Digital Image Transmission Research Articles

Is sexting bad for adolescent girls’ psychological well-being? A longitudinal assessment in middle to late adolescence

Sexting, the digital transmission of sexual messages and images, has become a topic of increased interest and concern. Drawing largely on cross-sectional studies, the literature on associations between sexting and psychosocial outcomes remains inconsistent. The current longitudinal study investigated associations between adolescent girls’ sexting and two indicators of psychological well-being: symptoms of depression/anxiety and self-esteem. Responses were collected from a panel sample of 859 female Croatian secondary-school students over a 20-month period, across five classroom-based data collection points. Multi-domain latent growth curve modeling indicated that sexting dynamics were unrelated to changes in psychological well-being. Adverse family environment and, to a lesser extent, participants’ peer conformism were related to more frequent sexting and lower levels of psychological well-being. Our findings support the notion that in general adolescent girls’ sexting may be a (non-pathological) part of sexual development during middle to late adolescence in today’s digital age.

DNA Computing Based Encryption Algorithm for Wireless Multimedia Communication System

Transmission of digital images for wireless multimedia communication system requires reliable security in storage which is a challenging task. So many works are carried out to develop and implement the cryptographic techniques for a wireless multimedia communication system. A traditional symmetric key cryptographic algorithm such as Light weight Data Encryption Standard cipher, Advanced Encryption Standard cipher, Triple-DES, Twofish, Blowfish, RC5 etc played a major role to transmit and receive the multimedia (text, image and video) data. Proposed DNA computing based authentication algorithm provides secure transmission of multimedia data by using symmetric key cryptography techniques. DNA computing techniques provides a higher level of security and enables the user to store a large amount of data. Finally, it shows the implemented result analysis the performance of different symmetric key cryptographic techniques using the simulation parameters such as power consumption, key size, processing time, memory space, speed and latency. It also improves the security level by incorporating the advantage of DNA cryptography to achieve a high level of security against various attacks.

Transmission of Images With Ultrasonic Elastic Shear Waves on a Metallic Pipe Using Amplitude Shift Keying Protocol.

Transmission of information using ultrasonic elastic waves on existing metallic pipes provides an alternative communication option across physical barriers in a highly partitioned industrial complex, such as a nuclear facility. This work investigates the feasibility of the transmission of digital images over metallic pipes. Ultrasonic communication systems for transmission of images on a nuclear-grade stainless steel pipe were assembled for bench-scale demonstration. Information carriers in this system are refracted shear waves transmitted and received with piezoelectric transducers (PZTs) operating at 2-MHz nominal frequency. The refraction and propagation of ultrasonic shear waves were modeled with COMSOL software. An amplitude shift keying (ASK) communication protocol for image transmission was developed and implemented in the GNURadio software-defined radio (SDR) environment. Digital information was converted to analog ultrasonic signals using Red Pitaya electronic boards. The performance of the ASK protocol is evaluated at the output of every block in the GNURadio program by monitoring the transmission of select characters. Using the ASK communication protocol, the transmission of the 32-KB image was demonstrated at 2-Kbps bitrate across 6-ft-long stainless steel pipe. Preliminary evaluation of ultrasonic communication on the piping of a nuclear facility, such as signal transmission on bent pipes, was performed with COMSOL computer simulations.

A Fast Chaotic Image Encryption Scheme With Simultaneous Permutation-Diffusion Operation

In this paper, a secure and fast chaotic image encryption scheme with simultaneous permutation-diffusion operation is proposed. We combine permutation and diffusion processes into a whole, namely, simultaneous permutation and diffusion operation (SPDO). This can solve the problem of traditional encryption scheme in which the permutation and diffusion are two independent processes, that leads attackers to crack the two processes separately. In SPDO, the initial value of the current Sine-Sine chaotic map is related to the secret keys and the previous encrypted pixels’ values. In this case, the proposed scheme can generate dynamic key streams and indexes that are related to plaintext, which improves the sensitivity to plaintext for the encryption scheme. In addition, the pixel values are processed by row and column (row-level and column-level) during the encryption procedure. Thus, the proposed scheme presents lower time complexity and faster running speed compared with bit-level or pixel-level image encryption schemes, which makes the proposed scheme be conducive to the batch transmission and real-time transmission of digital images. The simulation results and security analysis show that our scheme can resist common attacks, such as statistical attack, differential attack, chosen plaintext attack and other comprehensive attacks.

Evaluation of Aizawa Chaotic Map in Digital Image Protection

In recent years, great concerns have been raised regarding the issue of digital image protection due to the increasing demand for security services. To meet this challenge, a novel chaos-based approach is suggested in this paper. To address the security and efficiency problems encountered by many existing permutation-diffusion type image ciphers the new scheme utilizes Aizawa chaotic map which enhances the security against known/chosen –plaintext attack. Experimental tests were carried out and the results indicate that the proposed scheme provides an effective and efficient way for real-time secure digital image transmission over unsecured networks.

Image multiplexing using residue number system coding over MIMO-OFDM communication system

<p>Image transmission over Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) communication system is prone to distortion and noise due to the encountered High-Peak-to-Average-Power-Ratio (PAPR) generated from the OFDM block. This paper studies the utilization of Residue Number System (RNS) as a coding scheme for digital image transmission over Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) – OFDM transceiver communication system. The use of the independent parallel feature of RNS, as well as the reduced signal amplitude to convert the input signal to parallel smaller residue signals, enable to reduce the signal PAPR, decreasing the signal distortion and the Bit Error Rate (BER). Consequently, improving the received Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and enhancing the received image quality. The performance analyzed though BER, and PAPR. Moreover, image quality measurement is achieved through evaluating the Mean Squared Error (MSE), Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), and the correlation values between the initial and retrieved images. Simulation results had shown the performance of transmission/reception model with and without RNS coding implementation.</p><p> </p>

Medical Image Encryption Using Modified Identity Based Encryption

The development of technology and communication also affects the level of security needed for digital image transmission. It is known that digital images now have important meanings in both communication and video conference. In this paper, we propose a security method for medical encryption in the form of images. The proposed method is implemented in the modified Identity-Based Encryption scheme. The encryption algorithm used is Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) to generate key pairs and the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) to generate symmetric keys and encrypt process. This method has been tested based on computation time, histogram analysis and statistical analysis. The results of the test were obtained that the proposed method was resistant to multiple attacks despite having slower computing time. The proposed compute time error percentage is 1.69% for key generator stages and 0.07% for total compute time at the encrypt-decrypt stage.

Secure color image cryptosystem based on chaotic logistic in the FrFT domain

Recently, the digital multimedia security technology has been an interesting research theme due to fast advancement in employing real time multimedia through Internet and wireless networks. The market of multimedia streaming, such as exclusive video on demand (VoD) is a huge multi- billion-dollar market. This market is threatened by hackers. The multimedia streaming industry needs a cryptosystem that is both fast and secure. Chaotic cryptosystems have been proposed by many researchers in order to promote communication security. However, these chaotic schemes have some major problems, such as unacceptable expansion of data, slow performance speed, and shortcomings against differential attack. Therefore, this paper provides an efficient Fractional Fourier Transform (FrFT)-based logistic map (LM) color image encryption scheme by applying a 2D LM on FrFT. In the proposed FrFT-based LM color image encryption scheme, the 2D LM is employed as a confusion step to scramble the color image pixel positions in the FrFT and confuse the relationship between the cipherimage and the plainimage. For enhancing the encryption performance characteristics of the 2D LM under the FrFT, the angle of the FrFT is taken as an extra additional key in encryption. The proposed FrFT-based LM color image encryption scheme is examined and investigated using visual inspection, entropy, histograms, encryption quality, noise tests, and differential analysis. The obtained simulation tests demonstrate and verify the effectiveness of the FrFT-based LM color image encryption scheme. Moreover, our results also show a significant improvement in the performance of the confusion property with our proposed 2D LM encryption scheme using the FrFT. Also, we compared the proposed cryptosystem with recent state-of-the-art cryptosystems. Experimental results show that our proposed image cryptosystem is highly secure from the cryptographic point of view. Furthermore, the obtained test results ensured the superiority of our proposed cryptosystem for digital image transmission compared to the recent state-of-theart cryptosystems.

A Comparative Study of Dynamic Fracture of Soda-Lime Glass Using Photoelasticity, Digital Image Correlation and Digital Gradient Sensing Techniques

The dynamic fracture of high-stiffness and low-toughness materials such as soda-lime glass (SLG) typically involves crack initiation and growth prior to branching, underlying mechanics of which is not yet fully understood. Investigation of this issue using full-field optical techniques face numerous spatio-temporal challenges since crack speeds in these materials reach 1500 m/s or more and are accompanied by highly localized deformations. However, often it is tacitly assumed that most optical methods are equally capable of studying this challenging problem and it turns out not to be true. To this end, three prevalent optical techniques - transmission photoelasticity, 2D Digital Image Correlation (DIC) and transmission Digital Gradient Sensing (DGS) - are implemented concurrently to visualize crack-tip fields and quantify fracture characteristics associated with crack initiation, crack growth and macroscopic crack bifurcation in SLG plates subjected to nominally identical loading in three separate experiments. Each method is implemented in conjunction with ultrahigh-speed (1 Mfps) photography, flash/pulse illumination, and a modified-Hopkinson pressure bar for impact loading of specimens. The feasibility of measuring fracture parameters and imposed force histories along with the pros and cons of each approach for this material system are examined.

Telepathology and second opinion for cancer diagnosis in sub-Saharan French-speaking countries

Abstract Many healthcare disparities can be described to explain cancer prevalence differences between developed and developing countries. Telepathology, telemedicine declination consisting in the transmission of digital images from a classical optical microscope combined with a digital camera linked to a computer, could offer a healthcare solution by enabling efficient communication between physicians and reinforcing multidisciplinary approaches. This study evaluated a pilot telepathology project using the ‘i-Path’ platform in Sub-Saharan French-speaking countries. This is a descriptive retrospective study. This study was made in two steps: (1) quantitative description of the platform’s use by the pathologists group and (2) qualitative evaluation of the users’ perception of the pilot project. From October 2009 to March 2018, 226 cases were submitted; 86·3% of them (n = 195) were analyzable. More than 30 experts in surgical pathology of 12 different countries were involved in the network. The average turnaround-time was less than one day. The main highlighted obstacles were the lack of time to submit cases and internet connection problems. Discussions on i-Path lead to a useful second opinion for 67·7% (n = 132) of the cases. The major part of second opinion was in favor of lymphoma (32·6%). Regarding children, lymphoma represent half of the second opinion (50·7%). The inter-observers agreement between first interpretation and second opinion was κ = 0·36, and κ = 0·58 after excluding non-diagnosed cases at submission. Even if some improvements can be made, we concluded that the project was satisfying and workable and it could be extended to other applications. Key messages Dialogue between expert in multiple LMIC is feasible with telepathology network and, as 1st diagnosis assessment is not always sure, telepathology help for 2nd opinion. Centers’ use of the telepathology system are different but the discussion between experts still provide a 2nd opinion in favor of a precise diagnosis.

Document Image Compression using DC-DWT

Scanned Document Image compression is an important technology for digital image transmission and storage. This study proposes a unique image compression system based on discrete curvelet transform & discrete wavelet Transform (DC-DWT) with a varying pixels position. The discrete wavelet and the Curvelet transform technique, which because of their outcomes and characteristics, DWT and CT are the most suitable technology for the varied field of image processing. The position of a pixel in the document images and the high-impact components are handled using the curve let transform technique during the compression of the JPEG image. The Cuckoo search algorithm is used for image enhancement. Depending on two primary criteria checks, excellent outcomes were achieved; the compression ratio and the quality of recreated scan document.

Image Compression using Different Vector Quantization Algorithms and Its Comparison

Image compression techniques are presented in this paper which can be used for storage and transmission of digital lossy images. It is mostly important in both multimedia and medical field to store huge database and data transfer. Medical images are used for diagnosis purposes. So, vector quantization is a novel method for lossy image compression that includes codebook design, encoding and decoding stages. Here, we have applied different lossy compression techniques like VQ-LBG (Vector quantization- Linde, Buzo and Gray algorithm), DWT-MSVQ (Discrete wavelet transform-Multistage Vector quantization), FCM (Fuzzy c-means clustering) and GIFP-FCM (Generalized improved fuzzy partitions-FCM) methods on different medical images to measure the qualities of compression. GIFP-FCM is an extension of classical FCM and IFP-FCM (Improved fuzzy partitions FCM) algorithm with a purpose to reward hard membership degree. The presentation is assessed based on the effectiveness of grouping output. In this method, a new objective function is reformulated and minimized so that there is a smooth transition from fuzzy to crisp mode. It is fast, easy to implement and has rapid convergence. Thus, the obtained results show that GIFP-FCM algorithm gives better PSNR performance, high CR (compression ratio), less MSE (Mean square error) and less distortion as compared to other above used methods indicating better image compression.

Lossless JPEG-Huffman Model for Digital Image Compression

The transmission of digital images has been bedevilled with limitation of storage and bandwidth capacities. One of the common strategies to resolving this limitation is to perform pre-transmission compression on the images. In this research, a lossless Joint Photography Expert Group (JPEG) and Huffman algorithms-based model for digital image compression is proposed. The lossless JPEG component of the model was used to perform Differential Pulse Coding Modulation (DPCM) on the pixels while adaptive Huffman coding was used for quality improvement and standardization. The implementation was carried out in an environment characterized by Windows 10 with Visual Basic as frontend on Personal Computer with 4 GB RAM, 500 GB ROM and 2.2 Ghz Core i3 Processor. The experimental images used for testing the algorithms were acquired from Signal and Image Processing Institute in the University of Southern California (USC-SIPI). Camera (Nikon D7000) and Geographical Information System (GIS) images were also used. Quantitative analyses of the experimental results and performance evaluation using Compression Ratio (CR), Bits per pixel (Bpp), Maximum Difference (MD), Mean Square Error (MSE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Peak Signal Noise Ratio (PSNR), Average Difference (AD) and Structural Content (SC) were carried out. The analyses showed good compression rates and ratios for the proposed model. The superiority of the integrated model over some existing and related ones is also established.

Strain Accommodation in a Superelastic NiTi Alloy: A High Resolution Digital Image Correlation and Transmission Electron Microscopy Study

Strain Accommodation in a Superelastic NiTi Alloy: A High Resolution Digital Image Correlation and Transmission Electron Microscopy Study

Security Authentication of Dual Chaotic Image Watermarking in Spatial Domain with Spatial and Frequency Domain Characteristics Analysis

This article presents an advanced dual chaotic watermarking scheme to improve information security. To ensure confidentiality in digital image transmission, a secure dual watermarking scheme is proposed by applying the chaotic logistic system and hyper-chaotic dynamical system. Chaotic watermarking was conducted in the spatial domain, where suboptimal secure hashing with a variable length was selected in preprocessing stages. The secret key was generated by the chaotic sequence for pixel shuffling using a chaotic logistic map, so that a controlled amount of distortion was inserted into the host digital image. Watermarking was proceeded after the chaotic watermark had been embedded into the shuffled image. To strengthen the security, the hyper-chaotic system was used to generate chaotic blocks for block scrambling in order to achieve dual chaotic watermarking. Characteristics analysis was conducted for multiple examples in both spatial and frequency domains. Potential effects induced by the chaotic driving parameter on processing time and integrity authentication of chaotic dual watermarking were also analyzed in detail.

A New RSA Image Encryption Algorithm Based on Singular Value Decomposition

There have been many ways to construct an algorithm to encrypt image. Most often the algorithms are based on DNA sequence or other methods. In this paper, we proposed a new method which is based on singular value decomposition. In this approach, we can encrypt a small portion of the data through RSA encryption algorithm. The strength of the proposed method is insured through various statistical and security analysis. It shows that the algorithm has good encryption effect and higher encryption efficiency, which can be applied to the storage and network transmission of military, medical and other digital images.

Fragile watermarking for copyright authentication and tamper detection of medical images using compressive sensing (CS) based encryption and contourlet domain processing

With the rapid growth in communication and computing technologies, transmission of digital images and medical images over the Internet is on the rise. In such scenario, there is a special need to meet the security and privacy issues and challenges of an individual and Intellectual Property (IP) owners. It is highly important for an individual to keep his/her personal images against invalid manipulation by the impostors. Hence developments of authentication and tamper detection techniques are the need of the hour. In this paper, a new hybrid non-blind fragile watermarking technique is proposed for tamper detection of images and for securing the copyrights of sensitive images. A combination of Compressive Sensing (CS) theory, Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), and Non-Subsampled Contourlet Transform (NSCT) are employed to achieve security, high embedding capacity, and authenticity. In this technique, the requirements are achieved by inserting encrypted watermark in lower frequency contourlet coefficients of cover images. The experimental results prove that this proposed technique provides high security, high imperceptibility, authenticity and tamper detection of various common signal processing and geometrical attacks.

A secure image encryption algorithm based on fractional transforms and scrambling in combination with multimodal biometric keys

In today’s digital world, security is a preeminent element in the transmission of digital images. In this paper, image encryption algorithm is proposed using fractional transform and scrambling along with multimodal biometric keys. For unauthorized persons, it is very difficult to retrieve the biometric keys. Firstly, both iris and fingerprint binary codes are XORed and given to the original image. This randomized image is secured using fractional order as a key. The significant feature of fractional transforms benefits from its extra degree of freedom that is provided by its fractional orders. The fractional order is calculated from the iris key. To make the encryption more confusing, scrambling is used to shuffle the position of pixels. Experimental results like histogram analysis, correlation analysis, peak signal-to-noise ratio, mean square error, structural similarity index measure, spectral distortion, information entropy, key sensitivity analysis, differential attacks and spoofing attacks verify the efficacy of proposed algorithm.

Implementation of Cryptographic Approach for Image Transmission with Security

In this paper an approach for secured transmission of images and its implementation is being proposed. The proposed method proves to be better compared to various presently existing cryptographic algorithms. The basic application of this algorithm is to provide secured transmission of digital images for various multimedia usages. These encrypted messages can further be used for compact storage of information of patient details which are very much confidently for patient centric approach. The results of the implementation show that the computation time is faster comparatively and it is highly secured and also efficient method for image transmission. The input for demonstration is taken as Lena image on which the Elliptic Curve Cryptography method is applied. The major advantage of this approach is reduced key size.

JPEG-1 standard 25 years: past, present, and future reasons for a success

Digital image capture, processing, storage, transmission, and display are now taken for granted as part of the technology of modern everyday life. Digital image compression is one of the enabling technologies of the present multimedia world. The image compression technique used for application as diverse as photography, web pages, medical imaging, and public records is JPEG, named after the ISO/CCITT “joint photographic experts group,” established in 1986, which developed the technique in the late 1980s and produced the international standard in the early ’90s. ITU-T T.81¦ISO/IEC 10918-1, also called “JPEG-1” has become one of the most successful standards in information and communication technologies (ICT) history. The authors of this paper—all members of the original JPEG development team—were all intimately involved in image-coding research and JPEG in particular. The paper goes behind the scenes explaining why and how JPEG came about and looks under the bonnet of the technique explaining the different components that give the standard of its efficiency, versatility, and robustness that have made a technique that has stood the test of time and evolved to cover applications beyond its original scope. In addition, the authors give a short outlook of the main milestones in coding schemes of still images since “JPEG-1.”