Digital Shoreline Analysis System Research Articles

Shoreline retreat and beach nourishment are projected to increase in Southern California

Sandy beaches in Southern California are experiencing rising coastal erosion due to changes in precipitation patterns and urban growth. As a result, beach nourishment is necessary for mitigation. In our study, we forecast the rates of shoreline retreat and the required volumes of sand nourishment to mitigate it for the coming decades. We employ photogrammetric multi-decadal shoreline positioning and Digital Shoreline Analysis System methods to measure and predict the coastal evolution of the Gulf of Santa Catalina in Southern California. This region is hypothesized to be globally representative of other semi-arid sandy coasts facing similar hydroclimatic and anthropogenic challenges. Our findings indicate that Southern California’s shoreline retreat rates for sandy beaches will increase from the present average value of ~−1.45 to −2.12 meters per year in 2050 and to −3.18 meters per year in 2100. Consequently, the annual volume of sand required for beach nourishment could triple by 2050, increasing from the present-day amount of ~1223 to ~3669 cubic meters per year per kilometer. However, the associated cost for this nourishment will grow five times, exacerbating several coastal communities’ economic and logistical pressures. Similar trends are emerging globally, with semi-arid developing nations already grappling with coastal hazards and may struggle to manage the escalating costs of curbing beach nourishment.

Storm's influence on long-term shoreline evolution along Casablanca-Mohammedia (Morocco)

Coastal erosion assessment has emerged as one of the most significant instruments for making decisions and offering effective solutions for coastal regions. Mohammedia-Casablanca's shoreline constantly changes due to natural and man-made erosion and accretion. This research uses historical aerial photographs, wave analysis data, geographic information system (GIS) tools, and statistical methods to evaluate spatial and temporal shoreline changes from 1969 to 2020. The analysis of storminess and rates of shoreline change is also discussed jointly in three sediment cells. For this, energy parameters are determined to characterize storm-induced impacts. The Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) calculated shoreline change using End Point Rate (EPR), Shoreline Change Envelope (SCE), and Net Shoreline Movement (NSM) methods. Out of 2477 transects placed at 30-meter intervals along the study area, approximately 39% of the transects show erosion, and the rest indicate accretion (61%). Over the entire study period (51 years), the analysis of shoreline evolution does not show a clear correlation with storm parameters. The only period in which the shoreline shift correlates with storm activity is 1969–1982. Storms were frequent and intense during this time, and the erosion was at its maximum (over 66% of the coastline). Outside this period, accretion has occurred even during periods of intense storms, as was the case here between 2009 and 2020, when accretion affected 70.1% of the Mohammadia-Casablanca coastline. This suggests that the recent installation of marine structures (groynes, seawalls, dikes, jetties, and piers) multiplied after 1982 has positively affected the rate of coastal erosion.

Storm surge induced by 2019 Tropical Storm Pabuk and impact on the shoreline in Kuala Nerus Terengganu, east coast of Peninsular Malaysia

This study investigates the one-year shoreline impacts of 2019 Tropical Storm Pabuk and the morphological changes of beaches in the study area of Kuala Nerus in Malaysia mediated by the hydrodynamic conditions. The study used a numerical model that utilised the two-way coupling of the wave and hydrodynamic model of MIKE 21 to simulate the event. The impact of the event was determined by employing the Digital Shoreline Analysis System, along with regular in-situ measurements of beach profiles carried out monthly. The results show a significant retreat rate of −58 m/year at Tok Jembal, highlighting the significant erosive impact, particularly on the northwest side of the airport. Despite a storm surge height below the extreme thresholds (>1 m), the beach morphology and the presence of coastal protection structures exerted a significant modulating influence. Batu Rakit, which is characterised by a wide beach, exhibited increased wave run-up and erosion resulting from the combined effect of a tidal surge of 0.64 m and significant wave heights of more than 1.12 m. UMT and Teluk Ketapang, on the other hand, which are shielded by coastal structures and influenced by longshore currents, experienced beach accretion. The intensification of the recirculation current with the surge is postulated to have contributed to the pronounced erosion at Pengakalan Maras. Although the overall magnitude of the storm surge was not exceptional, this study emphasises the importance of studying the effects of storm surges on monsoonal coasts. The intricate interplay between waves and currents, elucidated by coupled hydrodynamic and wave modelling, is crucial for understanding the consequences of storms and for proactive coastal management strategies. This study emphasises the crucial role of detailed hydrodynamic modelling in developing effective erosion control measures, which is an ongoing challenge for coastal communities.

Evaluation of Shoreline Alteration Along theJagatsinghpur District Coast, India (1990–2020) using DSAS

This scientific investigation provides valuable insights into the dynamics of shoreline alteration in the Jagatsinghpur district coast, facilitating informed decision-making for implementing coastal protection strategies. This study presents a comprehensive assessment of shoreline alteration along the 55.045 km stretch of the Jagatsinghpur district coast in India from 1990 to 2020. Landsat 5 TM and 8 OLI satellite image data were used for the analysis. The quantification of erosion and deposition shoreline change rates are computed through a semi-automated approach employing four statistical methods SCE, NSM, EPR, and LLR in the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS). The coastline was divided into four zones at the tehsil level, resulting in the generation of 5149 transects, categorized as Paradip tehsil-I, Abhyachandpur tehsil-II, Ersama tehsil-III, and Balikud tehsil-IV. The analysis revealed significant erosion in specific areas, including Paradip town in Zone I, Nuagan in Zone II, Zone III, and Kusupur in Zone IV. The decision matrix showed an urgent need for erosion rectification in specific regions. The results indicate the necessity of implementing coastal protection measures in Zone III, B, and D subregions in Zone I and D and F subregions in Zone II. Meanwhile, in Zone IV, subregions A and B necessitate attention.

Dynamic shoreline alterations and their impacts on Olive Ridley Turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea) nesting sites in Gahirmatha Marine Wildlife Sanctuary, Odisha (India)

Currently, sea turtle habitats are being altered by climate change and human activities, with habitat loss posing an urgent threat to Indian sea turtles. Thus, the objective of this study is to analyze the dynamic shoreline alterations and their impacts on Olive Ridley Sea Turtle (ORT) nesting sites in Gahirmatha Marine Wildlife Sanctuary from 1990 to 2022. Landsat satellite images served as input datasets to assess dynamic shoreline changes. This study assessed shoreline alterations and their rates across 929 transects divided into four zones using the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) software. The results revealed a significant 14-km northward shift in the nesting site due to substantial coastal erosion, threatening the turtles' Arribada. This study underscores the need for conservation efforts to preserve nesting environments amidst changing coastal landscapes, offering novel insights into the interaction between coastal processes and marine turtle nesting behaviors.

Numerical Analysis of Shoreline Changes along the Coast Batu Hiu-Bojong Salawe, Pangandaran Regency, West Java Province, Indonesia

Shoreline change poses a significant challenge in coastal regions, leading to issues such as abrasion, soil erosion, and the loss of valuable land. This problem is prevalent in various areas of Pangandaran, particularly in the Batu Hiu-Bojong Salawe coastal region of Pangandaran Regency, West Java, Indonesia. The objective of this study is to analyse and quantify the distance and rate of shoreline changes occurring over a decade (2010-2019) in the Batu Hiu-Bojong Salawe coastal area. Utilizing ArcMap software and the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS), this research aims to provide insights into the coastal dynamics, drawing analytical points from comparable studies for a comprehensive understanding. Batu Hiu's western coast faces substantial erosion (29.70m, LLR 3.10 m/year, EPR 3.22 m/year), while the east experiences accretion (52.76m, LLR/EPR 5.49 m/year, 5.72 m/year). Coastal dynamics, influenced by rocky structures, lead to sedimentation and erosion. Bojong Salawe Beach sees noteworthy accretion (83.01m, LRR/EPR 8.88 m/year, 9.00 m/year), with a maximum at transect 85 (134.5m, LRR 14.27 m/year, EPR 14.58 m/year). Erosion at transects 104 and 107 averages 30.47m, with LLR/EPR rates of 3.41 m/year and 3.3 m/year. The Cijulang River estuary contributes to coastal stability, resulting in significant accretion. This information is vital for coastal management, offering insights to address erosion and accretion impacts in Batu Hiu and Bojong Salawe coastal areas.

Shoreline Changes and Sediment Transport along Nhat Le Coast, Vietnam

One of the most beautiful beaches in Northern Vietnam, Nhat Le, has recently experienced severe erosion as a result of the ensemble interaction of natural factors, such as tropical cyclones, extreme weather events, and human activities. Consequently, negative impacts on tourism and social and economic development have been recorded. This paper aims to provide a deep understanding of the changes in shoreline and longshore sediment transport at Nhat Le estuary based on two modules of LITDRIFT and LITLINE of the LITPACK software package combined with geospatial analysis. The rate of change statistics is calculated using the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) from 30-year multi-temporal satellite data (1989-2019) for multiple historical shoreline positions. The Module of LITDRIFT is employed to estimate sediment transport and the shoreline position calculated from the LITLINE module. These data are then compared with measured topographic data and satellite images. Wave climate conditions are incorporated into the LITDRIFT module to identify the volume of sediment transport along the coast on seasonal and annual bases. The results illustrate that a mean erosion rate of about 2 m per year was observed in the southern sandspit of Nhat Le from 1989 to 2019. This rate reaches 4.5 m per year during 2009-2019.

Geospatial analysis of shoreline and areal dynamics in the Ganges deltaic island of Bangladesh using the GIS-DSAS technique

Manpura Island, located at the mouth of the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna (GBM) River estuary, is a well-known Ganges deltaic island prone to severe erosion. This study aims to identify shoreline and areal changes in Manpura Island of Bangladesh from 1990 to 2020 using the digital shoreline analysis system (DSAS), a plugin of ArcGIS. The estimation of shoreline variability was primarily described for four segments of the Island: Segment A in the north, Segment B in the west, Segment C in the south, and segment D in the east. It was observed that all four segments of the study area are vulnerable to high rates of shoreline erosion. Landward movement was high in Segment A where Net Shoreline Movement (NSM) was −4000.1 m. Landward movement was also high in Segments B and C with the NSM of −1084.7 m and −1021.6 m, respectively. According to the End Point Rate (EPR) and Linear Regression Rate (LRR), Segment A exhibited a very dynamic feature, with an average shoreline change rate of −24.7 m/yr and −24.2 m/yr, respectively. In Segment C, the average shoreline change rate was −8.5 m/yr for EPR and −9.1 m/yr for LRR. Approximately 392 transects were constructed in the four segments of the island, with approximately 330–334 showing landward movement and 58–62 showing seaward movement. Nevertheless, the island lost about 28.4 km2 in land area and gained only around 2.3 km2 of its original landmass during the study period. The total loss of shoreline length was about 11.5 km (0.4 km/yr), while the total loss of land area was about 26.1 km2 (0.9 km2/yr). The main factors of shoreline change in the study region is likely to be high river discharge, stormy climate and, human interference. The results of this study are useful for the proper management and planning of Manpura Island. However, they can also be used in statistical approaches to forecasting possible shoreline locations in the future under double pressure of climate change and human activities.

Synergetic evolution mechanism of coastal resources utilization and coastline change of muddy coast in Jiangsu

Coastal areas possess unique geographical advantages and abundant resources, making them economic development hubs for coastal cities worldwide. However, the overexploitation of coastal resources significantly impedes the sustainable development of these areas. To address this issue, it is crucial to gain a comprehensive understanding of resource utilization patterns over time. Previous studies on resource utilization in the coastal areas of Jiangsu, China, have primarily relied on historical narratives with limited quantitative assessments. In this study, we utilize the Resource Utilization Comprehensive Index (RUCI) to evaluate the status of resource utilization in Jiangsu's coastal areas for the last 1300 years. Based on the characteristics of coastline changes from the Tang Dynasty to 1929 analyzed through the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) in ArcGIS, we use entropy weight method (EWM), gray relation analysis (GRA) and Pearson correlation coefficient to determine the RUCI of coastal areas in Jiangsu and analyze its correlation with each evaluation index and influencing factor. The results show that (1) over the past 1300 years, the coastline of Jiangsu primarily underwent a sedimentation process characterized by three stages: slow sedimentation, rapid sedimentation, and north erosion followed by south sedimentation, (2) the comprehensive utilization of resources along the Jiangsu coast was gradually developed from the Tang Dynasty to the Republic of China, with the best utilization achieved during the Qing Dynasty, and (3) the changes in the coastline exhibited a substantial influence on the comprehensive utilization of resources and there was a high correlation between the two. Based on these findings, we propose several policy development suggestions. This study provides a scientific basis for understanding the synergetic evolution mechanism of coastal resources utilization and coastline change in Jiangsu under global change.

Geospatial analysis of shoreline changes in the Oman coastal region (2000-2022) using GIS and remote sensing techniques

This research introduces an innovative method employing the Canny edge detector for automatic and precise coastline extraction, aiming to analyze spatial and temporal variations in the Oman coastline from 2000 to 2022 using GIS and remote sensing (RS) techniques. Focusing on both multi-decadal and short-term periods, the study aims to detect accretion and erosion rates through the observation and interpretation of coastal changes. Utilizing the Digital Shoreline Analysis System and LANDSAT imageries, Shoreline changes have been quantitatively evaluated using three distinct approaches: Linear Regression Rate (LRR), End Point Rate (EPR), and Net Shoreline Movement (NSM). The dynamic nature of the Oman coastal region necessitates a comprehensive understanding of its evolving coastline. Our investigation applies digital shoreline analysis to discern shifts in the coastline’s position, employing a multiple regression approach for quantifying the rate of coastal change. To facilitate automatic shoreline extraction, various methods were experimented with, ultimately determining the Canny Edge algorithm’s superiority in yielding precise results. The paper outlines the monitoring procedures for the coastal area and analyzes coastline changes using geospatial techniques. This analysis provides valuable insights for the planning and management of the Oman shore. Furthermore, the proposed model’s applicability is rigorously tested against other generic edge detection algorithms, including Sobel, Prewitt, and Robert’s techniques. The conclusive findings demonstrate that our model outperforms these alternatives, particularly excelling in the accurate detection of the coastline. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of coastal dynamics and offers a robust methodology for coastal monitoring, with implications for effective planning and management strategies in the Oman shore region.

Impacts of anthropocene sea-level rise on people, environments, and archaeological sites in Marajó Island, Brazilian Amazonia

Coastal marine systems worldwide present several risks through the global sea-level rise (SLR) trends. The Amazon Delta and Estuary (ADE) in Pará state, Brazil, is a mainland archipelago with variable landscapes and vulnerable archaeological sites in the context of global climate change. We aimed to recognize the human and environmental conditions knowledge for support directives to mitigate possible consequences of climate change in the lower Amazonia drainage basin system, in support of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations. We map landscapes, estimated floodable areas of 2, 3, and 6 m of SLR using DSAS 5.0 (Digital Shoreline Analysis System), investigated coastline morphology changes between 1973 and 2019 (46 years), sampled soils at East Marajó Island, and suggested mitigation actions. The results indicate that several environments and archaeological sites are at heavy risk in front of climate change, mainly in the lowlands most submitted to the waterlogging process. Mangrove revealed several SLR effects with aggressive erosion at the coastline. The results provide spatial information regarding important aspects of SLR impacts in the ADE and its environmental, people, and archaeological fragilities.

Changes of Yancheng coastline near 20 years based on remote sensing technology

The study of coastline changes is crucial for the monitoring, development, and management of coastal environments. This article specifically focuses on the coastline of Yancheng. To analyze the changes of coastline, latest remote sensing images of Landsat series from 2002 to 2021 were selected. Threshold segmentation was employed to extract the coastline from these images. Subsequently, tidal level correction was applied to rectify the instantaneous water edge in the binary image of the target coastal area based on tidal channels, resulting in the acquisition of the target coastline. Finally, the obtained target coastline from different time periods were inputted into the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS). DSAS can be used to assess coastline changes using the end point change rate (EPR) and linear regression change rate (LRR). The research findings reveal that the average siltation rate of various sections along the Yancheng coastline is 105.62 m/y, with the maximum siltation length measuring 12,048 m, located in the Tiaozini reclamation area. Conversely, the maximum erosion length is 1820 m, situated near the mouth of the Shuangyang River. Taking the Sheyang River mouth as the boundary, the northern coastline of the river mouth experiences predominantly erosion, while the southern coastline is primarily affected by sedimentation. Moreover, the rate of coastline change gradually increases from north to south. The transformation of artificial coastline is the outcome of a combination of natural and human factors. Agricultural reclamation, port construction, and coastal protection engineering are identified as the main reasons for the artificial and seaward advancement of coastline. This study provides a foundation for the construction and protection of Yancheng’s coastal zone and offshore engineering. It holds significant practical implications for urban planning and development.

Risk Management of Coastal Ring Roads to Rate Abrasion on The Lhokseumawe City

This paper presents an approach for developing risk management strategies for ring roads in coastal abrasion Lhokseumawe ring roads. Currently, management strategies in these regions are designed to rubble mount breakwaters on coastal performance under traffic loads. However, recent large-scale waves and their associated damage to coastal areas have demonstrated the need to consider the height when making coastal management decisions. This paper aims to develop a risk management strategy that includes handling/controlling accelerated beach abrasion which damages coastal infrastructure buildings and the application of the ALARP scheme as an acceptable risk control limit for decision makers in risk management so as to minimize the potential impact at any given time... The methods consider the rate of coastal abrasion associated with hazards and the economic, social, and environmental consequences of collapse under high tide. The data were collected from the satellite Landsat range of the 1995-2021 year. The analysis adopted Digital Shoreline Analysis System with Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM). The risk management strategies are achieved by formulating and solving a multi-objective optimization problem. This problem's findings include abrasion -2.11 m/year and accretion maximum at 111.34 m or 4.45%. The height of the wave was found approximately range 2.33-10.25 sec, and the period average 4.57 m/year. In addition, the periods of the wave were in the range of 2.33-10.25 sec, and the average period was 4.57 sec. The topography characteristics were found between 0 and 8.60 meters, with an average level, is 4.30 meters. The percentage of the slope of the shoreline was found to be 2.90 to 4.47%, and the average beach slope was 3.76%. The risk management achieved in ring roads was relevant to the application scheme ALARP zone to solve the problem from very high to hight risk. The rubble mound breakwaters along the coast were believed to minimize abrasion and mitigate disasters to protect infrastructure ring roads for a long time.

Impacts of coastal protection measures along the coast of Kerala, India (through remote sensing techniques)

ABSTRACT The maritime state, Kerala, is located along the southwest coast of the Indian peninsula, which extends from Trivandrum district (8° 17´ 41.03´´ N, 77° 5´ 37.29´´ E) in the South to Kasaragod district (12° 45´ 20.76´´ N, 74° 51´ 58.92´´ E) in the North, exposed to the waves from the Arabian Sea. The shoreline is extremely dynamic due to the impact of waves, tides, currents, coastal orientation and other associated occasional coastal hazards. The annual climatic calendar for the Kerala coast can be broadly classified as South-West monsoon (June to September), North-East Monsoon (October to December), and Pre-monsoon or Non-Monsoon (January to May). Prior to the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, a standardised seawall section had been preferred for highly eroding coastal stretches. The coastal hazards in addition to the tsunami impact paved the way for considering several other structures for coastal protection, of which groyne fields have been predominantly implemented. As it is essential to quantify the performance assessment of these protection measures, an exercise using the DSAS (Digital Shoreline Analysis System) tool was carried out, the results of which are presented and discussed in this paper.

Long term investigation on shoreline changes of an Island, inside a Gulf (Hormuz Island)

Shorelines, as the boundary between the body of water and the land, are influenced by different natural and anthropogenic factors. As a consequence, they are highly dynamic and are of great concern for coastal zone management. However, their behavior varies depending on their location, whether they are situated in the open ocean or within a semi-enclosed body of water. Besides, anthropogenic activities in developed beaches and/or coastal cities are the main reason for high rates of change. Thus, normally pristine and undeveloped areas are likely to experience lower rate of shoreline transformation. Hormuz Island as a typical undeveloped pristine island, with minimum anthropogenic activities in its coastlines, located inside a semi-enclosed body of water of the Persian Gulf, is the case study for this research. The alteration of the shoreline is extensively studied for 30 years. The shoreline change is analyzed using net shoreline movement, and linear regression rate indexes of the digital shoreline analysis system tool. Our findings indicated that alterations in the shoreline of Hormuz Island primarily align with natural processes, and the impact of anthropogenic activities on these changes is constrained. The average shoreline change is approximately 0.1 m/year and seldom surpasses 2.0 m/year. These outcomes align with findings observed in other undisturbed regions situated within semi-enclosed bodies of water, such as gulfs or bays. Utilizing identified shoreline alterations, our study area was categorized into three classes: dominant accretion, dominant erosion, and negligible transformation. The shore with negligible changes encompasses more than half of the island. Acknowledging the restricted variability in alterations observed in the beaches within the semi-enclosed area, there is a recognized need to develop an international classification for these types of beaches, in order to be comparable with each other all around the world.

Assessing the compatibility of EPR rates with one-dimensional numerical modelling in monitoring shoreline kinematics along with supplying near/long-term forecasts

The utilization of remote sensing technologies in conjunction with the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) is a commonly employed approach for monitoring shoreline alterations. However, the reliability of DSAS as a predictive tool for assessing short-term and long-term shoreline changes remains questionable. Considering this uncertainty, there arose an urgent need to investigate whether DSAS can be utilized in conjunction with a one-dimensional numerical model, such as LITPACK, to evaluate its credibility over extended periods of 30 and 80 years. For this investigation, a specific area of the shoreline near the Kitchener drain in the Delta region of Northern Egypt was selected. Medium-resolution satellite images, rectified between 1987 and 2022, were employed to undertake various kinematic data processing tasks, including area classification, shoreline digitization, uncertainty estimation, and quantification of temporal changes using the EPR, LRR, and NSM tools. The obtained results were compared between DSAS and LITPACK for the shoreline coordinates of the study area, projecting the analysis until the years 2050 and 2100. The comparison revealed the presence of minor discrepancies in the DSAS outputs for shoreline prediction within the year 2050. However, these discrepancies significantly worsened as the year 2100 approached, casting doubt on the reliability of DSAS as a long-term forecasting tool. Simultaneously, this research provided implicit evidence supporting the use of DSAS in the formulation of a decision matrix for coastal zone planning with a duration of up to 30 years, as it demonstrated a degree of dependability within this timeframe.

Coastal evolution and future projections in Conde County, Brazil: A multi-decadal assessment via remote sensing and sea-level rise scenarios

Global sea levels, having risen by approximately 20 cm since the mid-19th century, necessitate a critical examination of their impacts on shoreline dynamics. This research evaluates the historical (1985–2022) and future shoreline changes in Conde County, Paraíba State, Brazil, an area of significant touristic interest. Employing Landsat satellite imagery, the study utilized the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) and a Kalman filter algorithm for cloud removal, while also assessing land use and land cover changes using data from the MapBiomas Project for 2000, 2010, and 2020. These analyses informed projections of potential inundation under various sea-level rise (SLR) scenarios: 1, 2, 5, and 10 m. Key findings revealed a negative average coastline change rate of −0.27 m/year from 1985 to 2022, indicative of erosive trends likely accelerated by human activities. Long-term projections for 2032 and 2042 anticipate continued erosion in areas identified as highly vulnerable. The SLR scenario analysis underscores the urgent need for adaptive climate measures; while a 1- or 2-meter SLR presents limited immediate effects, a 5-meter rise could lead to significant inundation across key sectors, including urban and agricultural landscapes. The projected severity of a 10-meter SLR necessitates immediate, comprehensive interventions to safeguard both natural and human systems.

Mapping shoreline changes using Landsat Imagery at Pemalang, Central Java Province, Indonesia

Pemalang Regency possess sloping geographical with shallow waters, it’s potential to increase the area for pond fisheries and coastal tourism. This utilization causes changes in the coastline, which influenced by mankind and natural factors. The study aims to map shoreline changes in Pemalang, Central Java from year 2007-2022 using imagery of Landsat 7 ETM+ and Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS. The Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) method was performed to calculate rate of change statistics for a time series of shoreline vector data. This method uses parameters, including baselines, shorelines, and transects. The DSAS results in the year 2007-2022 shoreline change (NSM) and the 15-year mean shoreline change (EPR). All subzones occurred abrasion. Subzone D2 occurred greatest abrasion (- 442.43 m). Subzones undergoing accretion include A1, A3, B1, B3, C2, C3, D1, D2, E2, and E3. The largest accretion occurs in A3 (333.05 m). Pemalang Beach in the year 2007-2022 occurred a change in coastline dominated by abrasion. The largest abrasion is in A3 (-2.39 m/year) and the smallest is in A2 (-1.89 m/year). The abrasion factors are the sloping beach, land use as tourist area, mangroves that are not maintained, and the flooding in May 2022. The changes in the coastline that have occurred are severe up to very severe.

Analysis of coastline changes using Sentinel 2A imagery in the coastal area of West Pandeglang, Banten

Coastline changes on the west coast of the Pandeglang Regency are caused by hydrooceanographic parameters and human activities. These changes can be observed through remote sensing. This study aimed to identify and map these changes. The shoreline of the Sentinel 2A satellite image was extracted using the Tasseled Cap method. The shoreline was then calculated using the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) method, and field data were collected using Ground Control Points (GCP). The analysis of shoreline changes indicated the dominance of abrasion over accretion. The most significant abrasion occurred in Sidamukti Village at a rate of 26.65 metres per year, while the largest accretion occurred in Sukajadi Village at a rate of 24.92 metres per year. A comparison of the categories of coastline changes can indicate areas that are susceptible to large waves. This information can be used to provide both experience and knowledge to the people of the Pandeglang Regency. The study of coastline changes is an important reference for the development of coastal areas, harbors, tourism, and cultivation.

Evolution of shoreline dynamics in Betoya Bay, home of the Nador West Med port, Morocco using the DSAS technique

Shorelines are subject to constant changes due to natural and anthropogenic factors. Monitoring these changes is imperative for effective coastal management, environmental protection, and sustainable development. This work aims to provide detailed insights into the morphology and transformation of the shoreline within Betoya Bay, home to the strategically positioned Nador West Med (NWM) port complex, which is pivotal in enhancing maritime transport within the Mediterranean region. To achieve this, we have integrated remote sensing data, using LANDSAT satellite imagery from 1993 to 2023, and GIS applications with the help of the Digital Shoreline Analysis System. Shoreline change rates are assessed using End Point Rate (EPR) and Linear Regression Rate (LRR). The resulting maps enable us to pinpoint the shoreline changes after dividing the study area into two distinct zones. The results underscore the moderate dynamic nature of Betoya Bay's coastline, where various zones experience erosion and accretion, with erosion and accretion rates reaching -1.18 m/year and +1.4 m/year, respectively.