Digital Objects Research Articles

The Natures of Digital Practices

Abstract Natural history collections play a vital role in biodiversity conservation, climate monitoring, and public health protection. However, challenges such as the loss of historical collections in museums, the crisis in taxonomic research, and the decline of sampling activities have compromised their integrity. Can digitisation offer solutions to these issues? On the one hand, this multidisciplinary Focus explores the role of digital practices in managing natural history collections and the contribution made by the humanities and social sciences. On the other, it examines the impact of ‘digital natural history objects’ on the history of science and museum studies. Topics include the digitisation process, the relationship between physical and digital objects, social aspects of digitisation projects, and potential biases in digital platforms. The contribution of archival sources to the study of natural history collections and decolonising practices are also discussed.

The e-COL+ Project, an Opportunity to Reflect on the Concept of Digital Twin

Abstract The mass digitization efforts associated with the e-COL+ project, focusing on French natural history collections, provide an invaluable opportunity to reassess the need to build a comprehensive 3D digital collection to complement existing 2D digital repositories. This article explores the importance of incorporating 3D data into digital collections, highlighting its significant impact on scientific research, conservation efforts, and public outreach campaigns. Although the e-COL+ project faces practical obstacles related to digitization, it also raises important theoretical questions about the complex interplay between physical and digital objects. Here, we challenge the concepts of digital clone and digital twin that are commonly used in the construction of digital collections. The digital twin concept more accurately captures the intricate and adaptive connection between physical and digital entities that results from the precise digitization techniques used and the evolving characteristics of the specimens found in natural history collections.

Assessing the Effects of Sensory Modality Conditions on Object Retention across Virtual Reality and Projected Surface Display Environments

Haptic feedback reportedly enhances human interaction with 3D data, particularly improving the retention of mental representations of digital objects in immersive settings. However, the effectiveness of visuohaptic integration in promoting object retention across different display environments remains underexplored. Our study extends previous research on the retention effects of haptics from virtual reality to a projected surface display to assess whether earlier findings generalize to 2D environments. Participants performed a delayed match-to-sample task incorporating visual, haptic, and visuohaptic sensory feedback within a projected surface display environment. We compared error rates and response times across these sensory modalities and display environments. Our results reveal that visuohaptic integration significantly enhances object retention on projected surfaces, benefiting task performance across display environments. Our findings suggest that haptics can improve object retention without requiring fully immersive setups, offering insights for the design of interactive systems that assist professionals who rely on precise mental representations of digital objects.

Синхронное взаимодействие распределенных неупорядоченных цифровых объектов

Предложены методы быстрой синхронизации взаимодействия неупорядоченных активных распределенных цифровых объектов, объединенных в группы. Неупорядоченные объекты (не использующие адреса или другие индивидуальные признаки) заменяют обращение к отдельным объектам по адресам обращением к кластерам объектов с указанием общих для таких объектов наборов признаков. Любому количеству объектов доступен одновременный обмен сигналами и сообщениями с любым количеством объектов. Перевод объектов в синхронное состояние выполняется однотактно, посылкой объектами единственного сигнала синхронизации, и затем поддерживается в течение заданного времени. Основной вид связей между объектами — беспроводные каналы, с передачей по ним оптических или радиосигналов. Нарушение синхронизации объекты восстанавливают собственными действиями. Объекты могут быть стационарными и мобильными. Основные особенности структуры связей объектов — одновременная видимость состояния всех объектов любым объектом группы и одновременная доставка на вход любого объекта сообщений группы объектов с побитной синхронизацией.

Agricultural policy in the field of innovation and digitalization of agricultural exports: legal framework

The article highlights the issues of the state agriculturalpolicyonthedevelopmentofinformation and innovative agricultural relations in the field of digitalization of agricultural exports (hereinafter - agroexport). The peculiarities of the pilot project on verification of agro-industrial complex entities under martial law are clarified. It is emphasized that the verification of agro-exporters is aimed at developing agrarian information and innovation relations, widespread use of digitalization in the agricultural sector, strengthening the rule of law and overcoming bureaucratic obstacles in all areas of agricultural production, and minimizing the corruption element in agricultural export relations. To be included in the list of verified agricultural entities, an entity must have a special legal personality, the elements of which are: the status of an agricultural producer; experience in exporting agricultural products; registration in the State Agrarian Register; financial stability; and systematic economic activity. The author determines that the State Agrarian Register is an intangible asset in the form of a complex digital object which combines a computer program and a non-original database. It is accounted for and administered by the state. Intellectual property rights to this Register belong to the state. The registration of entities in the State Agrarian Register creates a potential opportunity for agribusinesses to timely submit applications for state support, as well as permits, conduct their own verification as an agro-export entity, etc. The digitalization of such data is the basis for the opening of electronic agricultural markets, including digital agricultural exports. Given the potential of digital trade, the author argues that it is expedient to support the further filling and functioning of the State Agrarian Register and verification of agro-exporters as prerequisites for the further development of digital agrarian legal relations. It is emphasized that the digitalization of agricultural production is an additional factor for expanding the markets for national agricultural products. Thus, due to the introduction of digitalization into the production process, a future consumer of agricultural products (regardless of their location in the world) can potentially track the entire process - from the selection of high- quality seeds to finished products.

A meta-network analysis of methodological specifications for system dynamics modelling application in agricultural food systems

This paper aims to review existing applications of system dynamics modelling in agricultural food systems and draw insights from the various modelling procedures in order to highlight best-practice guidelines on methodological specifications for SD modelling. A meta-network analysis was used to identify existing studies that have applied SD modelling in agriculture. Using an algorithm that automatically clusters closely connected research articles based on Boolean search strings that look at the title, keywords, abstract, and digital object identifier (DOI) of the journal articles, 354 journal articles were selected for in-depth content analysis.Based on the synthesised trends, two criteria for determining the type of modelling process and model type to apply for the model conceptualisation step are: (i) the immediate end goal of the modelling process, and (ii) data availability. Participatory modelling is appropriate when there is limited data and model outputs will inform the implementation of interventions by stakeholders. For action research focusing on well-researched food systems with substantial data available, the semi-participatory modelling process can be adopted, and quantitative SD models can be solitarily used. A key contribution of this paper is the proposed procedure for emergent participatory scenario development within the system dynamics modelling process.

Bridging Academia and Practice with Digital Boundary Objects

ABSTRACT Extant research emphasizes the need for research artifacts to span the academic boundaries, to result in societal benefits. Digital boundary objects (DBOs), with their inherent ability of boundary spanning, are the key to translate research artifacts for non-academic audiences like practitioners. We explore the creation and dissemination of DBOs as a mechanism to bridge the epistemic divide between academics and practitioners. We employ the Gioia methodology and conduct in-depth interviews, netnography and archival data analysis. This method is apt, given our exploratory research objective of understanding the creation of DBOs through the lens of Social Construction of Technology (SCOT) theory. Our findings reveal a three-phase cyclical process model, termed epistemic framing for DBO creation. We identify DBOs as key in bridging the epistemic divide and the novelty of our research lies in identifying the iterative epistemic framing process model that helps in knowledge translation for societal advancement.

AI-PEDURO – Artificial intelligence in pediatric urology: Protocol for a living scoping review and online repository

BackgroundArtificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) methods are increasingly being applied in pediatric urology across a growing number of settings, with more extensive databases and wider interest for use in clinical practice. More than 30 ML models have been published in the pediatric urology literature, but many lack items required by contemporary reporting frameworks to be high quality. For example, most studies lack multi-institution validation, validation over time, and validation within the clinical environment, resulting in a large discrepancy between the number of models developed versus the number of models deployed in a clinical setting, a phenomenon known as the AI chasm. Furthermore, pediatric urology is a unique subspecialty of urology with low frequency conditions and complex phenotypes where clinical management can rely on a lower quality of evidence. ObjectiveTo establish the AI in PEDiatric UROlogy (AI-PEDURO) collaborative, which will carry out a living scoping review and create an online repository (www.aipeduro.com) for models in the field and facilitate an evidence synthesis of AI models in pediatric urology. Methods and AnalysisThe scoping review will follow PRISMA-ScR guidelines. We will include ML models identified through standardized search methods of four databases, hand-search papers, and user-submitted models. Retrieved records will be included if they involve ML algorithms for prediction, classification, or risk stratification for pediatric urology conditions. The results will be tabulated and assessed for trends within the literature. Based on data availability, models will be divided into clinical disease sections (e.g. hydronephrosis, hypospadias, vesicoureteral reflux). A risk assessment will be performed using the APPRAISE-AI tool. The retrieved model cards (brief summary model characteristics in table form) will be uploaded to the online repository for open access to clinicians, patients, and data scientists, and will be linked to the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) for each article. Discussion and ConclusionWe hope this living scoping review and online repository will offer a valuable reference for pediatric urologists to assess disease-specific ML models' scope, validity, and credibility to encourage opportunities for collaboration, external validation, clinical testing, and responsible deployment. In addition, the repository may aid in identifying areas in need of further research.

DoeDat: Enhanced Roundtripping of Crowdsourced Specimen Annotations

The DoeDat platform was launched by Meise Botanic Garden in 2018 to capture label data from imaged herbarium specimens by inviting volunteer contributors (Groom et al. 2018). It has since facilitated data capture from specimens of other natural history collections (Helminger et al. 2020, Mitrache et al. 2023), as well as digitised content from various other disciplines, such as historical photographs, posters and postcards. Volunteers may simply transcribe handwritten and/or typed text, but often also interpret the sparse and scattered information on the image, including trying to georeference its original location. As of April 2024, almost 650.000 tasks have been completed, of which more than 470.000 were herbarium specimens from Meise. DoeDat supports domain standards, including Darwin Core, and follows most of the currently drafted MIDS (Minimum Information about a Digital Specimen) guidelines as to what data is captured for natural history specimens. However, images have to be pre-loaded into the server storage for each project and captured data gets exported as one or more CSV files per project. These data files then still need to be processed before they can be ingested into the local management system (Engledow et al. 2023). Often the data are also subjected to additional quality control before they get openly published. This can result in the pipeline from image to openly published annotations being quite time and labour-consuming. As the biodiversity infrastructure landscape moves more towards FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable) open data, DoeDat will adapt accordingly. This includes digital objects that are easy to annotate. Furthermore, image servers following IIIF (International Image Interoperability Framework) greatly standardise the access and portability of media content, drastically changing the way images are being dealt with. We envision upgrading the DoeDat platform to load images and any required metadata as IIIF manifests, greatly streamlining the process of adding new content and tracking provenance. The transcriptions should be accessible for external systems, loading the updated image manifests and publishing them as annotations such as nanopublications.

The Future of Referencing Specimens Is Near: Cite the Digital Specimen DOI

Specimens are often mentioned in scholarly publications or data infrastructures by referencing the local identifiers attached to the objects held in specimen collections. However, these are often only unique to the issuing institution and not resolvable. Transforming these into globally unique identifiers, such as the 'Darwin Core Triplet' constructed from codes that specify the institution, the collection and the accession or catalog number, is an imperfect solution. These cannot be unambiguously validated nor be dereferenced (Guralnick et al. 2015, Groom et al. 2019), are vulnerable to human error, and rely on accession numbers that sometimes change over time. Earlier approaches to give specimens globally unique and resolvable identifiers had limited success (Page 2009). Attaching labels with new identifiers is too costly and time consuming, apart from digital infrastructure challenges. The Digital Extended Specimen is a new object on the internet, containing all known information about the specimen, thus acting as a surrogate for the physical object. To distinguish it from its physical counterpart, it needs a new identifier, which also provides a solution to unambiguously and persistently refer to specimens. Digital specimens get Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) and Persistent Identifiers, in the infrastructure developed in the BiCIKL project (see deliverable D7.1 and this blog post). Ties to these accession or catalog numbers of physical specimens, allow these local identifiers to change over time, while still persistently resolving to the digital object. DOIs guarantee global uniqueness, persistence and reliable resolution through the oversight of the DOI Foundation and its registration agencies (RAs). DiSSCo, Distributed System of Scientific Collections, is creating a partnership with DataCite RA, where both partners invest to provide Digital Specimen DOIs and enhance their findability, leveraging from their metadata services. This aids the potential of Digital Specimen DOIs to reliably create links with data in other infrastructures, cite individual specimens, and improve the FAIR-ness (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable) of specimen data worldwide. We will present how to use these new DOIs in practice. The use of Digital Specimen DOIs in a publication to reference a specimen is already piloted (Deeleman-Reinhold et al. 2024). All specimen records cited in the publication have been assigned a DOI that points to a digital representation of the specimen, the Digital Specimen, which can evolve over time to become a digital extended specimen by digitally linking it to relevant ecological, environmental, and related data such as the publication itself. The DOIs redirect both to a machine readable and a human readable version and include metadata in the DOI record for machine actionability that is also findable in DataCite Commons. The Crosscite citation formatter offers guidance to users how to cite a Digital Specimen DOI, similar to DOIs that refer to other works.

Understanding the Impact of the Reality-Virtuality Continuum on Visual Search Using Fixation-Related Potentials and Eye Tracking Features

While Mixed Reality allows the seamless blending of digital content in users' surroundings, it is unclear if its fusion with physical information impacts users' perceptual and cognitive resources differently. While the fusion of digital and physical objects provides numerous opportunities to present additional information, it also introduces undesirable side effects, such as split attention and increased visual complexity. We conducted a visual search study in three manifestations of mixed reality (Augmented Reality, Augmented Virtuality, Virtual Reality) to understand the effects of the environment on visual search behavior. We conducted a multimodal evaluation measuring Fixation-Related Potentials (FRPs), alongside eye tracking to assess search efficiency, attention allocation, and behavioral measures. Our findings indicate distinct patterns in FRPs and eye-tracking data that reflect varying cognitive demands across environments. Specifically, AR environments were associated with increased workload, as indicated by decreased FRP - P3 amplitudes and more scattered eye movement patterns, impairing users' ability to identify target information efficiently. Participants reported AR as the most demanding and distracting environment. These insights inform design implications for MR adaptive systems, emphasizing the need for interfaces that dynamically respond to user cognitive load based on physiological inputs.

An interactive R-based custom quantification program for semi-quantitative analysis of triacylglycerols in bovine milk.

The R programming language, RStudio, and open-source software solutions for analysis of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) data have been used with user-written R-based custom quantification programs (CQP) for semi-quantification of triacylglycerols (TAGs) in bovine milk lipid extracts. Using the peak-finding capabilities of the package "xcms" in RStudio, peaks were integrated, and retention times aligned, normalized, and then used for semi-quantitative analysis of a custom set of four extraction internal standards (EISs) and 29 TAG regioisomers using the choice of four analytical internal standards (AISs). Alternating stereospecific numbering (sn) 1,3 TAG regioisomers (standards 1, 3, and 5 of six calibration standards) and sn-1,2 TAG regioisomers (standards 2, 4, and 6 of six standards) were used to make a set of six calibration standards, which were used for quantification using a linear fit model, polynomial fit model, power fit model, level-bracketed linear fit, replicate-bracketed polynomial fit, replicate-bracketed power fit, and replicate- and level-bracketed linear fit and response factors. For example, the linear fit for EIS1 gave an unacceptable coefficient of determination (CoD), r2 = 0.9616, whereas the polynomial fit gave r2 = 0.9908 and the power fit gave r2 = 0.9928, while the double-bracketed linear fit gave CoDs of r2 = 0.9960, 0.9848, and 0.9781 for the three brackets, yet gave the least % difference to known calibration concentrations. For unparalleled transparency, the CQP produced webpages that allowed every step in the data processing and quantification sequence to be verified and reproduced, and contained interactive figures. The data are publicly available using a digital object identifier (DOI). The R code can be downloaded and used with the downloadable data to reproduce the results, to modify the code and further customize the results, or to copy and paste and adapt the code to other quantification applications.

The Societal Impact of the Papers Published in Blended Learning in Medicine on Social Network Sites: An Altmetrics Study.

Nowadays, blended learning in medicine (BLM) has gained the attention of most experts as an invaluable approach to improving the quality of medical education. The level of attention to articles in this field on social networks is substantial. This study aimed to study the effectiveness of published articles in blended learning, indexed in Scopus and Web of Science databases between 2013 and 2022, from an altmetrics perspective. The research is descriptive-analytical, with a scientometrics approach (using the Altmetrics index). The population includes all the articles on blended learning in medicine, indexed in Scopus and Web of Science databases, two well-known citation databases worldwide. Data were extracted using the Altmetrics bookmarklet tool and analyzed with descriptive statistics methods in Excel software. Out of 1327 articles, 136 articles (10.25%) did not have a digital object identifier (DOI) or PMID number. Mendeley, X (previously Twitter), and Dimensions were the most widely used social networks in blended learning. The United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia had the highest number of tweets in blended learning in medicine. The number of articles with altmetrics indicators, categorized by publication year, demonstrates an improvement in the familiarity and use of social media by blended learning researchers in medicine. Blended learning researchers are advised to carefully select reputable journals - preferably with DOI - to increase the visibility and attention to their articles on social media.

Women in the Metaverse and the gender data gap: a cultural approach

The metaverse is an immersive and interconnected technological environment that we are already a part of. We live in a "meta" environment compared to reality, in which the digital world and the analog world continuously intersect in an uninterrupted flow. We are surrounded in our daily lives by digital connections and objects that connect with each other and with the real world, from which they draw data. In the metaverse, whether understood in this broad sense or in a narrow sense, social structures and gender biases are reproduced, with all the elements of intersectionality present in reality, deeply rooted in the socio-cultural context and represented in the data used by algorithmic models. The predominance of men in the fields of study and work in information and communication technologies, where algorithmic models are developed, does not facilitate the overcoming of these problems. The data underlying artificial intelligence and the metaverse reflect the gender biases present in work, education, scientific research, journalism, and many other sectors. However, digital technology, artificial intelligence, and the metaverse can offer opportunities to overcome the gender gap.

Illusionism about virtual causation

ABSTRACT The question whether there are virtual objects grows more salient, as virtual reality (VR) technology becomes commercially viable. Arguments for realism about virtual objects rely on virtual causation. This paper argues that current accounts of virtual causation (both realist and irrealist) are inadequate – realists oversimplify the relation between virtual objects, virtual events, and their digital counterparts, while irrealists conflate virtual objects with their on-screen representations. Once these issues are rectified, it becomes clear that virtual causation is illusory, because the presumed structure of causal interactions between virtual objects does not map onto the structure of causal interactions between underlying computational objects and processes. Thus, the key realist contention that the causal interactions between virtual objects reveal their identity with the underlying computational objects and processes (digital objects) cannot be sustained. I conclude that an appropriate understanding of virtual causation favours irrealism about virtual objects.

О метаморфозах категориального аппарата и праве обладания цифровым финансовым активом и цифровой валютой

The scientific article is devoted to two interrelated problems: the lack of unity of the categorical apparatus, as well as the emergence of a new right – the right to own a digital object. The analysis of the conceptual apparatus used by the legislator, in particular the concept of the node of the information system, allows us to assert that the terms not always used correctly reflect the essence of the legal phenomenon and correspond to the categorical apparatus already formed in the doctrine and legislation. In this case, the substitution of the concepts of the subject and the object of law is established, where the object of law is endowed with a set of duties. A study of legislation on digital financial assets and digital currency allowed us to conclude that a new right has been consolidated – the right to own a digital object. The right of possession is compared with other powers (the right of possession, the right of holding) and other rights having both an absolute and relative nature. It is proved that the right of possession is characterized by absolutely relative signs. Its content is a truncated right of ownership (without the element of actual possession); the rights of use and disposal. The object of the right of possession can only be intangible objects. It has been proven that a digital currency, like a digital financial asset, has a property right in its content.

Shining a Light on the Specimen Room: Enhancing Global Research on Bird Eggs through Standardized Digital Archives

Bird egg collections in natural history museums are valuable resources for studies such as how birds’ eggs may evolve under different environmental conditions, providing information that is critical in our changing world and of great interest to scientists. However, the millions of bird egg specimens, many collected over 100 years ago, are often not prioritized in digitized archives. To assess the current status of digitized egg specimens, we examined data available on open-source platforms such as iDigBio, based on the Marini et al. (2020) review of egg collections. Millions of bird egg specimens are preserved in museums worldwide, but only about 21% have been digitally cataloged and made accessible on global platforms, mostly from Western countries. While the technology used for extracting features from digital objects has greatly advanced for studying the size, color and spottiness of eggs (e.g., SpotEgg), the digitized specimens may not be formatted to meet the needs for research, thereby limiting their application. For example, among eight museums with digitized collections, images from six include a scale, but only the Yale Peabody Museum also incorporates a color chart with standardized gray patches for calibration (e.g., Calibrite Color Checker). Furthermore, coordinates obtained through georeferencing are essential for studying environmental influences on egg traits. Yet, fewer than half of the specimens (49%) have been georeferenced. Here we demonstrate how properly digitized specimens—using a dark background, adding a scale, and incorporating a standard color chart in the photo—can be utilized to study the evolution of egg color in birds. We urge the adoption of a standard digitization protocol for bird egg collections, the enhancement of georeferencing for the specimens, and the integration of local databases into global platforms to increase accessibility for the scientific community. These procedures should also be implemented at the early stage of the digitization process to maximize the value of digitized specimens.

Creating Edinburgh: diffracting interdisciplinary learning and teaching in the contemporary city

This article follows an experimental interdisciplinary undergraduate course in the busy, unpredictable space of the contemporary city. It locates practice-based research of interdisciplinary higher education in a dynamic learning environment, which is comprised of unpredictable connections between disciplinary perspectives. Following Karen Barad, the aim is to diffract interdisciplinary higher education in order to recognise and work with a multiplicity of meanings and experiences. This article explores an alternative to the dominant model of challenge-based learning in the interdisciplinary classroom. Creating Edinburgh: The Interdisciplinary City is an undergraduate elective offered by Edinburgh Futures Institute at the University of Edinburgh. It provides students with opportunities to explore the city of Edinburgh in small groups of students from a wide range of degree programmes. Groups are invited to engage with a selection of themed fieldwork topics throughout the 11 weeks of the course, visiting specific sites and responding to a series of tasks and questions. These include themes such as Sustainability, Decolonisation and Wildness, which are presented as interdisciplinary field topics to explore rather than problems to solve. This article develops a research methodology that sets out to travel with students as they navigate their way through the city during their weekly field trips. Combining first-hand autoethnographic accounts with walking interviews, it offers an insight into interdisciplinary learning and teaching in the expanded field of the contemporary city. Conceiving urban space as an assemblage of digital and non-digital objects, events and activities, members of the research team accompany students during their fieldwork, equipped with audio recorders, cameras and notebooks. The documents of these research journeys are then diffracted within a new materialist framework. The article concludes with questions and prompts for working with the agency and the affordances of a field-based education practice.

Cetacean passive acoustic network in the Belgian part of the North sea

In 2016, a design for detecting harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in the Belgian part of the North Sea (BPNS) was developed in the framework of the LifeWatch project using Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM) loggers. In 2018, the network of deployments fully matured, and eight locations across the BPNS are presently housed with a C-POD (Chelonia Ltd., UK), a PAM logger moored on the seafloor using a multi-use platform. The PAM logger continuously listens for harbor porpoise click trains, but only stores the click parameters. This paper presents the generated data series of harbor porpoise click trains at a minute-resolution and the details on the individual click trains. The field recordings, methodology and processing are described, along with its data curation, integration and quality control. The data are annually published online in a standardized format, accompanied with the metadata description, and labelled with a digital object identifier for traceability. Data are published under a CC-BY license, allowing the use of data under the condition of providing reference to the original source.

Journalistic Images: Contemporary Challenges for Visual Research in Digital Journalism

This article aims to identify contemporary challenges in researching digital journalism images and propose potential outcomes for addressing these challenges. We argue that the analysis of contemporary journalistic photography requires a departure from traditional approaches used for analog images. Instead, it should be viewed within the ever-changing digital ecosystem in which digital journalism circulates and the new forms of creating, sharing, and visualizing its content that arise from platform context and mobile consumption. We have divided these challenges into two categories: the first relates to topics associated with the studied object, and the second pertains to the research process itself. On the one hand, changes in the nature of the photographic medium, its transmission and profusion potentials, shifts in journalistic workflow and labor relations, evolving professional multimedia needs, audience participation, and new forms of consumption are some of the aspects that need to be considered. On the other hand, we also must deal with the ephemeral quality of digital objects and recognize that researching digital objects is inherently intertwined with understanding the digital ecosystem in which these objects exist. Finally, we identify the digital methods-oriented approach as a potential path to addressing these challenges, mainly because of its characteristics of following and adapting to the medium’s logic