,4′‐dihydroxybenzophenone (DHBP). Both BHDB‐ and DHBP‐based polybenzoxazines present accelerated curing behaviors, high glass transition temperatures, and very low heat release capacity values, resulting from the introduction of electron‐withdrawing groups and furan rings. It is especially noteworthy that the flame retardancy of DHBP‐based polybenzoxazine is classified as UL‐94 V‐1 grade, whereas that of BHDB‐based polybenzoxazine is evaluated to be UL‐94 V‐2 grade. Hence, DHBP is considered as an alternative to BHDB for benzoxazine preparation because of its similar chemical structure, competitive price, high efficiency preparation, and outstanding flame resistance. Therefore, this work not only provides an economical and effective strategy for the preparation of halogen‐free, phosphorus‐free, and intrinsically flame‐retardant benzoxazine resins but also provides important insight into the effects of electron‐withdrawing bridge groups on the curing behavior and thermal and flame‐retardant properties of benzoxazine resins.

Preparation, characterization, and properties of novel ultraviolet-curable and flame-retardant polyurethane acrylate

A series of flame-retardant polyurethane acrylate oligomer (FRPUA)–nhexa- phenoxy-cyclotriphosphazene (HPCP) (n = 0, 10, 15, and 20, where n is the amount of HPCP added to a 100 g mixture of FRPUA and other additives) ultraviolet (UV)-cured samples have been prepared. FRPUA was synthesized by the reaction of poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (an unsaturated polyether), a derivative of 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) (2DOPO–4,4′- dihydroxy-benzophenone (DHBP)), and isophorone diisocyanate. As a control sample, the polyurethane acrylate (PUA) oligomer and cured PUA sample were also prepared. Surface drying of the PUA and FRPUA–nHPCP curable mixtures required a few seconds under UV irradiation (400 W lamp). The effects of 2DOPO–DHBP and HPCP on the flame retardancy and thermal stability of the PUA system were also investigated. For the FRPUA–nHPCP series, as n increases from 0 to 20, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) increases from 21.1% to 23.3% and the total heat release (THR) slowly decreases from 32.4 to 26.4 kJ/g, while the PUA cured sample possesses the LOI and THR values of 19.0% and 29.2 kJ/g, respectively. Besides, the PUA system can achieve better flame retardant properties when using both 2DOPO-DHBP and HPCP. Thermogravimetric analysis indicates that the amount of char residue of the FRPUA–nHPCP (n = 0, 10, 15, and 20) cured samples ranges from 15.1 to 21.9 wt.%, which are much are higher than 10.5 wt.% for the PUA cured sample. Improving the flame retardancy of the PUA system will expand its applications, such as for paper manufacturing and architectural coatings, while simultaneously retaining the feature of fast surface drying.

Preparation and anti-UV property of modified cellulose membranes for biopesticides controlled release

A novel modified cellulose membrane was prepared for biopesticides controlled release. Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was modified by toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and 4,4′-dihydroxy benzophenone (DHBP) under a homogeneous condition for the coating of biopesticides to provide protection against ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. The anti-UV property, hydrophobicity, and permeability of modified cellulose membranes were characterized. Results showed that the modified cellulose membranes had good anti-UV properties. Higher crosslinking density provided better protection while the C2 (crosslinker system:MCC weight ratio of 0.3288:1) concentration demonstrated an excellent anti-UV property. Modified cellulose membranes could protect biopesticides against UV irradiation over a long period. Water retention value (WRV) tests showed that higher crosslinking density led modified cellulose membranes more hydrophobic. The biopesticides permeation rate of modified cellulose membranes dropped rapidly with increasing crosslinking density. The results indicate that the anti-UV property, hydrophobicity and permeability of modified cellulose membranes could be optimized for the requirement of biopesticides controlled release.

ChemInform Abstract: A Simple, Phosphine Free, Reusable Pd(II)—2,2′‐Dihydroxybenzophenone—SBA‐15 Catalyst for Arylation and Hydrogenation Reactions of Alkenes.

AbstractA covalently anchored phosphine free Pd(II) based 2,2′‐dihydroxybenzophenone (DHBP) complex over organofunctionalized SBA‐15 is synthesized by the reaction of aminofunctionalized SBA‐15 (NH2SBA‐15) and a DHBP ligand, and further complexation with PdCl2 to get Pd(II)—DHBP@SBA‐15.

Crystal Structures of Two Tetraalkylammonium Salts and One Dihydrate of 4,4′-Dihydroxybenzophenone

Two tetraalkylammonim salts and a dihydrate of 4,4′-dihydroxybenzophenone (DHBP) have been prepared and characterized by X-ray crystallography. In [(CH3)4N](C13H9O3) (1), the DHBP- anions pack to form two-dimensional puckered, hydrogen-bonded layers via O–H···O− hydrogen bonds between the hydroxyl groups. Comparatively, in [(C2H5)4N]2(C13H8O3)·10H2O, the DHBP2− anions act as proton acceptors to link ten water molecules generating two-dimensional planar hydrogen-bonded layers. The tetraalkylammonium cations are located between the hydrogen-bonded layers. Additionally, weak C–H···O hydrogen bonds between the anions and cations are present. The DHBP molecules in 3 ((C13H10O3)·2H2O) are linked to the water molecules forming a three-dimensional hydrogen-bonded network by conventional O–H···O hydrogen bonding. Additionally, theoretical calculations were performed to explore the structural differences among the materials and the results were compared with the corresponding crystal structures. Two tetraalkylammonim salts and one dihydrate of 4,4′-dihydroxybenzophenone (DHBP) have been prepared and characterized by X-ray crystallography. The hydrogen bonding of the structures is presented.

Synthesis and Application of Functional (Anti-UV) Azo-dyes based on γ-acid on Wool Fabrics

Several azo acid dyes with built-in UV-absorber residues (resorcinol, 2, 4- dihydroxy benzophenone, 1- hydroxy benzotriazol sulfonic acid) were synthesised. The structure of the synthesized dyes was fully elucidated by using FTIR, 1 H-NMR. In this paper we report the synthesis and application of the Anti-UV dyes on wool fabrics aiming to these new dyes might reduce the undesirable photo - degradation effects of UVR on dyed fabrics and also to prevent UVR reaching the human skin which causes cell damage and skin cancer. Fabrics dyed with anti-UV dyes were tested for color strength (K/S), rate of fading (AE) values and fastness properties.