Digital Computer Technology Research Articles

Technology in geodesign

Based on an idealized model with six distinguishing criteria of geodesign projects -- large areas, complex issues, and multi-person teams; digital computing, algorithmic processes, and communications technologies; collaborative, information-based projects; timely feedback about impacts and implications of proposals; dynamic modeling and simulation; and systems thinking -- the technological supports required for each of these criteria are described.

Exploring the color of plant powders using computer colorimetry

The question of using a new method of color measurement with the use of contemporary digital computer technology was considered, which implies obtaining, under certain conditions, digital image of the tested sample. The plant powders, explored in the work, contain a number of pigments, which determine both the color of the powder and the color of culinary products, in composition of which they are included. When measuring сolor coordinates of the powders, their restoration with water was conducted, in this case, the restored samples have lower lightness in comparison with the native powder. The difference of change in the value of сolor coordinate L on average decreases by 20 %. The measurement of сolor of prepared meals, which was made with the use of plant powders, showed that they have lower saturation in comparison with the powders, since the pigment concentration decreases. In this case, other ingredients of meals shift the magnitudes of сolor coordinates of lower magnitudes of saturation and lightness towards the lightness of native powder. The exception is the powder from sea buckthorn, the pigments of which are manifested poorly in the restored state. The accessibility of the method makes it possible to use it for evaluating quality, controlling technological process of preparing meals and culinary products using traditional and innovative ingredients, including vegetable and fruit­and­berry powders.

The future (and past) of quantum theory after the Higgs boson: a quantum-informational viewpoint.

Taking as its point of departure the discovery of the Higgs boson, this article considers quantum theory, including quantum field theory, which predicted the Higgs boson, through the combined perspective of quantum information theory and the idea of technology, while also adopting anon-realistinterpretation, in 'the spirit of Copenhagen', of quantum theory and quantum phenomena themselves. The article argues that the 'events' in question in fundamental physics, such as the discovery of the Higgs boson (a particularly complex and dramatic, but not essentially different, case), are made possible by the joint workings of three technologies: experimental technology, mathematical technology and, more recently, digital computer technology. The article will consider the role of and the relationships among these technologies, focusing on experimental and mathematical technologies, in quantum mechanics (QM), quantum field theory (QFT) and finite-dimensional quantum theory, with which quantum information theory has been primarily concerned thus far. It will do so, in part, by reassessing the history of quantum theory, beginning with Heisenberg's discovery of QM, in quantum-informational and technological terms. This history, the article argues, is defined by the discoveries of increasingly complex configurations of observed phenomena and the emergence of the increasingly complex mathematical formalism accounting for these phenomena, culminating in the standard model of elementary-particle physics, defining the current state of QFT.

Detection of Abnormality in Electrocardiogram (ECG) Signals Based on Katz’s and Higuchi’s Method Under Fractal Dimensions

Analysis process of electrocardiogram (ECG) is a major research interests in bio-medical signal processing. The reasons of this interest is the growth of cardiac health care activities all over the world and the rapid progress in digital computer technology which play an essential role to the detection of diseases at various stages from bio medical signals. The assessment process of diagnostic results for these bio medical signals heavily depends upon quantity, accuracy and speed. Computer based analysis is very useful in clinical therapy. In this Paper a method of analysis (ECG) signals using fractal features have been proposed and practical experiments have done to show that this method provides a good electronic diagnosis pattern for cardiac abnormality because it has been used by some specialist doctors to diagnose various types of diseases with accuracy. By the fact that ECG signals show a fractal patterns, it has been tried to find out a comparison between Katz’s and Higuchi’s method under fractal dimension (FD) of the ECG time series in a feature extraction phase. All ECG signals have been acquired from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MITBIH) arrhythmia database. The obtained results confirm the superiority of the Katz’s and Higuchi’s method to identify cardiac abnormality as compared to traditional one which is analyses of ECG signals based on morphology features and three ECG temporal features.(i.e. the QRS complex duration, the RR interval and the RR interval averaged over the ten last beats).

Kuidas paberi kõrval hakati bitte ja baite säilitama? Digitaalse info säilitamise areng [Abstract: How to start preserving bits and bytes in addition to paper? Development of preserving digital information

Digital communication is the foundation of the contemporary social information system. One of the functions of social information systems is the preservation of information and guaranteeing its existence and usability. Preservation could hereby be defined as a function that provides continuance to the information system. On the one hand, preservation of digitally presented information is related to technological developments, however, on the other hand, it also relates to social and cultural processes. Whereas the technical aspect of preservation has been widely dealt with, then its relation to wider social processes has been neglected. Also, parallels can be drawn between digital preservations and preservation of other objects. First, the focus was on objects carrying digital information and their preservability. Initially there were also doubts regarding the preservation of information presented in a new way. Many preservation specialists were convinced up to the mid-1970s that electronic information was suitable for preservation only if its content had been saved in paper or microfilm. Information establishments are always quite conservatively-minded about new mediums and proceed from previously established practices when preserving them. The situation was different in the establishments which dealt with computer-readable information carriers, i.e. in data archives As data archives only focused on collecting, processing and preserving computerreadable information, then it was there where corresponding information systems and the practices for using them developed. It is a good example of how a new technology is implemented faster and without any Principel contradictions in the systems where it is founded from the scratch. The knowledge and experience gathered in data archives did not start to Spreed until the 1990s. At the beginning of the 1980s, it became clear that the physical life span of data carriers is a rather insignificant factor from the point of view of preserving digital information. What was perceived as the main problem, however, was ensuring the availability of devices needed to use the data carriers. In addition to the aging of technical devices, the existenceof different data search formats and their relatively fast alteration were emphasised. It was understood that information system should be teated as a whole and it needed to be made sure from which parts of the system digital data should be collected from and preserved. In this context, it was even discussed as “liberation from the tyranny of the medium”; i.e. in preservation, what becomes the focus is the information itself, not its different physical carriers. It is a very significant conceptual shift in the entire field of preservation. It is recognised that information is related to the functioning of all information systems, it can be found in all systems, and digital information is considerably less connected to its specific physical carrier, in comparison with the so-called classical information carriers, such as books, documents, photos, etc. In case of digital information objects, the relation between the carrier (medium) and information itself is notably more ephemeral. Information presented in digital format is dependent on an entire chain of encoding and decoding stages and the information presented to a person is recreated at the moment of its presentation. Digital computing and communication technologies have developed rapidly and for the time being, problems related to preserving information have not played an important role in this development. There are several institutions in the society engaged in creating, managing and using digital information: libraries, archives, museums, hardware and software manufacturers, research institutions, government institutions etc. All these establishments have very different specific interests and fields of specialty, which makes it very difficult to match and coordinate them. At the same time, the preservation of digital information relevant for the society is dependent on the information system which is formed in the course of cooperation between different institutions and individuals. KEYWORDS: information systems, digital information, digital preservation, history of digital preservation.

Application of Computer Digital Technology in Orthopedic Treatment

The application of computer digital technology in orthopedic treatment is studied. In the field of orthopedic therapy, computer digital technology need to be applied to process of collecting the lesion area to provide the basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment. This paper presents an orthopedic lesion region image segmentation method based on linear analysis algorithm, this method can be adopted to segment orthopedic lesion region effectively, precise location and lesion extent of lesion area obtained to provide data to support the clinical diagnosis. Experimental results show that orthopedic lesion area image segmentation method based on​​ linear analysis algorithm applied to the process of orthopedic treatment, can improve the cure rate efficiently.

Research on Learning in a Digitalized Environment

The fast development of computer digital technology has brought profound revolution to various fields of human life, so as the learning mode of students, which has turned digitalized and diversified. Digitalized learning applies text, audible pictures, audio, video and some other media materials comprehensively, from which, students can select the content that he or she is interested to study without restrained by time and space, to realize a diversified, multi-level self-development. Due to its characteristics of flexibility, swiftness and strong interaction, digitalized learning is favored by a wide range of learners. This article is about the research on learning mode in digitalized environment which is stated from several aspects, such as the theory foundation, general features, basic mode, and analysis of the main problems.

Corneal Image Analysis and Information Management System Based on Slit Lamp

With the development of digital image processing technology and computer technology, the capturing and processing of anterior segment image by computer to acquire feature information is possible. This paper captures the anterior eye segment by slit lamp, and then uses image processing technology to preprocess, extract the edge and fit the edge of the captured image. At the same time the paper establishes the information management system based on SSH framework, which can register patient information, manage patient files and images, and finally realize the paperless medical procedure.

Digital Library and Cloud Computing Technology

This article analyzes the concept of cloud computing, the concept and difficulties of digital library, and the cloud on the Digital Library from the information resources, users, workers and facilities. Cloud computing has brought us a new perspective to look at the current resource-sharing problem, cloud computing can be applied to digital library resources to improve information sharing capabilities and improve resource utilization. Our results show that a cloud implementation may be a feasible alternative for its continued operation and growth.

TRADITIONAL ORNAMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF MODERN TECHNOLOGIES

Problem of interaction of modern computer technologies and national it is decorative - applied art now is extremely actual because manual creative activity gradually dies the modern person and is replaced with the mechanized technologies, thereby breaking continuity of transfer and preservation of traditional bases of craft. It causes novelty of research. The main objective of this research consists in comparison of creation of a national ornament by means of computer technologies and traditional drawing by a hand. In research the general scientific system approach, allowed to apply rather - historical and art criticism methods of the analysis was used. In article it is considered the traditional ornamental structures bearing ancient cult symbolic, though lost the semantic value, but nevertheless found reflection in modern vital space surrounding the person. Interaction of modern technologies and innovative changes in ornament creation, connection of manual creative activity of the master with digital computer technologies is considered. In the course of research came to such conclusions that refusal of improvement in any kind of production, in particular, in folk art, will lead to decrease in production and further to full fading. At creation of a traditional ornament computer technologies increase the speed of creation of the image that respectively reduces labor input and increases accuracy and accuracy performed by. Creation of traditional ornaments by means of computer graphics allows to consider features of technology of reproduction of the ornamental line in different types of a material.

Computer Assisted Implant Size Detection Algorithm for Total Hip Arthroplasty

Pre-operative planning is very important in the process of a Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA) because it is a method for determining the size and optimal implant position. Currently, a manual implant size detection technique of trial and error is used to determine the appropriate implant size for patients. By taking the full advantage of the digital X-ray and computer technology, we have introduced the new algorithm for implant size detection in THA pre-operative planning. This algorithm enables the surgeon to detect a digital femoral VERSYS stem and TRILOGY acetabular implant size automatically, then digitally overlay them over the digital X-ray image. A total of ten X-ray patients were randomly selected to test the accuracy and effectiveness of the developed algorithm. Results showed this algorithm predicted stem component size well, with 80% within ±1 size and acetabular component was predicted slightly better with 90% within ±2 component size.

Creando historias interactivas para construir microsites 2.0: la actitud cautivadora de un nuevo código visual

Traditionally, most advertising professionals from around the world have been converting the pace set by technology. For many decades in a progressive manner, succeeding each other in an almost natural. However, since the beginning of the century, this gradual escalation has been turning up in the frenzy that is reflected at the end of the first decade. Simultaneity when occupying the roles of transmitter and receiver, and the immediacy of the Internet as a channel itself, have definitely broken all the schemes of classical theories of information and communication. Bidirectionality has been replaced by the user multidirectionality you download, edit and create content themselves or others. Meanwhile, the talent of the current advertising implies a holistic review of their attitudes and skills. If the hypothesis suggested by the alleged existence of microsites advanced 2.0, presents the final conclusion as mere office work (typical of the convergence between advertising and digital computing technology). Can we measure its real impact?

AUTOMATED CONTROL OF CHARGE FORMATION ON THE SINTER BELT

The article considers the possibility of automation of the charge formation when the number of points of direct control is limited, and the operational conditions of the equipment are rapidly changing under the influence of external factors. It is reasonably to construct modern automation systems of sinter production, using the digital computer technologies, which are based on the mathematical models of technological processes. The application of the distribution models of charge particles of various chemical and granulometric composition, and its effect on gas-dynamic regime of sinter machine and sinter strength, underlie the creation of the predictive algorithm of the properties of emerging layer. On the basis of the algorithm, the application program was designed to work in real-time and adviser modes. The algorithm has got approval in actual time as an adviser of technological personnel.

Computer Digital Technology on the Development of Graphical Interfaces

graphic user interface and digital products as a user interface for interactive operations, will undoubtedly become the key to improving the user experience. "Man-machine interface design" as a new and important subject, in a profound impact on computers, mobile phones, PDA, tablet touch device development, the rapid development of computer digital technology and new products are emerging also graphics interface of the far-reaching change.

Sovietization of Czechoslovakian Computing: The Rise and Fall of the SAPO Project

After World War II, Antoni¿n Svoboda returned to Czechoslovakia with experience in building analog computers, a keen interest in digital computing technology, and aspirations to establish a computer industry in his homeland. Svoboda's original ideas were further developed by his students and colleagues and reflected in the design of SAPO, the first Czechoslovakian computer, in the 1950s.

Vibration Analysis using 3D Image Correlation Technique

Digital speckle correlation techniques have already been successfully proven to be an accurate displacement analysis tool for a wide range of applications. With the use of two cameras, three dimensional measurements of contours and displacements can be carried out. With a simple setup it opens a wide range of applications. Rapid new developments in the field of digital imaging and computer technology opens further applications for these measurement methods to high speed deformation and strain analysis, e.g. in the fields of material testing, fracture mechanics, advanced materials and component testing. The high resolution of the deformation measurements in space and time opens a wide range of applications for vibration analysis of objects. Since the system determines the absolute position and displacements of the object in space, it is capable of measuring high amplitudes and even objects with rigid body movements. The absolute resolution depends on the field of view and is scalable. Calibration of the optical setup is a crucial point which will be discussed in detail. Examples of the analysis of harmonic vibration and transient events from material research and industrial applications are presented. The results show typical features of the system.

High speed image correlation for vibration analysis

Digital speckle correlation techniques have already been successfully proven to be an accurate displacement analysis tool for a wide range of applications. With the use of two cameras, three dimensional measurements of contours and displacements can be carried out. With a simple setup it opens a wide range of applications.Rapid new developments in the field of digital imaging and computer technology opens further applications for these measurement methods to high speed deformation and strain analysis, e.g. in the fields of material testing, fracture mechanics, advanced materials and component testing. The high resolution of the deformation measurements in space and time opens a wide range of applications for vibration analysis of objects. Since the system determines the absolute position and displacements of the object in space, it is capable of measuring high amplitudes and even objects with rigid body movements. The absolute resolution depends on the field of view and is scalable. Calibration of the optical setup is a crucial point which will be discussed in detail. Examples of the analysis of harmonic vibration and transient events from material research and industrial applications are presented. The results show typical features of the system.

The first 83 and the next 83: Perspectives on neurotoxicology

This commentary depicts the author's history, and how it became interwoven with neurotoxicology. Born in 1925, most of his life spanned a century burdened with calamitous wars as well as revolutionary developments in science. Aviation played a large role in the century's wars and in the author's outlook on the world. He moved from a literary perspective, after his war experiences, to one governed by science, his earliest bent. During his career, which embodied the early development of both behavioral pharmacology and behavioral toxicology, he emphasized the critical need for precise measures, a point of view illustrated by his adoption of digital computer technology in 1962 as a means to secure such measures. The commentary also describes the author's views of some of the new directions open to neurotoxicology, such as the pursuit of questions about endocrine disruptors, countermeasures for brain aging, and epigenetics.

The Rise of Computationally Enabled Economics: Introduction to the Special Issue of the Eastern Economic Journal on Agent-Based Modeling

The first digital computers were primarily used by scientists and engineers to solve mathematical equations numerically, that is, to approximate analytical solutions, most commonly for difficult-to-solve differential equations. The economics profession was also an early adopter of digital computing, and many of the first uses of computation by economists involved numerical solution of economic equations that were hard or impossible to solve analytically. In this, the computer served as a powerful calculation engine while the problems being solved were conceptually similar to those that had come before, that is, constrained optimization. Much of this work had a heavy normative flavor, as companies had great financial incentive to learn how to better manage their inventories, optimize assembly lines, forecast demand for their products, and so on. Indeed, Herbert Simon, one of the early pioneers in this area, was fond of recalling that his work on dynamic programming in the 1950s taught companies how to better manage their production processes. It was very clear to that generation of economists that firm behavior was far from optimal, a fact that, Simon lamented, later generations seemed to have forgotten. In his Machine Dreams: How Economics Became a Cyborg Science, Philip Mirowski (2001) masterfully charts the early adoption of digital computer technology by economists and closely affiliated researchers (in game theory and operations research primarily, including many refugees from physics). Indeed, as operations researchers learned to solve wide classes of optimization problems computationally, through so-called mathematical programming methods (e.g., linear programming, integer programming, dynamic programming), economists were early users of such techniques for practical and policy problems. Monte Carlo methods were systematized early-on in the digital era, primarily for their use in evaluating difficult to solve integrals. This led to the development of reasonably sophisticated pseudo-random number generation algorithms and the rise of modern simulation techniques. Already in the 1950s, the so-called microsimulation was being used by economists and policy makers as a way to better forecast and understand alternative economic policies (Orcutt et al. 1961). This use of computation was somewhat different from the mathematical programming that had come before. While still involving optimization, such calculations were done at

Defining new dental phenotypes using 3-D image analysis to enhance discrimination and insights into biological processes

AimsIn studying aetiological interactions of genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors in normal and abnormal developments of the dentition, methods of measurement have often been limited to maximum mesio-distal and bucco-lingual crown diameters, obtained with hand-held calipers. While this approach has led to many important findings, there are potentially many other informative measurements that can be made to describe dental crown morphology. Advances in digital imaging and computer technology now offer the opportunity to define and measure new dental phenotypes in 3-D that have the potential to provide better anatomical discrimination and clearer insights into the underlying biological processes in dental development. Over recent years, image analysis in 2-D has proved to be a valuable addition to hand-measurement methods but a reliable and rapid 3-D method would increase greatly the morphological information obtainable from natural teeth and dental models. Additional measurements such as crown heights, surface contours, actual surface perimeters and areas, and tooth volumes would maximise our ability to discriminate between samples and to explore more deeply genetic and environmental contributions to observed variation. The research objectives were to investigate the limitations of existing methodologies and to develop and validate new methods for obtaining true 3-D measurements, including curvatures and volumes, in order to enhance discrimination to allow increased differentiation in studies of dental morphology and development. The validity of a new methodology for the 3-D measurement of teeth is compared against an established 2-D system. The intra- and inter-observer reliability of some additional measurements, made possible with a 3-D approach, are also tested. Methods and resultsFrom each of 20 study models, the permanent upper right lateral and upper left central incisors were separated and imaged independently by two operators using 2-D image analysis and a 3-D image analysis system. The mesio-distal (MD), labio-lingual (LL) and inciso-gingival (IG) dimensions were recorded using our 2-D system and the same projected variables were also recorded using a newly developed 3-D system for comparison. Values of Pearson's correlation coefficient between measurements obtained using the two techniques were significant at the 0.01 probability level for variables mesio-distal and incisal-gingival with labio-lingual significant at the 0.05 level for the upper left side only, confirming their comparability. For both 2-D and 3-D systems the intra- and inter-operator reliability was substantial or excellent for variables mesio-distal, labio-lingual, incisal-gingival actual and projected and actual surface area. The reliability was good for inter-operator reliability measurement of the labio-lingual dimension using 3-D. ConclusionsWe have developed a new 3-D laser scanning system that enables additional dental phenotypes to be defined. It has been validated against an established 2-D system and shown to provide measurements with excellent reliability, both within and between operators. This new approach provides exciting possibilities for exploring normal and abnormal variations in dental morphology and development applicable to research on genetic and environmental factors.