Digital Input Research Articles

Quantitative structural and functional assessment of various systems of the body of laboratory animals in hygienic studies

Introduction. The literature analysis of structural and functional indices clearly shows no scientifically based set of quantitative indices. It fails to allow statistical data processing and makes it challenging to assess various levels of impact objectively. The goal was to analyze the literature to select structural and functional criteria-significant indicators and develop their quantitative and point assessment. Material and methods. Based on the literature review, the authors identified indices on the analysis of the histological picture. We developed quantitative morphometric, stereometric, and point scores for various systems of the body including the heart and vascular state in the organs under investigation, small and large intestine, stomach, liver, pancreas, adrenal and thyroid, glands, lungs and bronchi, kidney, testis, spleen, thymus. There were used microscopes with the ability to transmit images to a computer screen display. Authors analyzed 6-month oral exposure of the pesticide carbamate class in doses of 2.5, 5.0, and 20 mg/kg. Results. Based on the literature review, significant structural and functional criteria indices were selected. Authors developed a quantitative assessment for them. For each body, a table is proposed to allow digital input data about indices and their statistical processing. When analyzing the effects of the pesticide on rats at a dose of 20 mg/kg, target organs were identified: the liver, which develops both damage responses and compensatory alterations, and the stomach, which is a violation of the structure of the organ. Moreover, a trend towards changes in the indices in the lungs and colon was also noted. The pesticide doses of 5 and 2.5 mg/kg for these indices of the studied organs were invalid. Conclusion. Quantitative structural and functional indices for the cardiovascular, digestive, pulmonary, excretory, endocrine, immune, and reproductive systems of rats were developed to assess toxic effects.

A cryogenic CMOS chip for generating control signals for multiple qubits

Scaled-up quantum computers will require control interfaces capable of the manipulation and readout of large numbers of qubits, which usually operate at millikelvin temperatures. Advanced complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology is an attractive platform for delivering such interfaces. However, this approach is generally discounted due to its high power dissipation, which can lead to the heating of fragile qubits. Here we report a CMOS-based platform that can provide multiple electrical signals for the control of qubits at 100 mK. We demonstrate a chip that is configured by digital input signals at room temperature and uses on-chip circuit cells that are based on switched capacitors to generate static and dynamic voltages for the parallel control of qubits. We use our CMOS chip to bias a quantum dot device and to switch the conductance of a quantum dot via voltage pulses generated on the chip. Based on measurements from six cells, we determine the average power dissipation for generating control pulses of 100 mV to be 18 nW per cell. We estimate that a scaled-up system containing a thousand cells could be cooled by a commercially available dilution refrigerator. A platform based on complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology operating with qubits close to 100 mK can generate static and dynamic signals for the control of many qubits.

Dams Gate Control Using Programmable Logic Controller and SCADA

This paper is focused on the automation of gates of dam with using the current smart technologies of Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) and SCADA. A dam is an artificial reservoir made to collect a huge volume of water across a river or water body and use it for the purpose of generation of electricity, irrigation, water conservation and stream regulation. Due to uneven rainfall in India, it is not possible for some areas to get regular supply of water or due to their geographical conditions a huge amount of water runoff. So, water collected in the dam is very essential for these areas. Hence, it is necessary to make dams gates automatic for the wise use of available water resource, and increase efficiency of dams that would result in best commercial, agricultural and social benefits. A large number of dams in the world still uses manual system for the controlling of gates of dam, which employs humans for the desired operation, that may have the chances of human error resulting in improper regulation of the stream and also decreases the overall efficiency. To overcome these problems an Automation system is essential that comprises of PLC and SCADA to control the gates of dam by using a single system operation. The operations of dam gates are based on the feedback signals from the level sensors (Digital Input) and float sensor (Analog Input). The forward and reverse operation of dc motor of gates is achieved with the PLC.Ladder programming is used to implement the wholeoperations of this system. SCADA is used for remote monitoring for a number of dams from a central controlling station.

Design and Implementation of an Automated Lighting System

A programmable logic controller is a digitally operated system used in an industrial environment that uses a programmable memory to implement specific functions to control through digital or analogue inputs and outputs of various types of machines. This report used a typical application for PLC's lighting control in a building for an office environment. The proposed design must define an appropriate office with various areas or rooms needing lighting with multiple control signals, the lighting controlled by a Siemens LOGO PLC (type 6ED1 052-1MD00-0BA5). The design has four relay outputs and eight digital inputs configured as analogue inputs. The scheme designed must be unique to meet the minimum requirements, including a provision for emergency evacuation if the radiation levels exceed a critical threshold. The system must use both analogue inputs but used for different purposes, and the analogue input level ranges must be significantly different. The relay logic has controlled by rules derived from an original relay logic using an embedded computer system. It optimises the control tasks to perform rugged designs to withstand vibrations, temperature, humidity, and electrical noise designs that allow a vast expansion. This circuit will be developed and simulated using the LOGO comfort software and then implemented on the PLC hardware. It includes diagrams and a description that clearly describes how the system should operate.

ІНТЕРАКТИВНИЙ ПЛАКАТ ЯК РІЗНОВИД ЕЛЕКТРОННОГО ОСВІТНЬОГО РЕСУРСУ

In the article, the authors explore the electronic educational resource created in the form of interactive electronic posters. The researchers note that an interactive electronic poster cannot be a static illustration or a set of multimedia components; it has to allow the content of the poster to interact with the user. It is also substantiated that interactivity is provided through the use of various interactive elements: links, navigation buttons, areas of text, or digital input. The authors of the article use a concrete example to prove that interactive posters are one of the most effective types of electronic educational resources used in education. During the research, it was considered the model of the electronic educational resource “Mathematics. Formulas”, its structure, navigation, and principles of operation. The main effects of interactivity used in this learning tool are identified and described, in particular the effect of interactivity, such as the ability to open and close relevant records, formulas, figures, which allows activating thinking and attention, promotes better memorization of educational material. The next effect is the ability to make certain images visible or invisible, which allows placing a maximum of information on a website with a limited size. The effect of allowing the image to move along a web page allows focusing on selected elements that belong to the content of this web page. The ability to make entries on the website, as another effect of interactivity, allows a teacher to perform them on the selected website. Another effect of interactivity such as the ability to clear text fields, which saves time in class, is considered. The use of electronic posters with these effects facilitates the process of memorization and study of basic formulas in mathematics by students, facilitates the process of their preparation for external independent assessment, provides an opportunity to independently study the learning material in algebra and geometry, check their knowledge at any convenient time, build your own educational trajectory

Developing CO2 Detecting Device Using Arduino

It should be noted that carbon dioxide is the major one among the greenhouse gases, i.e. it absorbs and holds infrared radiation on Earth. Such a process leads to the temperature increase on the planet, and this, in turn, entails climate change. The project is supposed to construct a prototype of the device for monitoring the content of carbon dioxide in indoor air the C02 monitoring device is developed with the Arduino uno microcontroller board ,and gas module and also humidity and temperature module AM2302,LCD1602. The sensor control program is developed and compiled in the IDE software shell. The MX-Z19 carbon dioxide sensor has 9 pins 3 of which were involved: earth (GND); VCC - connects to pin 5V on the Arduino and is used as a power input; PWM output — used to read data and connect to digital PWM input 10 on the Arduino.

Implementation of the directly-georeferenced hyperspectral point cloud

Before pushbroom hyperspectral imaging (HSI) data can be applied in remote sensing applications, it must typically be preprocessed through radiometric correction, atmospheric compensation, geometric correction and spatial resampling procedures. After these preprocessing procedures, HSI data are conventionally given as georeferenced raster images. The raster data model compromises the spatial-spectral integrity of HSI data, leading to suboptimal results in various applications. Inamdar et al. (2021) developed a point cloud data format, the Directly-Georeferenced Hyperspectral Point Cloud (DHPC), that preserves the spatial-spectral integrity of HSI data more effectively than rasters. The DHPC is generated through a data fusion workflow that uses conventional preprocessing protocols with a modification to the digital surface model used in the geometric correction. Even with the additional elevation information, the DHPC is still stored with file sizes up to 13 times smaller than conventional rasters, making it ideal for data distribution. Our article aims to describe the DHPC data fusion workflow from Inamdar et al. (2021), providing all the required tools for its integration in pre-existing processing workflows. This includes a MATLAB script that can be readily applied to carry out the modification that must be made to the digital surface model used in the geometric correction. The MATLAB script first derives the point spread function of the HSI data and then convolves it with the digital surface model input in the geometric correction. By breaking down the MATLAB script and describing its functions, data providers can readily develop their own implementation if necessary. The derived point spread function is also useful for characterizing HSI data, quantifying the contribution of materials to the spectrum from any given pixel as a function of distance from the pixel center. Overall, our work makes the implementation of the DHPC data fusion workflow transparent and approachable for end users and data providers.•Our article describes the Directly-Georeferenced Hyperspectral Point Cloud (DHPC) data fusion workflow, which can be readily implemented with existing processing protocols by modifying the input digital surface model used in the geometric correction.•We provide a MATLAB function that performs the modification to the digital surface model required for the DHPC workflow. This MATLAB script derives the point spread function of the hyperspectral imager and convolves it with the digital surface model so that the elevation data are more spatially consistent with the hyperspectral imaging data as collected.•We highlight the increased effectiveness of the DHPC over conventional raster end products in terms of spatial-spectral data integrity, data storage requirements, hyperspectral imaging application results and site exploration via virtual and augmented reality.

А CHANNELIZER

The algorithm and test results with the use of FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Array) are described. Using the given algorithm, it is possible to split the digital input wide¬ba¬nd signal into separate frequency bands so that the latter are processed separately. The maxi¬m¬u¬m number of ranges of the split signal is 1024. The presented algorithm has many settings, the parameters of the split of each individual range can be changed during operation in real tim¬e. Typically, the input frequency of the input signal is higher than the sampling rates of the individual bands. This algorithm is mainly used in adaptive radio systems for automatic sig¬n¬a¬l recognition, when it is necessary to study the parameters of incoming signals, divid¬i¬n¬g them into separate ranges and subbands.

An SRAM-Based Multibit In-Memory Matrix-Vector Multiplier With a Precision That Scales Linearly in Area, Time, and Power

A novel interleaved switched-capacitor and SRAM-based multibit matrix-vector multiply-accumulate engine for in-memory computing is presented. Its operation principle is based on first converting an SRAM-stored n-bit weight into a proportional voltage using a pipeline D/A converter built from n+1 equally sized stages. A switched-capacitor stage then multiplies these voltages with an m-bit digital input activation. Finally, the output voltages that correspond to the different multiplication results are accumulated along one column by means of charge-sharing. With our proposed architecture, the required circuit area, computation time, and power consumption scale linearly versus the bit resolution of both the inputs and the weights. Analytical formulas are presented for the energy consumption in both capacitors and switches. Moreover, the impact of fabrication mismatch on analog computation accuracy is examined. The full system architecture is described, and the feasibility is demonstrated, via a full macroimplementation study in 14 nm, detailing area and energy consumption, as well as the overall latency. Finally, a specific design of a 128 × 2048 6 -bit weight and 6-bit input signed matrix-vector multiplication accelerator system in 14 nm is presented, which runs at 2.43 TOP/s at an efficiency of 16.94 TOP/s/W, while using the nominal supply voltage of 0.8 V. If the operands' precision is considered in the metric, then the efficiency becomes 609.7 TOP/s/W.

Time-Domain Digital-to-Analog Converter for Spiking Neural Network Hardware

We propose a new digital-to-analog converter (DAC) for realizing a synapse circuit in mixed-signal spiking neural networks. We refer to this circuit as a “time-domain DAC (TDAC)”. It produces weights for converting a digital input code into voltage using one current waveform. Therefore, the TDAC is more compact than a conventional DAC consisting of many current sources and resistors. Moreover, a TDAC with leak resistance reproduces biologically plausible synaptic responses expressed as alpha functions or dual exponential equations. We also present numerical analysis results for a TDAC and circuit simulation results for a circuit designed using the TSMC 40 nm CMOS process.

Digital Objects: The Legal Peculiarities, the Role and Prospects of Use

Digital assets are increasingly used in civil invoicing, which requires the development and unification of legal standards in the field of the creation and use of digital assets. The main objective of this study is to define digital assets as a legal category and precisely characteristics for the digital objects of other civil objects according to identifications. Methods of analysis of legal standards, collection and study of individual facts, statistical methods, scientific abstraction methods and methods of representation of the archives were used. The study that digital objects are an independent legal category, which is an intangible digital asset that can only be created with the help of modern technologies, my that ownership of digital objects arises from the moment of verification with a verification with a code and the realization of a digital input. in a special transaction log. For the right of inheritance of digital objects, it is necessary to implement a verification of holder verification and identification of digital objects during their creation and disposal.

Об ойратской рукописи «Coqtu zandan» из фонда Российской национальной библиотеки

The article introduces the Oirat handwritten text “Coqtu Zandan” (‘Shining Sandalwood’) from the collections of the Russian National Library. The text “Coqtu Zandan” is a translation of the prayer of repentance common in the Tibetan-Mongolian buddhist tradition, which is read out during the ritual of restoring the sojong vows. This prayer is mentioned under no. 23 (as “bodhi sadv-yin unal namančilaxui kemekü sudur”) in the list of translations of Zaya Pandita Namkhaijamts. The Tibetan original of this work, researchers call the text “Ltung Bshags” or one of the versions of the “Sutra of the Three Piles” (tib. phung po gsum pa’i mdo), included in the collection of the terma-works “Rinchen Terdzo”. The Sanskrit text of the Sutra “Aryatriskandha sūtram” has also reached our time, a digital copy of which is available on the website of the Digital Sanskrit Buddhist Canon Input Project. The publication of parallel Sanskrit and Tibetan Sutra texts within the framework of this article is also very relevant.

Об ойратской рукописи «Coqtu zandan» из фонда Российской национальной библиотеки

The article introduces the Oirat handwritten text “Coqtu Zandan” (‘Shining Sandalwood’) from the collections of the Russian National Library. The text “Coqtu Zandan” is a translation of the prayer of repentance common in the Tibetan-Mongolian buddhist tradition, which is read out during the ritual of restoring the sojong vows. This prayer is mentioned under no. 23 (as “bodhi sadv-yin unal namančilaxui kemekü sudur”) in the list of translations of Zaya Pandita Namkhaijamts. The Tibetan original of this work, researchers call the text “Ltung Bshags” or one of the versions of the “Sutra of the Three Piles” (tib. phung po gsum pa’i mdo), included in the collection of the terma-works “Rinchen Terdzo”. The Sanskrit text of the Sutra “Aryatriskandha sūtram” has also reached our time, a digital copy of which is available on the website of the Digital Sanskrit Buddhist Canon Input Project. The publication of parallel Sanskrit and Tibetan Sutra texts within the framework of this article is also very relevant.

Machine Learning-Assisted PAPR Reduction in Massive MIMO

In this letter, we propose a machine learning (ML) approach to peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction in the downlink channel of the digital Massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) system with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signal. Naturally, substantial PAPR reduction is achieved when the noise after PAPR reduction is distributed in both frequency and spatial domains following the maximum allowed error vector magnitude (EVM). However, such an approach requires time-consuming manual tuning of hyperparameters for each scenario. To overcome this problem, we propose to compute an optimal hyperparameter function. Then we propose an efficient approximation for this function to enable the PAPR reduction based on the classical ML approaches.

A methodology for improving both performance and measurement errors in PIV

Accurate and efficient measurement of fluid velocities in several kind of experiments, has been acquiring high relevance, for several kind of applications. Particle Image Velocimetry is a noninvasive technique which also provides velocity estimates in several points of the measuring region. Regarding the PIV computations, high resolution of the digital input images, may lead to poor performance. There are also many error sources, regarding the PIV setup itself. This paper describes a method aimed both to speeding up the PIV computations, and minimizing the divergences (noise) present in the output velocity fields. The obtained results are promising, obtaining a speedup of up to 55%, with respect to the traditional cross correlation based method, with a comparable precision.

Large Delay Analog Trojans: A Silent Fabrication-Time Attack Exploiting Analog Modalities

This article presents large delay-based analog Trojan circuits, a new class of analog Trojans that can be interfaced with digital and analog macros to launch fabrication-time hardware attacks. Two different circuit topologies of analog Trojan are presented, which can generate a delayed trigger output after two days and 60 ms, respectively, when implemented in 65-nm CMOS technology. The large delay is achieved using the transistor’s gate-oxide leakage current or a diode’s reverse saturation current in combination with the Miller capacitance-based circuits. The proposed analog Trojans can operate across multiple on-chip power domains and can be launched without any digital input signal, making their detection challenging. They show very limited variation in side-channel parameters, which makes them harder to detect through side-channel analysis. In addition, the proposed designs have a small area footprint of $55.5 ~\mu m^{2}$ and $28 ~\mu m^{2}$ , respectively, and can be easily concealed on-chip. We also demonstrate an attack launched using these Trojans to construct a “kill-switch” that disables the power management unit of an IC. Process and temperature variations were also investigated to assess their impact on the design. We implemented the thick-oxide gate leakage modeling to study the robustness of the proposed Trojan design. We also present the long-term potential threat of these Trojans where the output trigger signal is generated after an even larger delay.

Lidar system based on lens assisted integrated beam steering.

We present a demonstration of solid-state light detection and ranging (Lidar) at 1550 nm by applying integrated two-dimensional (2D) lens assisted beam-steering (LABS) technology. LABS has O(logN) power consumption for N antennas and allows a simple control complexity with digital signal input. A time-of-flight coaxial Lidar is demonstrated with this beam-steering technology. The integrated beam-steering chip and lens both transmit and receive the light. The Lidar has 16 scanning angles, 19.5 m ranging distance, and a 3 cm ranging error. This Letter proves the potential application of 2D LABS in Lidar and paves the way for a fully integrated Lidar system.

Revisiting Consumer-Responses Models: Are Suitable for Post-Millennials?

Some influential authors have hardly criticized the traditional marketing consumer-responses models because these approaches would be hypothetical. To test these consumer-responses models, we surveyed 539 Chilean post-millennials, asking them about their prime motivations at the time of clicking on digital ads on their mobile devices (phones, laptops, or personal computers). We displayed three possible outcomes/responses to respondents, based on the traditional marketing consumer-responses approaches: a) knowing about the characteristics of a product or service through an informative ad, b) feeling a pleasant sensation through an attractive ad, and c) making a rapid purchase through a temporary offer or price promotion, with expiration time. We asked subjects about how many times they bought something after receiving different digital advertising inputs. According to our results, respondents tended to click more on behavioural ads, designed to trigger a rapid purchase, than on informative or affective ones. Our regression analysis demonstrated that owning a smartphone increased significantly the number of times Gen Zers bought after being exposed to a digital ad.

Design of Automatic Door Lock Control System Library Nurul Jadid University Based On Arduino Uno R3 and QR-Code

The Nurul Jadid University Library (UNUJA) currently requires valid visitor data, because the number of visitors is an indicator of library performance in terms of disciplining staff / employees. For this reason, the UNUJA library requires an automatic library door lock control system using Arduino Uno and QR-Code. In designing tools, Arduino Uno and QR-Code are integrated with the library database application. Based on testing and analysis, it can be obtained that the success rate of testing tools in reading QR-code is 100 percent. The conclusion is that the assembly of the library door lock control system based on Arduino Uno and integrated QR-Code with the database has been able to read digital input and output.

Development of high-performance safety controller for excavator

This article describes the development of one high-performance safety controller for excavators that fulfils SIL2 level complied with IEC 61508 and PL d, Cat.3 level complied with EN ISO 13849. This controller has two microcontrollers, one for standard function and the other for real time diagnostic via the cross communication, it include various functionalities like digital input, digital output, analogue input and PWM output. The embedded software is divided into two parts: safety related part and non-safety related part. These two parts are totally isolated to make sure they will not affect each other. This will protect the operators and vehicles form damage because of lack of practical experience or program fleet.