Signs Research Articles

CNN Versus Conditional Generative Adversarial Network cGAN–Digital Signature Authentication: Case Study

In this research work, the author gathered digital signature images from students in real time appropriate for identifying the fake signature and classifying the images into real and forgery. Convolutional Neural Network based approach, GAN, ResNet and CGAN techniques were employed to extend the system which can authenticate and identify forged signatures among students. The features are extracted from real time signature images using Principle Component Analysis, the most popular multivariate statistical techniques. Moreover, feature selection has done for choosing subset of best and worst features randomly from signature images, fed signature image parameters into neural network for training the images. The performance of proposed model is evaluated in terms of metrics such as accuracy, F1-measure and precision. Our experimental outcomes reveal that CNN model achieved 100% accuracy outperforms in detecting fake digital signature signed by students helpful in ensuring authenticity, integrity of documents, assignments, preventing frauds as well.

Design and methods of the research unit 5187 PREACT (towards precision psychotherapy for non-respondent patients: from signatures to predictions to clinical utility) – a study protocol for a multicentre observational study in outpatient clinics

IntroductionCognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT) works—but not equally well for all patients. Less than 50% of patients with internalising disorders achieve clinically meaningful improvement, with negative consequences for patients and healthcare systems....

Efficient Identity-Based Universal Designated Verifier Signature Proof Systems

The implementation of universal designated verifier signatures proofs (UDVSPs) enhances data privacy and security in various digital communication systems. However, practical applications of UDVSP face challenges such as high computational overhead, onerous certificate management, and complex public key initialization. These issues hinder UDVSP adoption in daily life. To address these limitations, existing solutions attempt to eliminate bilinear pairing operations, but their proposal still involves cumbersome certificate management and inherent interactive operations that can sometimes significantly degrade system efficiency. In this paper, we first utilize the identity-based (ID-based) SM2 digital signature scheme to construct an ID-based UDVSP system which sidesteps the cumbersome certificate management issue. To further remove the interactive requirement, we also employ the OR proof and Fiat–Shamir technologies to design the other ID-based UDVSP system. Our designs not only possess the same bilinear pairing-free advantage as Lin et al.’s proposal, but also achieve the certificate-free or non-interactive goals. Security proofs and performance analysis confirm the viability and efficiency of our systems.

An Efficient Cyber Security Attack Detection With Encryption Using Capsule Convolutional Polymorphic Graph Attention

ABSTRACTAs digitalization permeates all aspects of life, the Internet has become a critical platform for communication across various domains. Workstations within organizations often handle sensitive and private data, underscoring the need for encryption to safeguard information and prevent unauthorized access. Despite advances in system security, challenges remain in the form of system vulnerabilities and evolving cyber threats. Intrusion detection using deep learning (DL), which serves as the second line of defense after firewalls, has progressed rapidly, yet still faces issues such as misclassification, false positives, and delayed or inadequate responses to attacks. These ongoing problems necessitate continuous improvement in system security screening and intrusion detection to protect networks effectively. Therefore, in this research, a novel DL framework called capsule convolutional polymorphic graph attention neural network with tyrannosaurus optimization algorithm (CCPGANN‐TOA) is utilized for attack detection due to its advanced feature representation, graph attention for focusing on key data points, polymorphic graphs for adaptability, and TOA for performance optimization. Normal data are then encrypted using the digital signature algorithm based on elliptic curve cryptography (DSA‐ECC) because it provides strong security with smaller key sizes, resulting in faster computations and efficient resource utilization. The proposed method outperforms traditional approaches in terms of 99.98% accuracy of data set I, 99.9% accuracy of data set II, and 900 Kbps higher throughput with low delay.

A ring signature scheme with linkability and traceability for blockchain-based medical data sharing system

A ring signature scheme with linkability and traceability for blockchain-based medical data sharing system

Implementation of a Data-Parallel Approach on a Lightweight Hash Function for IoT Devices

The Internet of Things is used in many application areas in our daily lives. Ensuring the security of valuable data transmitted over the Internet is a crucial challenge. Hash functions are used in cryptographic applications such as integrity, authentication and digital signatures. Existing lightweight hash functions leverage task parallelism but provide limited scalability. There is a need for lightweight algorithms that can efficiently utilize multi-core platforms or distributed computing environments with high degrees of parallelization. For this purpose, a data-parallel approach is applied to a lightweight hash function to achieve massively parallel software. A novel structure suitable for data-parallel architectures, inspired by basic tree construction, is designed. Furthermore, the proposed hash function is based on a lightweight block cipher and seamlessly integrated into the designed framework. The proposed hash function satisfies security requirements, exhibits high efficiency and achieves significant parallelism. Experimental results indicate that the proposed hash function performs comparably to the BLAKE implementation, with slightly slower execution for large message sizes but marginally better performance for smaller ones. Notably, it surpasses all other evaluated algorithms by at least 20%, maintaining a consistent 20% advantage over Grostl across all data sizes. Regarding parallelism, the proposed PLWHF achieves a speedup of approximately 40% when scaling from one to two threads and 55% when increasing to three threads. Raspberry Pi 4-based tests for IoT applications have also been conducted, demonstrating the hash function’s effectiveness in memory-constrained IoT environments. Statistical tests demonstrate a precision of ±0.004, validate the hypothesis in distribution tests and indicate a deviation of ±0.05 in collision tests, confirming the robustness of the proposed design.

Optimizing signature space performance in privacy-enhanced blockchains: novel ring signature solutions

In blockchain applications, ring signatures offer significant advantages, particularly in decentralized settings, safeguarding user privacy and data security. This paper presents two innovative ring signature schemes to address the space performance challenges arising from the widespread use of ring signatures in blockchain transactions. Firstly, we introduce an aggregated ring signature scheme that effectively improves the signature space from O(mlogn) to O(logmn) and provides corresponding security proofs. Secondly, we propose a compact multi-message ring signature scheme based on the combination lock principle, enhancing signature space efficiency to O(m+n) and optimally up to O(m+logn). These schemes exhibit outstanding performance in privacy-centric blockchain transactions, as demonstrated through performance analysis in practical scenarios. Additionally, we introduce aggregated linkable tags, which maintain double-spending detection in blockchain transactions. These innovative solutions are poised to effectively tackle the space efficiency challenges associated with ring signatures in blockchain transactions, thereby providing robust support for privacy preservation and data security.

Developing a digital signature scheme avoids attacks based on the order of the generator element

In this paper, we propose a new digital signature scheme based on composite discrete logarithms, which is a variant of the DSA signature scheme. Our new proposed scheme is more secure than the DSA signature scheme. Furthermore, the speed of computing of our scheme is faster than to some similar schemes. For this season, it can be applied in practice.

Preserving Privacy of Internet of Things Network with Certificateless Ring Signature.

With the rapid development of quantum computers and quantum computing, Internet of Things (IoT) networks equipped with traditional cryptographic algorithms have become very weak against quantum attacks. This paper focuses on the privacy-preserving problem in IoT networks and proposes a certificateless ring signature (CLRS) scheme. This CLRS is constructed with lattice theories, which show promising advantages in resisting quantum attacks. Meanwhile, the certificateless mechanism reduces the key control ability of the key generation center (KGC) by adding personal secret keys to the private key generated by the system. Meanwhile, the ring signature mechanism protects users' privacy information through a non-central control mechanism. Next, the security proof in a random oracle model is given, which shows that this CLRS scheme can obtain unforgeability and ensure the signer's anonymity. Its security properties include non-repudiation, traceability, and post-quantum security. Then, the efficiency comparison and performance results show that this CLRS scheme is more efficient and practical than similar schemes. Moreover, this work presents an exploration of the post-quantum cryptographic algorithm and its application in IoT networks.

Cryptographic Method for Secure Object Segmentation for Autonomous Driving Perception Systems

<div>The modern-day vehicle’s driverless or driver-assisted systems are developed by sensing the surroundings using a combination of camera, lidar, and other related sensors by forming an accurate perception of the driving environment. Machine learning algorithms help in forming perception and perform planning and control of the vehicle. The control of the vehicle which reflects safety depends on the accurate understanding of the surroundings by the trained machine learning models by subdividing a camera image fed into multiple segments or objects. The semantic segmentation system comes with the objective of assigning predefined class labels such as tree, road, and the like to each pixel of an image. Any security attacks on pixel classification nodes of the segmentation systems based on deep learning result in the failure of the driver assistance or autonomous vehicle safety functionalities due to a falsely formed perception. The security compromisations on the pixel classification head of the object segmentation systems result in falsely segmented pixels from the incoming camera images by corrupted pixel labels with wrong object classes for the pixels. The popular encoder–decoder-based deep learning object segmentation network is considered, which is vulnerable to these attacks in its last fully connected neural network layer. Hence, the cryptographic solution mechanism is proposed here, where the pixel classes are encrypted and signed in the classification network nodes before applying the activation functions. RSA-512 algorithm-based encryption and DSA-512 algorithm-based digital signature are used to generate the proposed cryptographic components. The added cryptographic components are verified upon segmenting the objects to ensure the segmented object information is free from described security attacks. The performance of the proposed cryptographic secure object segmentation is evaluated for the popular segmentation network called U-Net for the Cityscapes segmentation dataset with the proposed cryptographic algorithms. The performance evaluation indicates that the secure semantic segmentation is performed with satisfactory precision, recall, and F1 scores of 0.86, 0.85, and 0.85, respectively, along with the added security components.</div>

Application of Lenstra–Lenstra–Lovasz on Elliptic Curve Cryptosystem Using IOT Sensor Nodes

The Internet of Things (IoT) model is presented in this paper with multi-layer security based on the Lenstra-Lenstra-Lovasz (LLL) algorithm. End nodes for the Internet of Things include inexpensive gadgets like the Raspberry Pi and Arduino boards. It is not practical to run rigorous algorithms on them, as opposed to computer systems. Therefore, a cryptography procedure is required that could function on this IOT equipment. Bitcoins and Ethereum are examples of cryptocurrency and Ripple employs techniques such as elliptic curve digital signature, Elliptic-Curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH), and algorithm to sign any cryptocurrency on SECP256k1 elliptic curves transactions. By using Lenstra-Lenstra-Lovasz on a real-world Bitcoin blockchain and applying it to multiple dimensions, such as nonce leakage and weak nonces across several elliptic curves with different bit sizes on a Raspberry Pi, we can demonstrate the security of elliptic curve cryptosystems. Public key encryption techniques are seriously threatened by the development of quantum computing. Therefore, employing lattice encryption with Nth Degree Truncated Polynomial Ring Units (NTRU-NTH) on the Bitcoin blockchain will increase the resistance of Bitcoin blocks to quantum computing assaults. The execution time taken on SECP256k1 is 131.7 Milli seconds comparatively faster than NIST-224P and NIST-384P.

Plug-and-play measurement-device-independent quantum digital signature

Abstract Measurement-device-independent quantum digital signature (MDI-QDS) guarantees the authenticity and integrity of a message with security against all detector side-channel attacks. However, the experimental implementation of MDI-QDS in actual systems is extremely complicated since: (i) high-visibility interference requires several additional active control units for mode matching; (ii) a key assumption in MDI-QDS is that the laser source located at each user should be trusted. In this work, we propose a plug-and-play MDI-QDS scheme with a single untrusted source. On the one hand, it completely eliminates the requirement that each user must have a trusted laser source, and only needs to set an untrusted source at the Relay. On the other hand, the mode matching of MDI-QDS can be realized automatically with a plug-and-play structure. We then discuss the performance of the scheme by using the two-intensity decoy-state method with full parameter optimization. The numerical simulations show that the plug-and-play MDI-QDS with a single untrusted source provides comparable performances to the original MDI-QDS in a low-loss regime but with a simpler experimental setup. Consequently, the scheme can be flexibly implemented with common optical components in an optical fiber network since users can share both detectors and a complicated laser source.

A key leakage resistant linearly homomorphic signature scheme and its application

A key leakage resistant linearly homomorphic signature scheme and its application

Implementing Identity-based Signature Schemes for Secure Data Transfer in Cloud Computing Environments

In this paper, we present the implementation of the Cha-Cheon Identity-Based Signature (IBS) scheme to enhance secure data transfer in cloud computing environments. Cloud computing rely on traditional Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) systems, which is burdened by certificate management infrastructure. The primary focus of this research to simplify key and certificate management by leveraging identity-based elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) within the Cha-Cheon IBS framework. We show that the proposed IBS solution integrates seamlessly with Amazon Web Services (AWS), utilizing services like S3 for secure data storage and KMS for key management. By applying ECC, the Cha-Cheon scheme achieves efficient cryptographic operations with smaller key sizes, resulting in reduced computational overhead, faster key generation, signature creation, and verification times compared to RSA-based systems. We conducted extensive performance evaluations to compare the Cha-Cheon IBS scheme with traditional PKI-based systems. The results demonstrate that our implementation significantly outperforms RSA in terms of key generation, encryption, and signature verification times, especially under increased user loads and data sizes. Moreover, the security analysis confirms the robustness of the Cha-Cheon IBS against key compromise, offering strong resistance to unauthorized access and key revocation issues. The scheme also scales efficiently as the number of users increases, making it ideal for large-scale cloud infrastructures. This research highlights the potential of IBS as a viable alternative to PKI systems, providing a more streamlined and efficient approach to secure data transfers in cloud environments.

Revolutionizing signature scheme: the enhanced Edward Elgamal extreme performance accumulate signature approach for IoT and blockchain applications

Revolutionizing signature scheme: the enhanced Edward Elgamal extreme performance accumulate signature approach for IoT and blockchain applications

Quantum-Resistant Lattice-Based Proxy Signature

With the advancement of quantum computing, the utilization of quantum algorithms such as Shor’s algorithm enables the efficient resolution of problems that are intractable in classical computing paradigms, posing a significant threat to traditional signature schemes. Lattice-based cryptography is considered one of the most promising post-quantum cryptographic algorithms due to its computational advantages and potential resistance to quantum attacks. Proxy signature is an authorization mechanism that allows the original signer to delegate the signing power to a proxy. The security of existing proxy signature schemes is mostly based on classical hard problems, which cannot guarantee security under quantum attacks. Therefore, this paper combines lattice-based cryptography with proxy signatures to propose a new lattice-based proxy signature scheme (NLBPS). NLBPS constructs signatures using lattice-based trapdoor sampling algorithms and preimage sampling algorithms. Comparative analysis shows that the proposed scheme has relatively smaller key and signature sizes compared to some existing lattice-based proxy signature schemes, and it also offers a certain improvement in computational efficiency.

Speedup signing: pre-rejection sampling towards dilithium

Security and efficiency have always been two critical factors in the development of post-quantum digital signatures. As the best-known scheme, Dilithium (Ducas et al., TCHES 2018) is SUF-CMA in QROM and has a relatively fast efficiency with many untrivial optimizations. The goal of this paper is to propose some techniques that can promote signing speed without sacrificing security. We first propose the pre-rejection sampling technique in KeyGen stage to reduce the rejections of the fourth condition, consequently resulting in some speedup in Sign stage. To prove security, we propose the c-selected MLWE problem, a variant of MLWE that can offer the equivalent security as original MLWE. Applying these two techniques to Dilithium, we obtain an advanced signature scheme with better efficiency, and without any other losses except some pre-computations. Security reduction demonstrates that our scheme is also SUF-CMA in QROM. The experimental results show that pre-rejection sampling achieves a 47%, 22%, and 17% reduction in the rejection probability of the fourth condition over Dilithium scheme when the parameter set corresponds to NIST’s security levels 2, 3 and 5, respectively. This type of reduction increases signing speed by approximately 1% under the parameter set 2 of Dilithium.

Legal Protection of Electronic Storage of Notary Protocols

This research investigates legal protection for the electronic storage of notary protocols in Indonesia, addressing challenges of security and regulatory gaps in the digital era. The study employs a normative legal research method by analyzing existing regulations, particularly Law Number 11 of 2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions (ETI), and assessing their applicability to electronic notary protocols. Secondary data from legal documents and relevant literature complement the analysis. The research reveals that while ETI provides a legal basis for the validity of electronic documents, it lacks specific provisions for electronic notary protocol storage. Data security remains a significant concern, requiring stronger measures against illegal access and data breaches. Although encryption and digital signatures are used, their effectiveness needs to be enhanced through a robust Information Security Management System (ISMS). Furthermore, disparities in IT infrastructure among notary offices hinder the uniform adoption of electronic storage systems. Comprehensive legal protection, higher security standards, and dedicated regulations are essential to ensure the security and legal certainty of electronic notary protocols in Indonesia. The findings emphasize the need for specialized training for notaries, improved IT infrastructure, and effective law enforcement to adapt to digital notarial practices.

Optimizing Blockchain Digital Signature Security in Driving Innovation and Sustainable Infrastructure

Indonesia experienced a significant spike in cyberattacks, averaging 158 attacks per second, indicating a high risk for digital systems, especially in the government and business sectors. The large number of attacks has caused financial losses and damaged public trust, indicating that data protection is not optimal. Traditional authentication systems based on centralized servers increase the risk of document leaks and forgery. To address this, this study proposes a Blockchain-based digital signature solution called AlphaSign. This technology strengthens data resilience and document verification reliability with an Agile Scrum approach, enabling iterations that are responsive to user needs. Alpha Sign aims to create a secure Blockchain-based digital signature system, prevent document forgery, and accelerate verification through QR code automation. This system supports the development of sustainable digital infrastructure, in line with the SDGs, especially Goal 9 (Infrastructure Innovation) and Goal 16 (Resilient Institutions). With Blockchain technology, Alpha Sign records each signature in a decentralized manner, reduces the risk of hacking, and enables real-time document verification through QR codes, providing security and transparency for large agencies and the public sector.

Quantum-resistant modifications to ECDSA for blockchain security

ABSTRACT Quantum computing advances, exemplified by Shor’s algorithm, pose a serious threat to classical Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) security. This paper proposes and analyzes three strategies for enhancing ECDSA’s resistance to quantum attacks: (1) Hybrid ECDSA, which pairs ECDSA with a post-quantum signature scheme; (2) a Layered Security model that sequentially verifies classical and post-quantum signatures; and (3) Modified ECDSA, focused on tuning parameters like field size and nonce generation. We provide a unified mathematical foundation, present security arguments (including formal verification), and offer a comparative performance matrix that covers key generation, signing, and verification times. Our study underscores that each solution entails a distinct balance of performance overhead and future-proof security, thus enabling blockchain and IoT stakeholders to make informed, context-specific decisions.