Digital Vernier Caliper Research Articles

Comparing the Arch Forms between Mongoloid Race and Dravidian Race in 11-14-year-old Children.

Aim and objectiveTo compare arch forms between Mongoloid race and Dravidian race in 11–14-year-old children.Materials and methodsTotal 10 subjects from each study group were selected. Impression of both maxillary and mandibular arches were taken of all the subjects. Dental casts were poured. Intercanine measurement can be termed as the distance across two canine cusp tips, and intermolar measurement can be termed as the distance across two mesiobuccal cusp tips. This distance was recorded for maxillary and mandibular casts by making use of digital Vernier caliper. Data were tabulated.Statistical analysisTo note the statistical impact, a Chi-square test was applied.ResultsThe difference across the two groups was found to be statistically significantly noteworthy (independent t test p < 0.001).ConclusionGroup I (Mongoloid race) showed significantly larger intercanine to intermolar width compared to Dravidian race with wide flaring arches.Clinical significanceThe size and forms of dental arches exhibit considerable variability within and among human groups. This research demonstrated that while considering Mongoloid patients, we must make use of prior formed orthodontic wires for ovoid shaped arches in a trivial fraction of patients.How to cite this articleSmitha S, Nagar P, Abinaya R, et al. Comparing the Arch Forms between Mongoloid Race and Dravidian Race in 11–14-year-old Children. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020;13(S-1):S26–S28.

Clinical Evaluation of Gingival Thickness and Width according to Dental Arch and Location in Pigmented and Nonpigmented Gingiva

Abstract Introduction The present study aimed to clinically evaluate and compare the variations in gingival thickness and width of keratinized gingiva according to the dental arch and location in pigmented and nonpigmented gingiva. Materials and Methods A total of 240 sites from systemically healthy subjects were selected and divided into two groups; Group 1(pigmented gingiva) and group 2 (nonpigmented gingiva). After the initial visit of scaling and root planning, the gingival thickness was evaluated mid-buccally in the attached gingiva, that is, the center of the mucogingival junction and free gingival groove, and at the base of the interdental papilla. Similarly, the gingival width was measured as the distance from the gingival margin to the mucogingival junction. A single calibrated examiner recorded the measurements using the digital vernier caliper with a resolution of 0.01 mm. Results Gingival thickness and width were found to be significantly higher in pigmented than nonpigmented gingiva. Also, the maxillary arch was found to have thicker and wider gingiva than the mandibular arch in both the groups. The gingival thickness was found to be maximum in central incisor and minimum in canine in both the groups. However, the width of keratinized gingiva was found to be maximum in lateral incisor in group 1 (pigmented) and central incisor in group 2 (nonpigmented) and minimum in canine in both the groups. Conclusion A significant positive correlation in gingival thickness and width was observed according to dental arch and location in both pigmented and nonpigmented gingiva.

Applied Anatomy of the Maxillofacial and Mandibular Regions of Indian Mithun (Bos frontalis) and its Clinical Significance in Regional Anesthesia

Background: The topographic and morphometric anatomy of various foramina provides an easy approach in performing nerve blocks by their proper tracking for regional anesthesia in surgical interventions. There is no previously reported information on the applied anatomy and clinical significance of the maxillofacial and mandibular regions of the Indian mithun. The present study was designed to provide important clinical landmarks related to tracking of the infraorbital, mental and mandibular nerves with its clinical significance in regional anesthesia in mithun. Methods: The study was conducted on the maxillofacial and mandibular regions of twelve (n=12) adult Indian mithun of either sex (n=6, male and n=6, female). The head region samples of naturally died mithun were collected from different parts of the Mizoram and Nagaland state of India and processed as per the standard maceration technique. Altogether, a total of twelve measurements were taken in the maxillofacial and mandibular regions of mithun by using a digital vernier caliper and the results were expressed as mean±standard deviation. The obtained parameters from the present study can be useful for an extraoral and intraoral approach for nerve block of the infraorbital, mental and mandibular nerve in the maxillofacial and mandibular regions of mithun. Result: The present study revealed that all the obtained parameters related to regional anesthesia showed a significant statistical difference (P less than 0.01** and P less than 0.05*) between the males and females of mithun. It can be concluded from the present study that the various applied parameters of the present study will aid the clinicians in the implication of regional anesthesia in the head region of mithun.

Odontometric Analysis of Permanent Maxillary First Molar For Sex Determination

Introduction: Sex determination from skeletal remains forms part of archaeological and medicolegalexaminations. Teeth, being the hardest and chemically the most stable tissue in the body are an excellentmaterial in living and non-living populations for anthropological, genetic, odontological and forensicinvestigations.Objective: The aim of this study is to assess and evaluate the sex discrimination potential of permanentmaxillary first molar.Materials and method: 100 subjects (47 males and 53 females) were selected from outpatient departmentof a private dental institution, with the age group of 10-40 years. The mesiodistal and buccolingual crowndimensions, cusps dimensions and diagonal dimensions of permanent maxillary right and left first molarwere measured from the study casts with digital Vernier caliper. Sexual dimorphism in the left and rightmaxillary first molar was also calculated using formula. The data obtained were subjected to statisticalanalysis using paired and unpaired t?test.Conclusion : Maxillary first molar shows significant sexual dimorphism and can be used as an adjunct alongwith other accepted procedures for sex determination.

Morphometric Measurement of Sacral Hiatus in Dry Human Sacrum

Introduction: Sacral hiatus is the chief location for caudal epidural anesthesia during surgery of perineal region and also for a pain free parturition. Thus, this study was conducted to examine, measure and record the morphometry of sacral hiatus and to analyze it for any anatomical variations with clinical implications.&#x0D; Methods: The cross-sectional study was carried in the Department of Anatomy, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Science, Gangtok, Sikkim. For the study seventy dry human sacral bone with entire sacral hiatus were measured. The shape of the sacral hiatus was observed. Level of the apex, base, length, width and anterior posterior diameter of sacral hiatus was measured with Digital Vernier Caliper. The study was approved by Institutional Ethical Committee (IEC No:SMIMS/IEC/2017-01). Data were analysed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the difference was considered significant when P&lt;0.05. SPSS 20 was used for data analysis.&#x0D; Results: The study revealed inverted “U” shaped sacral hiatus as the common shape in 35(50%) followed by inverted “V” shaped sacra in 18 (25.71 %) followed by irregular shaped sacral hiatus in 8 (11.42 %) cases. A Dumbbell shaped sacral hiatus was observed in 4 (5.71%) cases with a bony protuberance protruding medially from both edges. Absence or complete agenesis of sacral hiatus, a rare phenomenon, was observed in 3 (4.28%) and bifid in 2(2.85%) specimens only.&#x0D; Conclusion: The prevalence of inverted “U” shaped sacral hiatus and constriction of the sacral canal at apex of sacral hiatus was found high. This knowledge of variation in shape of sacral hiatus could be clinically important while providing caudal anesthesia and doing epidural block.

A cadaveric study on the morphology of psoas minor and psoas accessorius muscles

In the human body, one of the most variable muscle groups is the psoas muscle group. The psoas muscle group is composed of long fusiform muscles – major, minor and accessorius, and out of these the psoas major muscle is present in all individuals. Reporting the gross anatomic detail of the psoas minor and psoas accessories muscles is the main aim of our study. 25 formalin preserved and embalmed cadavers were available for our study. We took the different in-situ measurements with the help of a digital vernier caliper. We found psoas minor muscle on the right side in 5 (20%) cadavers and on the left side in 4 (16%) cadavers. While in 3 cadavers (12%), psoas minor was present bilaterally. So out of 25 cadavers, psoas minor muscle was observed in 12 (48%). Psoas accessorius was present in just 1 cadaver (4%). This psoas minor and psoas accessorius muscle has both evolutionary as well as clinical significance and importance. The morphology of this muscle is very important for anatomists, surgeons, kinesiologists and physiotherapists from its clinical point of view.

Morphometric Analysis of Coracoid Process in Adult Human Scapula in Eastern Odisha Population

Background: Coracoid process is a bird’s beak like projection which arises superolaterally from the upperborder of the head. It plays an important role in shoulder function. The aim of our study is to measure thedimensions of the coracoid process of the scapula.Method: The study was performed on 104 specimens of human scapula of unknown sex obtained from theDepartment of Anatomy of Institute of Medical Sciences &amp; SUM hospital. The dimensions recorded werebreath, length, height,thickness and types of coraco-glenoid space by using digital vernier calipers. Theseparameters were compared on both the sides.Results: The most predominant coraco-glenoid space was found to be the round bracket (Type I).Statistically insignificant difference was noted in all four parameters between right and left. Though all thefour parameters have higher values on right side in comparison to left side but the difference was statisticallyinsignificant. The results are as such length of coracoid- 39.91±3.16 mm; width of coracoid- 14.00±2.03mm; tip thickness of coracoid- 8.32±1.87 mm; height of base coracoid- 22.87±3.55 mm; width of base ofcoracoid- 10.50 ±2.64 mm;Conclusions: The study of variation of dimensions of coracoid process provides valuable informationregarding the role of these parameters in etiology of subcoracoid impingement syndrome which will helpthe radiologist and orthopedic surgeons for diagnosing various pathologies and plan for surgical procedureon coracoid process.

Accuracy of Mesiodistal Crown Measurements using CBCT Images: A Comparison with Plaster Models

Aim: Comparison of the mesiodistal crown measurements made on plaster models and CBCT-images.Materials &amp; Methods: Thirty pre-existing CBCT records of the maxillary arch and type-III stoneorthodontic models, soaped and polished were used in this study. A digital vernier caliper was used to makemeasurements on each cast. The largest mesiodistal crown dimension of each tooth was measured fromcentral incisor to the second premolar of one quadrant of the maxillary arch. The OnDemand 3D program(Cybermed Co, Seoul, Korea) was used to convert CT DICOM images into 3D reconstructed images. Themesiodistal crown width measured using the OnDemand 3D program.Results: The precision of the measurements on the plaster models and on the CBCT 3D reconstructedimages were the same. There was no significant difference between them as evaluated by paired t test.Conclusion: The distance and the precision of the measurements on the plaster models and on the CBCT3D reconstructed images are equivalent. CBCT 3D reconstructed images can replace the process of makingplaster models.

Medline diastema of orthodontic patients - Prevalence and Etiology in Erbil Population - A cross-sectional study

To investigate the prevalence and etiological factors that contribute in midline diastema in Erbil population among different age groups and genders. A sample of (ex: 1021orthodontic patients (537 males and 484 females) were randomly selected from Erbil population attending to orthodontic department of khanzad polyclinic teaching center (General directorate of hawler / Ministry of health/ Kurdistan region- Iraq) during 2018-2019 period. Aged (13-35 years) with mean age ± SD was 19.6 ± 4.8 years, with a median of 19 years. The examination included patient history taking, intraoral examination, photograph, intraoral periapical radiography of incisors area and panoramic radiographic. Diastema consider positive when the space between central incisors is 0.5mm and more, width was measured clinically used digital Vernier calipers at one millimeter above the incisors edge. In this study the prevalence of midline diastema was 23.2%. location was in the maxilla (97%), in mandible (1.3%) and in both was (1.7%). The prevalence of midline diastema differs significantly between the age groups (p &lt; 0.001). The highest prevalence (55.8%) was among patients aged ≥ 30 years, and it was also high (37.7%) among those aged &lt; 15 years. The prevalence among females (26.4%) was significantly higher than the prevalence (20.3%) among males (P= 0.020). The main causes of midline diastema in females was thumb sucking and missing lateral incisors (14.1% and 12.5% respectively) and in males was high labial frenum and super numerally teeth (39.4% and 30.3% respectively). The prevalence of diastema in Erbil City (Kurdistan regional- Iraq) area was 23.2%, the location mostly in maxilla (97%). The prevalence of diastema in females more than males.

Morphometric Study of Hyoid Bone and its forensic implication

Background: Hyoid bone, the bone of anterior neck is significant in forensic medicine as it presents the sexual dimorphism. Also, the measurement can be quick and easy. This study was conducted with the aim of finding the exact morphometry of hyoid bone and its relationship with sex and height of individual via cadaveric study so that it can aid in forensic investigation as well as archaeological studies.&#x0D; Methods: This was a cross-sectional study, conducted on 60 hyoid bones (36 male and 24 female) in the Department of Anatomy from 2013 to 2016. Fine dissection was done to get the hyoid bone during the practical of Neck for MBBS and BDS students. The damaged, abnormal and unfused hyoid bones were excluded. Before the dissection, sex and approximate age of the cadaver was recorded. The ethical approval was taken from the department. The 12 major anthropometric measurements were taken on each hyoid bone using digital Vernier Calipers, and electronic weighing machine. The mean, standard deviation were calculated, and t-test was used as a statistical tool to compare the mean, and Karl Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to see the association. The p-value &lt;.05 was considered significant.&#x0D; Result: Total of 60 hyoid bones were studied in this study, out of which 36(60%) were male. The average length of all 12 major parameters of the hyoid bone were found to be significantly greater in male than in female. Moreover, the length of the cadaver (height) had significantly correlated with the&#x0D; Conclusion: All the anthropometric measurements of hyoid bone were significantly greater in males than in females. Moreover, the height of the person had strong positive correlation with the vertical breadth and transverse length of the body of hyoid bone. The anthropometrical parameters of hyoid bone can be used for forensic investigation as well as archeological studies.

Reliability of anthropological measurements in determining vertical dimension of occlusion in Saudi population: A cross sectional study

BackgroundRange of techniques have been described in traditional prosthodontics to establish Vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO). Experienced clinicians agree that there is no one single method, which is universally accepted record VDO precisely and consistently. Many facial and body landmarks have been proposed in the literature correlating to the VDO. Presence of so many methods to determine VDO further leads to confusion in the minds of clinicians. There is always a need for a research to both substantiate the findings in the literature and check reliability of such correlations in local population. Such correlation between the anthropological measurements and VDO would give clinician an evidence based approach to establish VDO during prosthetic rehabilitation. Hence this study was planned to check reliability of various anthropometric measurements in measuring VDO in a cross section of Saudi population. Material and methodTotal of 500 subjects selected for the study following an inclusion and exclusion criteria. Anthropological readings such as Index finger, Little finger, Thumb finger, Distance between Inner canthus of left eye to outer canthus of right eye and Outer canthus of the right eye to corner of mouth (rima oris) were recorded using digital Vernier caliper. The data were analyzed statistically. ResultsStrong positive correlation was observed between VDO and anthropological landmarks selected in the study. Pearson’s correlation test showed VDO in males has strong coefficient correlation with Index finger (r = 0.7341) and in females strong coefficient correlation with Little finger. (r = 0.5827). ConclusionIn Saudi Males, VDO could be correlated to the index finger measurements followed by Thumb finger. In Saudi females subjects, VDO correlated with little finger measurements followed by outer canthus of the eye to corner of the mouth reading. It is always appropriate to use one or more methods to approximate the measurements of VDO initially and then use the other methods to test the appropriateness of the dimensions initially established.

Comparison of three different instruments for orthodontic study model analysis

INTRODUCTION: A proper model analysis forms a vital part of the orthodontic diagnosis process, but it remains a time-consuming procedure. In day-to-day practice, many orthodontists assess the models subjectively, without applying analytical tests, due to the time it takes to do proper model analysis.1,2 Plaster dental models have long been the gold standard for orthodontic study model analysis and to calculate the Bolton index for tooth size disproportions, as well as intra-arch space discrepancies.3,4 Vernier callipers or needle pointed dividers are traditionally used to perform measurements on dental models.5 More recently digital orthodontic study models that are computer-based have been developed and have the potential to replace the traditional plaster orthodontic models.6 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to do model analysis on one hundred orthodontic cases by making use of three different measuring tools. The objective was to see if a difference exists with regards to the measurements produced by the three different instruments and to compare the instruments with each other. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Three different instruments were used to measure Ave values on one hundred orthodontic study models. The three instruments included a Boley Gauge, Digital Vernier Calliper and Carestream 3600 scanner with accompanying software. The five values measured on the study models were: maxillary intercanine width, maxillary intermolar width, mesio-distal width of tooth 11, mesio-distal width of tooth 46 and mesio-distal width of tooth 41. RESULTS: The statistical analysis performed showed that the difference in measurements produced by the three instruments were not statistically significant for the inter-molar width (p = 0.849), intercanine width (p = 0.657), mesio-distal width of tooth 11 (p = 0.178) and mesio-distal width of tooth 41 (p = 0.240 The difference in measurements for the mesio-distal width of tooth 46 were statistically significant (p&lt;0.01). However no clinically significant difference was found when the measurements produced by the three instruments were compared. CONCLUSIONS: All three of the instruments produced accurate measurements and can be used confidently when doing a comprehensive study model analysis for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. The values produced were similar for all three instruments with insignificant differences between the three.

Prevalence of trismus in HNF Cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy: A cross-sectional study

Background: Trismus is a restricted mouth opening due to the tonic contraction of muscles of mastication. It may occur mostly in HNF cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy treatment. This study was undertaken with the purpose of finding out the prevalence of trismus in patients undergoing radiation therapy. Method: 89 patients with HNF cancer patients receiving radiation therapy were included in the study. Inter incisal distance was measured using sliding digital vernier calliper. Patients with ≥ 35mm mouth opening were considered as trismus cases. Result: Out of 89 patients included 72 were diagnosed as trismus; hence the prevalence was 81%. Conclusion: Prevalence of Trismus is very high ( 81 %) in patients undergoing radiotherapy secondary to HNF cancer. Early diagnosis of trismus in these patients can help in time management and also planning of preventive strategies.

Relationship between ratio of 2nd and 4th digit lengths (2D:4D) and malocclusion in 13-15-years-old children: a case study at Unismuh Junior High School, Makassar

Background: Malocclusion is a condition that is not in accordance with the process of growth and development that can be seen with the disharmony of the relationship between the teeth, relationship of jaw arches, face and overall. The 2D:4D ratio can be corelated with hormones that have a role in growth.Therefore, ratio 2D:4D can be used as an early marker of disease, intelligence, reproductive ability and probability of jaw growth patterns. Objective: To know the relationship between the ratio of second and fourth digit lengths (2D:4D) and the types of malocclusion on the students of Unismuh Junior HighSchool. Method: This observational descriptive study with purposive sampling was performed on students aged 13-15 years old with total sample 100 people.Malocclusion examination was conducted to identify the types of Angle and Dewey malocclusion. A digital vernier caliper was used to measure a ratio between2D and 4D. The data were analyzed using chi-square test. Result: 96 people had Class 1 (2D&lt;4D=77, 2D&gt;4D=19), 4 people had Class 2 (2D&gt;4D=3, 2D&lt;4D=1), Class 1 type 1 of 34 people (2D&lt; 4D=29, 2D&gt;4D=5), Class 1 type 2 of 3 people (2D&lt;4D=2, 2D&gt;4D=1) and Class 1 type 6 of 16 people (2D&lt;4D=12,2D&gt;4D=4). Conclusion: There was no relationship between the ratio 2D:4D with the types of Angle and Dewey malocclusion.

AN IN VITRO STUDY TO ASCERTAIN THE TRANSVERSE STRENGTH OF DENTURE BASE RESIN REINFORCED WITH TWO DIFFERENT FIBERS AND THEIR COMBINATION

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the transverse strength of denture base resin reinforced with two distinct fibers and their combination with the denture base resin without any reinforcement. MaterialsandMethod: Atotal40testsamplesofclearheatcureresinwerefabricatedwiththehelpofa customized metallic die and divided in to four groups- Group1: samples fabricated with clear acrylic resin without any reinforcement(Control group),Group2: samples reinforced with carbon fiber epoxy resin composite block, Group3: samples reinforced with glass fiber epoxy resin composite block, Group 4: samples reinforced with combination of carbon and glass fiber epoxy resin composite block. After finishing and polishing all the samples were having final dimension of 3 cm × 1 cm × 0.3cm with a ±0.02 error measured with digital vernier caliper. Samples were immersed in water for 7 days in an incubator. A 3-point bend test was done in a universal testing machine, and load to fracture was recorded (MPa). Statistical analysis was performed using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by tukey HSD post-hoc test to compare mean transverse Strength in four groups.&#x0D; Results: Group 2 and group 4 showed highest strength with significant difference with all other groups and non-significant with each other. Group1(control group) showed lowest transverse strength among all the groups.&#x0D; Conclusion: carbon fiber and glass fiber alone provided either good transverse strength or good esthetics respectively while unique combination of carbon and glass fiber epoxy resin composite significantly increased the transverse strength of acrylic resin along with good esthetics.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Anatomic evaluation OF SUB-AXIAL cervical spine among Nigerians

IntroductionCases of tumor, fracture, or rheumatoid arthritis associated with cervical spine instability are now on the increase. An attempt to stabilize the vertebra by the placement of cervical spine screws involves some risk to the spinal cord, vertebral vessels and exiting nerve roots. To better assist injuries that occur to this region without an impingement of neurovascular structures, it is imperative to understand cervical spine anatomy and its possible variations across populations. MethodIn this study, gross morphometry of 80 fully ossified human cervical vertebrae (C3–C7) was carried out. Eleven parameters were measured using digital Vernier calipers. The means and standard errors for linear and area dimensions of the vertebra body, endplates, spinal canal, and spinous and transverse processes were obtained for each vertebra. ResultAll parameters increased progressively down the spine with very few changes at some vertebra level. Spinous process length increased significantly down the vertebrae. Most of these parameters were different from the reports from other populations. ConclusionWe concluded that possible variation in cervical spine morphometry of Nigerians compare to other races exist and should be taken into consideration when designing cervical vertebra related instruments and in any spinal reconstruction surgery as a size of instrument may not be generally fit for all populations.

Combined Effect of Nicotine and Caffeine on Orthodontic Tooth Movement in Rats

Background: The individual effects of nicotine and caffeine have been reported in previous studies but their combined effect on tooth movement needs to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the combined effect of nicotine and caffeine on the magnitude of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) in rats.&#x0D; Material and Methods: This experimental study was conducted on Sprague-Dawley rats (Animal House and Pathology Laboratory; Post Graduate Medical Institute, Lahore) in the department of Orthodontics, de’Montmorency College of Dentistry, Lahore from 8th July 2014 to 8th January 2015. Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four equal groups: Control group (CR), nicotine group (NT), caffeine group (CF) and combined nicotine and caffeine group (CNC). Closed coil nickel titanium (NiTi) spring was placed between incisor and maxillary molar. Nicotine group (NT) was treated by intraperitoneal injections of nicotine. Caffeine was given to caffeine group and Combined nicotine and caffeine group (CNC) was treated in the same way as individual nicotine and caffeine groups daily for 14 days. All the rats were sacrificed on 15th day. Magnitude of the orthodontic tooth movement was measured using digital Vernier caliper. Means and standard deviation were calculated for orthodontic tooth movement. One-way ANOVA was used to determine the mean difference in OTM. Post hoc Tukey test was used for multiple comparisons among the groups.&#x0D; Results: The mean orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) was 0.32 mm ± 0.05 in control group, 0.56 mm ± 0.04 in nicotine group, 0.52 mm ± 0.034 in caffeine group and 0.8 mm ± 0.06 in combined NC group, respectively. The difference between mean OTM among the groups was statistically significant (P-value &lt;0.001). The mean OTM in CNC group was significantly higher as compared to other groups (CR, NT, CF, NT) (P-value &lt;0.001).&#x0D; Conclusions: In rats, the combined use of nicotine and caffeine results in greater orthodontic tooth movement as compared to their individual use.

Mesio-distal crown width in permanent dentition amongst adolescent population of Province II of Nepal

Background: The purpose of this study was to gather normative data on the mesio-distal crown dimensions amongst adolescent population of Province II, Nepal, to make an accurate diagnosis and treatment planning in orthodontics. It will also be useful in various clinical disciplines of dentistry including basic dental and anthropological research.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: Samples were selected Full form OPD of M B Kedia Dental College, Birgunj, Nepal. Total numbers of participants were 120, out of which 60 males and 60 females were selected after initial examination aged between 11 to 23 years. Subjects with all permanent teeth erupted (except second and third molar) without any history of previous orthodontic treatment and with no dental anomalies were included in this study. The alginate impressions were made by the well trained dental surgeon. Digital vernier calliper providing measurements to ± 0.01millimeter(mm) was used to measure the mesio-distal dimension of all teeth.&#x0D; Results: The mean, range and standard deviation were calculated for the size of the teeth. Independent t-test was used to compare between male and female population. The significance level was set at p value &lt;= 0.05. The population of Province II, Nepal shows greater sexual dimorphism in mesio-distal crown dimension which was exhibited by the maxillary molars (0.88 mm) followed by mandibular molars (0.38 mm). Similarly in anterior tooth segment the maxillary canines (0.29 mm) followed by the mandibular canines (0.27 mm).&#x0D; Conclusion: The mean mesio-distal crown dimensions of the permanent dentition of males were larger than that of females for each type of tooth except maxillary central and lateral incisor.

Estimation of Different Facial Landmarks as a Guide in Intercanine Distance Determination (Clinical Study)

Aims:To evaluate the relationship between some of facial parameters including [(alae of nose, mouth, philtrum of upper lip) widths with interzygomatic distance] and straight maxillary intercanine distance for clinical application advantage. Materials and Methods: In this clinical study, (140) dental students in College of Dentistry/University of Mosul were examined and their facial and dental measurements were taken directly from each student by using an electronic digital vernier caliper. The data were collected and analyzed with computer to determine the correlation between the studied factors.Result: The results of this study demonstrated that all the measured parameters were larger in males than females which being statistically different between the two sexes and the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient test revealed that non of the facial parameters were measured had a significant correlation with straight maxillary intercanine cusp tips distance in females, while both of interzygomatic distance and philtrum width of upper lip had a significant correlation with straight maxillary intercanine cusp tips distance in males which they could be used to determine this distance for replacement of maxillary anterior teeth in males. Conclusion: Depending on previously mentioned results the straight maxillary intercanine distance was equal to interzygomatic distance divided by a factor of( 3.3), while multiplying the width of the philtrum of upper lip with a factor of ( 2.75) gives us an estimation of the straight maxillary intercanine cusp tips distance.

Age related changes of vermiform appendix (Histomorphometric study)

Background: Many researches and studies were performed to investigate many aspects of the vermiform appendix. Many variations were observed at the different regions, among that, the focus was made on the lymphoid number and diameter, wall thickness, and luminal diameter. Objective: The aim of this work was to a finding of histomorphometery features of the adult vermiform appendix for different sex and age groups. Materials & methods: Fifty cadavers were included and divided into five age groups; A(20-29), B(30-39), C(40-49), D(50-59), and E(60-70)years. Ten cadavers were included for each age group. The inclusion criteria of the cadavers were brain stroke, built injuries, sudden death, car accident, and angina pectorals. The exclusion was with gangrenous, grossly inflammation and perforated appendices cadavers. Total length was measured from the base to the tip, as well as the diameter using a digital vernier caliper. Histological slides were made using HE Number and diameter of lymphoid follicles. Male and females have shown clear differences with increasing age groups.