Digitization Of Manuscripts Research Articles

Preservasi naskah kuno pada Yayasan Sastra Lestari berbasis digital

Manuscripts or commonly known as ancient manuscripts are one of the cultural heritage in the form of writing. In the past, ancient manuscripts were written using palm leaves, animal skins, paper, and even stone. When viewed from their physical form, ancient manuscripts are indeed more susceptible to damage due to their fragile nature when compared to other cultural heritages. Factors that can cause damage to ancient manuscripts include physical factors, chemical factors, user ignorance, natural disasters, vandalism, illegal buying and selling of manuscripts, damage by rodents (harmful insects, rats, and rodents), humidity factors, and so forth. Therefore, it is necessary to have activities or processes to be able to preserve ancient manuscripts, namely preservation. One of the preservation efforts to preserve ancient manuscripts is using digitization (the activity of converting ancient manuscripts into digital texts). Yayasan Sastra Lestari is an independent non-profit organization since 1997 that has been engaged in the rescue, preservation, and dissemination of regional literary works of the archipelago from ancient manuscripts to digital-based manuscripts and websites. Based on this background, the purpose of this study is to find out how the manuscript preservation process by Yayasan Sastra Lestari is digital-based and website-based. In addition, this study also aims to find out the challenges, opportunities, and future of Yayasan Sastra Lestari in efforts to preserve digital manuscripts. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. The method of data collection was done through observation and previous research. Observations were made through the official website of the Yayasan Sastra Lestari, which is located at www.sastra.org. The results showed that the digitization process of Yayasan Sastra Lestari went through two major stages, namely pre-digitalization which focused on transliteration and media transfer, and the post-digitization stage in the form of disseminating ancient manuscript information through the website. In addition, the challenges, opportunities, and future faced by Yayasan Sastra Lestari emphasize the external role (academics, teachers, scientists, communities, and others) in improving the quality of digital manuscript preservation.

Community Based Music Information Retrieval: A Case Study of Digitizing Historical Klezmer Manuscripts from Kyiv

In this article we provide a case study in the datafication of historical handwritten manuscripts, which diversifies the repertoire, approaches, demographics, and institutional partnerships of MIR. The Kiselgof-Makonovetsky Digital Manuscript Project (KMDMP) is a community-based project to digitize music and text, teach, and make music from facsimiles of manuscripts held by the Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine. The corpus comprises 850 high-resolution photographs of handwritten music manuscripts and catalog pages, with a total of around 1,300 melodies. Much of the music was collected by pioneering Belarusian ethnographer Zusman Kiselgof among Jewish communities in the ‘Pale of Settlement’ (mostly in modern Ukraine and Belarus) during the An-Ski Expeditions of 1912–1914. The repertoire is mixed, combining typical Jewish dance and non-dance genres, European society and folklore dance music, and a relatively small quantity of songs and liturgical chant settings. The project simultaneously encodes music in formats accessible to computational musicology and enhances a creative musical community and deeply valued heritage. We introduce the project in dialogue with a recent article by Georgina Born on diversity in the field of MIR; present the material, issues for datafication, and results thus far; describe project elements that enhance musical community; demonstrate the diversity of participants with respect to age, gender, nationality, and profession; outline implications for MIR and computational ethnomusicology; and suggest new funding models and partnerships in support of cultural heritage documentation, preservation, continuity, and analysis.

Digital Moravians

ABSTRACT This Forum includes seven articles by scholars working in the field of Moravian Studies reflecting on their work with “Digital Moravians,” either in their scholarship or in the classroom. The articles cover everything from the nature the archivist’s work in a digital age (Paul Peucker), to the painstaking work of georectification and historic sound reproduction (Mark Sciuchetti and Sarah Eyerly, respectively), to new forms of scholarly editions of archival materials as open and public facing scholarship announced on social media (Martin Prell), to the use of digital manuscripts to invite history undergraduates behind the curtain to actively participate in the work of the historian (Jared Burkholder). Additional articles consider the challenges of digital humanities work for the growing ranks of precarious scholars who lack institutional support for the types of collaborative work required (Gregory Specter) and the innovative technical digital humanities scholarship possible when a scholar is backed by an institution committed to supporting and showcasing digital scholarship and pedagogy (Katherine Faull at Bucknell University). These articles will provide inspiration to scholars working in—or wanting to explore—archives-based digital historical scholarship and pedagogy, whatever their subfield.

‘Learn by heart’: Beckett’s Schoolboy Copy of Shakespeare’s Macbeth

This article discusses a recently discovered copy of William Shakespeare’s play Macbeth that once belonged to Samuel Beckett when he was a student at Portora Royal in 1922. Although the volume is in private hands, scans of the annotated pages are freely available in the Beckett Digital Library of the Beckett Digital Manuscript Project. Compared to other surviving works by and on Shakespeare in Beckett’s possession, the Macbeth schoolboy copy shows an unusual abundance of reading traces and marginalia. However, passages that are not underlined or otherwise marked turn out to be equally important for an assessment of the play’s impact on Beckett’s writing, in addition to a grey zone of indeterminate or conceptual references that are harder to classify as allusions. This is especially the case when Beckett’s style becomes sparser, and he explores other dramatic genres such as radio or television alongside prose and theatre. By way of introduction, the article analyses some of these instances in more detail while providing more context about the book’s provenance.

Segmentasi Baris Lontar Dengan Metode A * Path Planning

Historical documents in the form of ancient manuscripts are one form of the Indonesian nation's cultural heritage that deserves to be important, one of which is Lontar. Currently not many people can read the writings in palm leaves, therefore, ancient manuscript collectors have made efforts to digitize ancient manuscripts. The digitization of ancient manuscripts aims to improve the image quality of ancient manuscripts with the help of computers. Digitization requires an image quality improvement process by performing noise reduction and edge detection and line segmentation on digital images of ancient manuscripts. In this study, the noise reduction process uses the Mean Filter method, edge detection uses the Sobel operator, and line segmentation in this study uses the A * Path Planning Algorithm. Based on research conducted on 24 lontar images, line segmentation process obtained an accuracy of 95%.

The Relationship Between a Historical Manuscript and its Digital Surrogate

Through the digitization of rare or special manuscripts, academics have researched the impact of digitization and its relationship with the physical manuscript itself. Past literature has focused on how the digital can complement the physical, the changing manuscript’s identity when its digitized, and past research around the quality of a digital surrogate. The importance of carefully considering the impact of the quality of a digitized manuscript is essential. However, every edition (physical or digital) changes in some way and moves further from the original, be it an issue with the digitization or pages being removed or altered in the physical manuscript. Though some scholars find that content may be lost when digitized, there can also be more information added by cataloguers. Ultimately, digital surrogates allow for wider access, but their quality must be considered and properly addressed in research. A researcher who is aware of and within their work clearly states the relationship between the digital surrogate and the physical manuscript will find that it is a great support for any researcher.

Don’t Leave Indonesian Manuscripts in Danger: An Analysis of Digitalization and Preservation

Abstract Although manuscript digitalization helps to safeguard old manuscripts, the challenges of old manuscripts’ preservation remain present. Old manuscripts are increasingly neglected and hard to access. This study aims to shed light on the preservation of manuscript contents as it is being done through various digitalization programs by a variety of national and international institutions in Indonesia. This study found that, paradoxically, the availability of many digital manuscripts does not enhance the study of their contents. Similarly, attention to the physical preservation of these manuscripts has also not seen a significant improvement. By using philological, codicological, and anthropological approaches, this study gives contribution to enhance the understanding on the needs of manuscript digitalization as an integral effort to preserve their contents and physical preservation.

The Cambridge Companion to Medieval British Manuscripts. Ed. by Orietta Da Rold and Elaine Treharne

Book History, and in particular medieval book history, has become a popular study in universities. Digitization of medieval manuscripts has not only facilitated such study but has also aroused interest in a wider audience seeking access to our cultural heritage. The Cambridge Companion to Medieval British Manuscripts seeks to inform both student and historically minded reader of the different approaches historians of the medieval book take to answer the questions, how were manuscripts made, who read them, how were they kept, and how have they survived until today? Thirteen essays, organized under three headings and preceded by a general introduction by the editors, discuss the ‘matter of manuscripts’, followed by suggestions for further reading. Several essays discuss specific manuscripts. Although the title states British manuscripts, the majority of such case studies are of books produced in England. As Jane Gilbert and Sara Harris admit in their chapter on language...

Magnum Opus: The Cycle Plays of Eugene O'neill

Magnum Opus: The Cycle Plays of Eugene O'neill

Handwritten Urdu Characters and Digits Recognition Using Transfer Learning and Augmentation With AlexNet

Automated recognition of handwritten characters and digits is a challenging task. Although a significant amount of literature exists for automatic recognition of handwritten characters of English and other major languages in the world, there exists a wide research gap due to lack of research for recognition of Urdu language. The variations in writing style, shape and size of individual characters and similarities with other characters add to the complexity for accurate classification of handwritten characters. Deep neural networks have emerged as a powerful technology for automated classification of character patters and object images. Although deep networks are known to provide remarkable results on large-scale datasets with millions of images, however the use of deep networks for small image datasets is still challenging. The purpose of this research is to present a classification framework for automatic recognition of handwritten Urdu character and digits with higher recognition accuracy by utilizing theory of transfer learning and pre-trained Convolution Neural Networks (CNN). The performance of transfer learning is evaluated in different ways: by using pre-trained AlexNet CNN model with Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier, and fine-tuned AlexNet for extracting features and classification. We have fine-tuned AlexNet hyper-parameters to achieve higher accuracy and data augmentation is performed to avoid over-fitting. Experimental results and the quantitative comparisons demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed research for recognition of handwritten characters and digits using fine-tuned AlexNet. The proposed research based on fine-tuned AlexNet outperforms the related state-of-the-art research thereby achieving a classification accuracy of 97.08%, 98.21%, 94.92% for urdu characters, digits and hybrid datasets respectively. The presented methods can be applied for research on Urdu characters and in diverse domains such as handwritten text image retrieval, reading postal addresses, bank’s cheque processing, preserving and digitization of manuscripts from old ages.

Muhsiniy she’riyati: asliyat va nashr qiyosi

In this article, the lyrical poems of the poet Huseinkuli Muhsiniy (1860-1917), a representative of the literary environment in Kokand are studied from the textual point of view. A comparative analysis of the poems of the poet’s collection “Gulshani jovid” in the collection of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan 7392 digital manuscripts and published in collection “Barhayot gulshan”. As a result, the poet wrote 239 ghazals in Uzbek and Persian-Tajik languages, 211 of them in Uzbek, 28 in Persian-Tajik, and 136 Uzbek ghazals in “Barhayot gulshan”. The 7392 inventory is said to have been omitted from the 75 gazalle devon editionis identified in the digital manuscript. With the current spelling edition of the Muhsiniy devoni manuscript there differences indentified as a result of comparative study, the scientific classifications analyzed. As a result of comparative analysis, it was concluded that the preparation of the perfect editions of Muhsiniy devoni is one of the urgent tasks before textual studies.

Professor Martin Ritzén on his time as co-editor: 'I went back on my promise and never took over after Rolf'.

Professor Martin Ritzén has been engaged with Acta Paediatrica since the 1980s (Figure 1). It was then that he was published for the first time in the journal. Since then, he has followed its development from paper manuscripts with corrections in red pen, all the way to the transition to ‘online’. His involvement nearly led to a position as editor-in-chief. In 1970 I came home after a year as a fellow at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, where I had quickly learned the fundamentals of clinical paediatric endocrinology and made valuable contacts. A lab in the newly built Clinical Research Laboratory was then there waiting for me. My research at that time was more preclinical and was published in other journals. My first publication in Acta wasn’t until 1980. Associate professor -- later professor -- Carl Gustaf (C.G.) Bergstrand at that time took care of the basic work at the journal as associate editor and presented all suggestions to Rolf. Bergstrand did thorough work -- one got paper manuscripts returned with his handwritten notes in the margins. Like a corrected school report! I think it was 1988. Rolf Zetterström, editor-in-chief since a long time back, recruited me as associate editor when Bergstrand resigned and instead became an honorary editor. The chairman of the foundation, Stig Sjölin, a few years later wanted me to promise that I would take over as editor-in-chief when Rolf would one day decide to end his editorship. He didn’t do that for a very long time. I went back on my promise and never took over after Rolf. During my first year, Almqvist & Wiksell was Acta’s publisher. It had an office on Old Bridge Street, in the Stockholm city centre, where I went for some time each week. Manuscripts were presented to me in folders, which became thicker with every revision. All correspondence happened through ‘snail mail’. Later, Rolf and I came to sit in neighboring offices, and I often got the honor of participating in sandwich lunches with Rolf and four other senior professors. At those lunches, many unofficial glimpses into Karolinska Institute’s history were exchanged. Rolf was familiar with it all! Without doubt it is the transition to digital manuscripts and the correspondence between the editorial office, authors and reviewers. The paper bundles vanished. Because it has kept its character as a journal of general paediatrics, primarily aimed at clinical paediatricians. Many other paediatric journals have chosen to focus on narrow subspecialties.

Kegiatan preservasi naskah kuno Syekh Abdul Manan di Museum Bandar Cimanuk Indramayu

The spread of Islam in Indramayu stems from trading activities at Cimanuk Port, Indramayu. This is completely contained in the hundred years old manuscripts of Sheikh Abdul Manan. This study aimed to determine how the preservation of Syekh Abdul Manan's ancient manuscripts at the Bandar Cimanuk Museum, Indramayu. The research used a qualitative approach through descriptive research method. Based results of research, the Bandar Cimanuk Museum has carried out activities for the preservation of Sheikh Abdul Manan’s ancient manuscripts through restrictions to direct access to museum users, routine cleaning of manuscripts and the museum environment, fumigation, and digitization. Restrictions to direct access to museum users by placing the ancient manuscripts in glass covered displays and special boxes. Routine maintenance of the museum is conducted by regulating the light and humidity, using camphor in every corner of the room, dehumidifier settings, and directing the museum visitors. Fumigation is conducted through pesticide compund to eliminate pests once a year. The digitization of ancient manuscripts into the form of a digital book (flipbook) which is carried out in collaboration with museums with various institutions, such as, a collaboration with researchers and students from Padjadjaran University. The entire process of preservation activities was carried out in a structured and panned methods. The study concludes that the importance of preservation to maintain and preserve the heritage of ancient manuscripts to be accessed and utilized by wider societies.

The Possibilities of a Gospel Codex: GA 2064 (Dublin, CBL W 139), Digital Editing, and Reading in a Manuscript Culture

Recent changes to the technology used to produce critical editions and the mass digitization of Greek New Testament manuscripts are beginning to fundamentally alter the place of later manuscripts in critical practice, reinvigorating research into minuscules and particular subtraditions of manuscripts that have often stood outside the interest of most New Testament scholars. This situation necessitates a reexamination of often-overlooked manuscripts, going beyond traditional text-critical concerns to better understand the ways that manuscripts function as arbiters of knowledge for the texts they carry, especially when their paratextuality and design differ from modern Bibles and critical editions. Changes in editorial technology have created a situation where editions can also be informed by the conceptual networks of literary interrelationships and interpretive pathways reflected in the layout and design of manuscripts. Moreover, the expanded availability of digital manuscript images creates new avenues for interdisciplinary exploration of the significance of paratextual systems. This article begins to explore these issues by analyzing the unpublished GA 2604 (Dublin, CBL W 139), a deluxe twelfth-century gospel codex.

Mapping the Knowledge of Dante Commentaries in the Digital Context: A Web Ontology Approach

AbstractWith digital repositories and databases available since the 1990s, Dante scholarship has always been at the forefront of the digital humanities and the digitization of medieval texts and manuscripts. However, the amount of information available about such aspects is imposing, and its location subject to the extreme dispersion of traditional scholarly publications: commentaries first but also academic journals, miscellanies, and so forth. Rather than being based on traditional word searches, a true advancement of knowledge needs to overcome the rigidity of text-based queries (and in-line markup embedded in text). Such paramount evolution is now made possible by the Semantic Web, an extension of the current web by description standards that help machines to understand and connect the information already available on the web. To achieve this, the latter is mapped using formal description and classification patterns, called ontologies. Ontologies are a key factor in managing meaningful search/data extraction, publishing relevant results on the web, search existing web resources, and offering answers to more sophisticated queries. Due to its vastness and complexity, Dante scholarship has calls for an ontology-based mapping, and specific tools have been designed to express the most difficult and articulate aspects of Dante’s literary production, such as its use of biblical, classical, and medieval sources. This paper aims to introduce the aims and scope of a new digital library of Dante commentaries, built according to the aforementioned standards and aiming to refine and extend the ontologies developed for Dante’s minor works to the more complex world of the Commedia.

‘Not there’: ‘dark matter’ in Samuel Beckett’s Footfalls

ABSTRACT Samuel Beckett’s 1976 play Footfalls is built around elements which are invisible, or not quite there, in performance. This article uses the concept of ‘dark matter’ to analyse the play’s theatrical absences and their construction in the creative process. An analysis of the play’s manuscripts, digitized and transcribed as part of the Beckett Digital Manuscript Project, reveals that such ‘dark matter’ is not just a feature of the published text or performance, but is constitutive of Beckett’s creative process, particularly with regard to how he stages the mind. This article studies the models of mind staged in Footfalls in order to argue that Beckett uses the play’s ‘dark matter’ to enact the breakdown of subject and object in the play.

Intercultural Communication in Manuscript Digitization (Study in the Village of Legok Indramayu)

Manuscript digitization is an effort to preserve the content of the manuscript from damage. The content of the manuscript which contain local wisdom must be saved, because the manuscript is old and is in a concerning condition, damaged, destroyed, or even lost. Therefore, digitalization needs to be done. However, digitalization cannot be done easily, because there are cultural differences that underlie it. This study wants to see how intercultural communication is carried out during the process of digitizing a manuscript so that digitization can be carried out. This study uses a qualitative method with observation, interview, and data triangulation techniques. This research is useful to add insight and make it easier for the digitizer to digitize the manuscript if he meets a manuscript owner with a different culture than the digitizer. The result or finding is that the intercultural communication used in digitizing manuscripts uses a cultural dimension approach so that digitization can be carried out.Keywords: Manuscript digitization, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, the collectivism-short term communication ABSTRAKDigitalisasi naskah ialah upaya untuk melestarikan isi naskah dari kerusakan. Isi naskah yang berisi local wisdom harus diselamatkan,karena usia naskah sudah tua dengan kondisi yang prihatin, rusak, hancur, bahkan hilang. Karena itu digitalisasi perlu dilakukan. Namun, digitalisasi tidak dapat dilakukan dengan mudah, disebabkan ada perbedaan budaya yang mendasarinya. Penelitian ini ingin melihat bagaimana komunikasi antarbudaya yang dilakukan ketika proses digitalisasi naskah sehingga digitalisasi dapat dilakukan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan teknik observasi, wawancara dan triangulasi data. Penelitian ini berguna menambah wawasan dan memudahkan pendigital dalam melakukan digitalisasi naskah, jika bertemu dengan pemilik naskah yang berbeda budayanya dengan pendigital. Hasil atau temuan penelitian ini adalah komunikasi antarbudaya yang digunakan dalam digitalisasi naskah menggunakan pendekatan dimensi budaya sehingga digitalisasi dapat terlaksana. Kata Kunci: Digitalisasi naskah, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, collectivism-short term orientation, low level communication

Digitized Beckett: Samuel Beckett’s Self-Translation Praxes Mediated through Digital Technology

Abstract The Beckett Digital Manuscript Project (BDMP) brings together digital facsimiles of the manuscripts of Samuel Beckett’s works – documents currently held in over thirteen libraries and archives in Europe and North America – with the aim of furthering genetic criticism. Incorporating three of the eight modules available for researchers engaging with the BDMP website as of August 2020, together with one forthcoming monograph study whose corresponding digital module has yet to be made live on the site, this article will, in effect, make use of three novels and one novella, all in both their French and English iterations, in order to present concrete examples of the ways in which the exposition of idiosyncratic features of Beckett’s œuvre is being facilitated by this nascent digital archive.

Among Digitized Manuscripts: Philology, Codicology, Pale-ography in a Digital World by L. W. C. van Lit

Reviewed by: Among Digitized Manuscripts: Philology, Codicology, Pale-ography in a Digital World by L. W. C. van Lit Kelly Tuttle Keywords Manuscript Studies, digital humanities, digital manuscripts L. W. C. van Lit. Among Digitized Manuscripts: Philology, Codicology, Pale-ography in a Digital World. L. W. C. van Lit’s latest book, Among Digitized Manuscripts, is a welcome addition to discussions of digitized manuscripts, which he calls “digital documents with a strong relationship with material manuscripts that interact in a complex way with print publications” (101). The first half of the book approaches digitized manuscripts from a theoretical point of view, providing some valuable context for thinking about the interactions of the manuscript, print, and digital worlds. In its second half, the book offers practical suggestions for ways of working with digitized images, with each chapter focusing on a classical aspect of manuscript research: paleography, philology, cataloging, and codicology. The first chapter, “Manuscript World, Print World, Digital World,” defines and explores the interactions of the three worlds of “manuscript material, paper publications and digital documents” (9). Van Lit analyzes these worlds using three lenses: surfaces, institutions, and habits, each of which has several subcategories. The first two subdivide between society-based and object-or individual-based, whereas the third category subdivides into “possession, engagement and product” (13). Three tables summarizing how each world works and highlighting the ways in which they are similar to and different from each other precede the discussions of each topic, but are best understood after having read the analyses. The chapter is quite theoretically dense. Since the author recognizes this, there follow, in the second half of the chapter, three short case studies that neatly demonstrate the ways in which the manuscript, print, and digital worlds overlap: manuscript and [End Page 177] print, then print and digital, and finally manuscript, print, and digital together. The first chapter complicates the relationship between manuscript, print, and digital and reminds the reader of the “vastly different world views these different worlds entail” and of the false assumptions or missed opportunities that may arise if those differences are not kept in mind when working with digital manuscripts (50). Chapters 2 and 3, “The Digital Materiality of Digitized Manuscripts” and “Digitized Manuscripts and Their Repositories, an Ethnography,” form one conversation. The set begins by asking why, if one is using digital surrogates to do research, one does not usually admit this in one’s publications. This question leads to an in-depth discussion of the struggles to future-proof digital assets, to counteract the problem of siloed projects, and to encourage researchers’ admissions of use of digital assets. The chapter also probes the idea of “the intangible aura of material manuscripts,” which, van Lit argues, is “largely a projection of our own experience onto the manuscript” rather than any actual aspect of material manuscripts (61). The author convincingly denies claims that “this aural, ineffable experience of handling a real manuscript” is somehow necessary for research or superior to a digital manuscript experience (62). The experience of working with digital surrogates is simply a different experience, neither superior nor inferior. Once researchers know how to evaluate the quality of a digital surrogate, they can determine whether the work they want to do can be completed using it. If it can, and researchers do complete work using digital surrogates, then they should cite the surrogate rather than the material manuscript. The author then leads the reader through ten aspects of assessing “digital materiality”: “(1) size of the collection; (2) online availability; (3) ability to download; (4) the portal; (5) the viewer; (6) indication of page numbers; (7) image resolution; (8) color balance; (9) lighting; and (10) how the image is cut” (70). Using these ten ways of evaluating digital materiality, van Lit uses the following chapter to evaluate twenty repositories that hold digital Islamic manuscripts. He discusses the various strengths and weaknesses of online repositories as well as listing desiderata for any online repository that is still in the making. This analysis of the state of affairs, though rapidly going out of date, provides one useful method of self-evaluation for those repositories that are at the beginning or in the middle...

The Possibilities of a Gospel Codex: GA 2064 (Dublin, CBL W 139), Digital Editing, and Reading in a Manuscript Culture

Recent changes to the technology used to produce critical editions and the mass digitization of Greek New Testament manuscripts are beginning to fundamentally alter the place of later manuscripts in critical practice, reinvigorating research into minuscules and particular subtraditions of manuscripts that have often stood outside the interest of most New Testament scholars. This situation necessitates a reexamination of often-overlooked manuscripts, going beyond traditional text-critical concerns to better understand the ways that manuscripts function as arbiters of knowledge for the texts they carry, especially when their paratextuality and design differ from modern Bibles and critical editions. Changes in editorial technology have created a situation where editions can also be informed by the conceptual networks of literary interrelationships and interpretive pathways reflected in the layout and design of manuscripts. Moreover, the expanded availability of digital manuscript images creates new avenues for interdisciplinary exploration of the significance of paratextual systems. This article begins to explore these issues by analyzing the unpublished GA 2604 (Dublin, CBL W 139), a deluxe twelfth-century gospel codex.