Digestion Medium Research Articles

Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Wastewater Sludge: A Review of Potential Co-Substrates and Operating Factors for Improved Methane Yield

Anaerobic digestion has been widely employed in waste treatment for its ability to capture methane gas released as a product during the digestion. Certain wastes, however, cannot be easily digested due to their low nutrient level insufficient for anaerobic digestion, thus co-digestion is a viable option. Numerous studies have shown that using co-substrates in anaerobic digestion systems improve methane yields as positive synergisms are established in the digestion medium, and the supply of missing nutrients are introduced by the co-substrates. Nevertheless, large-scale implementation of co-digestion technology is limited by inherent process limitations and operational concerns. This review summarizes the results from numerous laboratory, pilot, and full-scale anaerobic co-digestion (ACD) studies of wastewater sludge with the co-substrates of organic fraction of municipal solid waste, food waste, crude glycerol, agricultural waste, and fat, oil and grease. The critical factors that influence the ACD operation are also discussed. The ultimate aim of this review is to identify the best potential co-substrate for wastewater sludge anaerobic co-digestion and provide a recommendation for future reference. By adding co-substrates, a gain ranging from 13 to 176% in the methane yield was accomplished compared to the mono-digestions.

Biogas Yields Variance from Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Cow Dung with Jatropha Cake Under Mesophilic Temperatures

Anaerobic co-digestion requires the digestion of two or more homogenous substrates to produce biogas. The superlative participated condition is when principal amount of most important substrate (example manure or sewage sludge) is combined and fermented with each other with lesser quantities of single, or a variety of additional substrate. The co-digestion of one or more substrates commonly improves the biogas output from anaerobic digesters owing to positive improvement brought about in the digestion medium and the furnishing of missing nutrients in one substrate by another. Anaerobic co-digestion of cow dung and jatropha cake for biogas production was carried out in the batch digester in the absence of oxygen at ambient temperature with different mixing ratios for 40 days. The result indicated that treatment with 75% jatropha 25% cow dung had the highest volume of biogas at the rate of 24.41% and treatment with 100% jatropha released has the highest percentage quality of biogas produced (methane) at the rate of 59.6%. Treatment with 50% cow dung 50% jatropha cake was found to be the appropriate mix ratio, since it was rank 2nd in both qualitative and quantitative analytical point of view from the experiment performed.

Using in vitro lipolysis and SPECT/CT in vivo imaging to understand oral absorption of fenofibrate from lipid-based drug delivery systems

Using lipid-based drug delivery systems (LbDDS) is an efficient strategy to enhance the low oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. Here the oral absorption of fenofibrate (FF) from LbDDS in rats was investigated in pharmacokinetic, in vitro lipolysis, and SPECT/CT in vivo imaging studies. The investigated formulations were soybean oil solution (SBO), a mixture of soybean oil and monoacyl phosphatidylcholine (MAPC) (SBO-MAPC), self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems with and without MAPC (SNEDDS-MAPC and SNEDDS, respectively), and an aqueous suspension (SUSP) as a reference. Oral bioavailability of the LbDDS ranged from 27 to 35%. A two-step in vitro lipolysis model simulating rat gastro-intestinal digestion provided in vitro FF solubilisation data to understand oral absorption. During the in vitro lipolysis, most FF was undissolved for SUSP and distributed into the poorly dispersed oil phase for SBO. For the SNEDDS without MAPC, practically all FF solubilised into the aqueous phase during the dispersion and digestion. Adding MAPC to SBO enhanced the dispersion of the oil phase into the digestion media while adding MAPC to SNEDDS resulted in a distribution of 29% of FF into the oil phase at the beginning of in vitro lipolysis. FF distribution into both oil and aqueous phases explained the higher and prolonged oral absorption of LbDDS containing MAPC. To elucidate the relatively low bioavailability of all formulations, FF and triolein were labeled with 123I and 125I, respectively, to study the biodistribution of drug and lipid excipients in a dual isotope SPECT/CT in vivo imaging study. The concentration of radiolabeled drug as a function of time in the heart correlated to the plasma curves. A significant amount of radiolabeled drug and lipids (i.e., 28–59% and 24–60% of radiolabeled drug and lipids, respectively) was observed in the stomach at 24 h post administration, which can be linked to the low bioavailability of the formulations. The current study for the first time combined in vitro lipolysis and dual isotope in vivo imaging to find the root cause of different fenofibrate absorption profiles from LbDDS and an aqueous suspension.

In vitro Lipolysis as a Tool for the Establishment of IVIVC for Lipid-Based Drug Delivery Systems.

In vitro lipolysis has emerged as a powerful tool in the development of in vitro in vivo correlation for Lipid-based Drug Delivery System (LbDDS). In vitro lipolysis possesses the ability to mimic the assimilation of LbDDS in the human biological system. The digestion medium for in vitro lipolysis commonly contains an aqueous buffer media, bile salts, phospholipids and sodium chloride. The concentrations of these compounds are defined by the physiological conditions prevailing in the fasted or fed state. The pH of the medium is monitored by a pH-sensitive electrode connected to a computercontrolled pH-stat device capable of maintaining a predefined pH value via titration with sodium hydroxide. Copenhagen, Monash and Jerusalem are used as different models for in vitro lipolysis studies. The most common approach used in evaluating the kinetics of lipolysis of emulsion-based encapsulation systems is the pH-stat titration technique. This is widely used in both the nutritional and the pharmacological research fields as a rapid screening tool. Analytical tools for the assessment of in vitro lipolysis include HPLC, GC, HPTLC, SEM, Cryo TEM, Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) for the characterization of the lipids and colloidal phases after digestion of lipids. Various researches have been carried out for the establishment of IVIVC by using in vitro lipolysis models. The current publication also presents an updated review of various researches in the field of in vitro lipolysis.

Tunable vegetable oil/silica hybrid microparticles for poorly water-soluble drug delivery.

To encapsulate and deliver poorly water-soluble drugs, castor oil/silica hybrid microparticles (HMP)s were synthesized. Green chemistries were used to silylate the oil and further cross-link it into solid microparticles by sol-gel reaction. Silylated castor oils (ICO)s at various silylation ratios were prepared and allowed the solubilization of ibuprofen at several concentrations up to 16 wt%. The HMPs were formulated by ThermoStabilized Emulsion (TSE) process which permits to "freeze" the oil-in-water emulsion while the sol-gel reaction occurs. The hybrid mineral/organic composition and the morphology (spherical shape and micrometric size) of these HMPs were determined by complementary technics (SEM, TGA, EDX, 29Si NMR and FTIR spectroscopies). The HMPs reached a good ibuprofen loading efficiency regardless to the formulation used while the release kinetics in simulated oral administration exhibited a tunable release during 3 h according to the silylation ratio. The ibuprofen rate also influenced its own amorphous or crystalline character within the HMPs. For subcutaneous conditions, ibuprofen release took place over 15 days. Finally, biodegradability assays in simulated digestion medium suggested a surface-limited hydrolysis of the particles and cytocompatibility studies on NIH-3T3 and Caco-2 cells demonstrated an excellent cellular viability.

In vitro digestion models to assess lipolysis: The impact of the simulated conditions of gastric and intestinal pH, bile salts and digestive fluids

In vitro digestion models are a valid methodology to study nutrient hydrolysis by simulating standard physiological gastrointestinal conditions. However, there are pathologies in which some conditions are affected, which should be considered in the design of an in vitro digestion study. Our work aims at elucidating the role of different gastrointestinal conditions on lipolysis. In the context of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, gastric pH, intestinal pH, bile salts composition, bile salts concentration, fat concentration in the digestion medium and volumetric ratio digestion fluid/food were the selected study parameters. The pH-stat method was applied to assess lipolysis extent and kinetics. Descriptive results were summarised in digestibility curves and beta regression models were used to explain the effect (odds ratio, OR) of the studied conditions on lipolysis. Additionally, distribution of emulsion droplets was measured and optical microscopy images of fat globules were taken in a selection of experimental conditions. Results showed that intestinal pH was the variable with the highest effect on lipolysis (OR 22.86, p < 0.001), followed by fat concentration in the digestion medium (OR 6.76, p < 0.001) and bile salts concentration (OR 1.56, p < 0.001). Overall, lipolysis was significantly associated with particle size (OR - 6.98, p < 0.001). We conclude that the assessment of lipolysis by means of in vitro digestion models is sensitive to the simulated gastrointestinal conditions, which should be adapted to the real physiological conditions occurring in altered health conditions.

Anaerobic co-digestion of municipal solid wastes with giant reed under mesophilic conditions

Anaerobic co-digestion of mixed feedstocks improves the biogas yields due to a better balance of nutrients in the digestion medium. A suitable choice for improving biogas yields from the anaerobic digestion of municipal solid wastes is the co-digestion with lignocellulosic materials. The growing exploitation of the giant reed in several industrial fields motivated a preliminary investigation on the anaerobic co-digestion of steam-exploded giant reed and the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes (OFMSW).The anaerobic digestion was carried out at 37 °C, in batch operation mode. Biogas volumes produced and the concentration–time profiles of volatile fatty acids were analysed for different initial ratios of the mixed feedstock. All the mixtures performed better than the single feedstock. The optimal biogas yield was obtained with the co-digestion of a mixture containing 75% OFMSW and 25% giant reed, which produced 236 mL CH4/g VS with a 1.5-fold increase respect to the digestion of OFMSW alone.

A Proof of Concept for 3D Printing of Solid Lipid-Based Formulations of Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs to Control Formulation Dispersion Kinetics.

The use of three-dimensional printing (3DP) in the development of pharmaceutical dosage forms is growing rapidly. However, the research is almost exclusively focussed on polymer-based systems with very little reported on 3D printing of lipid-based formulations. Thus, the aim of the work was to explore the feasibility of 3DP technology to prepare solid lipid-based formulations. Here, 3DP was applied for the preparation of solid self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems (S-SMEDDS) with defined surface area to volume (SA/V) ratios. The S-SMEDDS formulations, comprised of Gelucire® 44/14, Gelucire® 48/16 and Kolliphor® P 188 were loaded with fenofibrate or cinnarizine as model drugs. The formulations were printed into four geometrical shapes - cylindrical, prism, cube and torus, and compared to a control cube manually prepared from bulk formulation. The printing process was not significantly affected by the presence of the model drugs. The as-printed S-SMEDDS formulations were characterised using differential scanning calorimetry and wide-angle X-ray scattering. The kinetics of dispersion depended on the SA/V ratio values. The digestion process was affected by the initial geometry of the dosage form by virtue of the kinetics of dispersion of the dosage forms into the digestion medium. This proof of concept study has demonstrated the potential of 3DP for the development of customised S-SMEDDS formulations without the need for an additional carrier or additive and with optimisation could elaborate a new class of dosage forms based on 3D printed lipids. Graphical abstract Lipid based formulations were 3D printed in various shapes to control the surface are to volume ratio and consequently the kinetics of dispersion.

Laying hen manure in anaerobic Co-Digestion with glycerin containing different glycerol and impurity levels

Biodiesel has arisen as a promising option of renewable fuel to minimize the impacts caused by fossil fuels. However, its production process generates high amounts of crude glycerin as a residue, which is considered low-quality commercially due to its low glycerol content. In order to add value to this byproduct, some production plants employ a purification process. Nonetheless, aiming to cut down costs with this purification step, many researches have been seeking treatments that use glycerin with lower purity, such as anaerobic co-digestion with another residue of complementary composition so as to balance the digestion medium and increase energy yield. During recycling, glycerin goes from an environmental liability to a sustainable financial asset by being transformed into cleaner energy, i.e., biogas. This research was carried out to assess the influence of glycerol content in glycerin containing the same impurities at three proportions (40% (G40), 60% (G60), and 80% (G80)), and to add them to the process at different glycerol levels (0, 1, 2, 3, and 4%) in the total solids (TS) of the affluents prepared with laying hen manure. No interaction was found between glycerin type and glycerol content regarding biogas and methane productions as well as reductions in TS and volatile solids (VS). Adding 2.5% glycerol led to the highest specific biogas production (1654.1 L kg−1 VS added) while adding 2.6% yielded the maximum specific production of methane (1058.9 L kg−1 VS added), i.e., glycerol increased methane generation by over 36% when compared with the treatment with no glycerin. Consequently, greater reductions in TS (60.97%) and VS (73.6%) were observed with ideal addition levels of 2.2 and 2.4% glycerol. Adding 2.1% glycerol using G40 resulted in the greatest reduction (55.4%) in chemical oxygen demand (COD) whereas such reduction was by 50.4 and 50.5% for G60 and G80 when 2.6% glycerol were added. With that in mind, and in face of the high costs of purification, G40 can be recommended with addition of 2.6% glycerol to TS to improve co-digestion with laying hen manure and generate energy that returns to poultry and biodiesel production systems.

Swarming and Aggregation in the Parasitic Diplomonad Flagellate Spironucleus vortens

Pathogenicity, evolutionary history, and unusual cell organization of diplomonads are well known, particularly for Giardia and Spironucleus; however, behavior of these aerotolerant anaerobes is largely unknown. Addressing this deficit, we studied behavior of the piscine diplomonad Spironucleus vortens (ATCC 50386) in invitro culture. Spironucleus vortens trophozoites from Angelfish, Pterophyllum scalare, were maintained axenically in modified liver digest, yeast extract, and iron (LYI) medium, at 22°C in the dark, and subcultured weekly. Cultures were monitored every 1-2d, by removing an aliquot, and loading cells into a hemocytometer chamber, or onto a regular microscope slide. We observed three distinct swimming behaviors: (i) spontaneous formation of swarms, reaching 200μm in diameter, persisting for up to several min insitu, (ii) directional movement of the swarm, via collective motility, and (iii) independent swimming of trophozoites to form a band (aggregation), presumably at the location of optimal environmental conditions. These behaviors have not previously been reported in Spironucleus. The observation that flagellate motility can change, from individual self-propulsion to complex collective swarming motility, prompts us to advocate S.vortens as a new model for study of group behavioral dynamics, complementing emerging studies of collective swimming in flagellated bacteria.

INFLUENCE OF ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION ON THE VIABILITY OF VEGETATIVE CELLS AND CYSTS OF AZOTOBACTER CHROOCOCUM 2.1

Objective. Study the influence of ultraviolet radiation (UV radiation) on the preservation of cysts and vegetative cells of Azotobacter chroococcum 2.1 in the digest medium and seeds of cucumber, including for the use of the polysaccharide-protein complex.&#x0D; Methods. Microbiological, microscopic, physical, statistical.&#x0D; Results. Significant negative effect of UV radiation on the viability of A. chroococcum 2.1 was shown. Cysts of A. chroococcum 2.1 are more resistant to UV radiation than vegetative cells. The influence of UV radiation on the viability of azotobacter depends on the time during which the bacterial cells were irradiated. In the digest medium, the number of cysts of A. chroococcum 2.1 was higher than the vegetative cells by 88 % at the minimum exposure time. Under the action of UV radiation for 60 seconds, all vegetative cells in the medium died, while a small number of cysts remained. On bacterized seeds, due to the folded surface of the shell, viable cysts of azotobacter, unlike vegetative cells, was observed even for irradiation within 30 minutes. To reduce the negative effects of UV radiation, the polysaccharide-protein complex (PPC) has been used, ant it contributed in lengthening the viability of microorganism cells. The highest survival of bacterial cells was observed in the variant with A. chroococcum 2.1 in the form of cysts with the addition of PPC. Under such conditions, vegetative cells are detected only in the variant with the addition of PPC.&#x0D; Conclusion. UV radiation negatively affects the survival of A. chroococcum 2.1 both on the digest medium and on the seeds of the cucumber, while vegetative cells are more likely to die than cysts. To improve the survival of A. chroococcum 2.1 seeds in the form of cysts and vegetative cells, it is advisable to use the polysaccharide-protein complex. The obtained data are the basis for further research on the possibilities of preservation of viable cells of bacteria of the genus Azotobacter on the seed under the influence of unfavourable environmental factors.

BRADYRHIZOBIUM JAPONICUM REACTION IN PURE CULTURE AND SYMBIOTIC SYSTEMS TO THE USE OF NANOCARBOXYLATES OF MICROELEMENTS

Objective. Study the influence of various concentrations of germanium, molybdenum, vanadium, cobalt, iron, copper and zinc on the growth dynamics of rhizobia, to select the most effective ones for studying their role as components of the digest medium in growing rhizobia and optimizing the formation and functioning of symbiotic soybean – Bradyrhizobium japonicum systems.&#x0D; Methods. Microbiological, physiological, spectrophotometry, gas chromatography.&#x0D; Results. It was found that the addition of most of the studied trace elements to the rhizobia growth medium had a positive effect on the growth dynamics of the bacterial culture. The exception was zinc nanocarboxylate, the introduction of which in the digest medium significantly reduced the growth of biomass bacteria. At the same time, irrespective of concentration, the most stimulating effect on the dynamics of growth of rhizobia in a pure culture was typical for the nanocarboxylates of iron, germanium and molybdenum. Their maximum action was developed at a concentration of 1:1000. These compounds are promising when adding rhizobia cultivating medium and studying their effect on the processes of forming and functioning of legume-rhizobial symbiotic systems. Analysis of the results of vegetation experiments showed that the use of iron, germanium and molybdenum nanocarboxylates as components of the rice growing medium at a concentration of 1:1000 positively influenced the processes of formation and functioning of symbiotic systems formed with the participation of various Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains – 634b and 604k, as well as on the growth of the vegetative mass of soybean plants. In this case, the most effective was germanium nanocarboxylate.&#x0D; Conclusion. The promising use of the active strain Bradyrhizobium japonicum 634b in combination with germanium nanocarboxylate in soybean cultivation has been experimentally proven to enhance the effectiveness of symbiotic systems.

MORPHOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL PECULIARITIES OF MICROMYCETES STRAINS INCLUDING IN THE COMPOSITION OF TRICHODERMA HARZIANUM 128 ASSOCIATION

Objective. Screen the active cellulolytic strains of Trichoderma micromycetes, investigate their morphological and cultural, physiological and biochemical properties for further use in the composting of organic substrates as a straw destroyer.&#x0D; Methods. Microbiological, biochemical, statistical.&#x0D; Results. 150 isolates of cellulolytic microscopic fungi of the genus Trichoderma were obtained from semi-decomposed straw. Among isolated fungi, the most active influence on the destruction of cellulose is typical for the association of micromycetes Trichoderma sp. 128. The components of the association (Trichoderma sp. 128/1 and Trichoderma sp. 128/2, respectively) differ in their nature of growth in the digest medium, colouring of colonies, and cellulolytic activity. Under simultaneous cultivation of the association components in a medium where the only source of carbon is filter paper or straw, higher effect was observed compared with than their separate cultivation. The selected association provides a degree of straw decomposition of up to 33 % over a period of 21 days, which exceeds the activity of the known cellulolytic strain Trichoderma harzianum F-2455. By morphological and cultural, physiological and biochemical properties, the components of the fungal association have been identified as Trichoderma harzianum 128/1 and T. harzianum 128/2 (association – Trichoderma harzianum 128, respectively). Under the study of virulence of microorganisms on the model of white mice, it was established that the association components are not pathogenic for warm-blooded animals, which allows the association to be used in the production.&#x0D; Conclusion. Active cellulolytic association of micromycetes which includes two strains has been selected. The association is identified as Trichoderma harzianum 128. The use of the association of micromycetes can be promising when composting organic matter, in order to accelerate its mineralization.&#x0D;

Emulsion encapsulation in calcium-alginate beads delays lipolysis during dynamic in vitro digestion

We assessed the behaviour of encapsulated oil-in-water emulsions in alginate beads under dynamic digestion conditions to test their suitability for ileal brake activation. A dynamic gastrointestinal digestion system (DIDGI) was used with three consecutive compartments simulating the stomach, duodenum and distal small intestine. Digestive media were collected periodically to follow lipolysis, as well as the solubilisation of absorbable lipid species in mixed micelles. Free emulsions (i.e., non-encapsulated) in absence or presence of empty alginate beads were used as controls.In the free emulsions lipolysis occurred rapidly with micellar solubilisation not rate limiting, which indicates proximal digestion and absorption. Encapsulation of emulsions in calcium-alginate beads delayed lipolysis typically for 3 h by diffusion limitation, after which most probably mechanical disintegration took place. Our findings do not only increase the understanding of the dynamics of lipid digestion, but also directly link to the design of encapsulates (size and mesh size) for long-term weight management strategies.

Microbiological studies of a new combined drug “Proplantmed” based on propolis phenolic hydrophobic drug

Gastric and duodenal ulcer is one of the most widespread diseases in the world; therefore, creation and research of new effective and safe medicines are of great importance.Aim. To study the microbiological properties of the new combined drug “Proplantmed” based on propolis phenolic hydrophobic drug (PPHD).Materials and methods. The studies of microbiological purity of the drug were performed according to the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine (SPhU). The following growth media were used for testing: soybean casein digest medium (“HIMedia Laboratories Pvt. Ltd. India”), soybean casein digest agar (“HIMedia Laboratories Pvt. Ltd. India”), thioglycollate medium for sterility control (“HIMedia Laboratories Pvt. Ltd. India”) and Sabouraud dextrose agar (manufacturing country: India, (“HIMedia Laboratories Pvt. Ltd. India”)).Results. The experimental samples of the drug “Proplantmed” meet the requirements of the SPhU and “Microbiological Purity” test; this fact is an important quality indicator of the finished medicinal product.Conclusions. According to the results of the experiment conducted it has been found that level of microbiological purity of the granules proposed meets the requirements of the SPhU; this indicator is the quality guarantee of this drug.

Biogas Improvement by Adding Australian Zeolite During the Anaerobic Digestion of C:N Ratio Adjusted Swine Manure

Maintenance of the ideal carbon: nitrogen (C:N) ratio with a minimum level of TAN is a key challenge for achieving maximum potential CH4 production through the anaerobic digestion process of agricultural waste such as swine manure. Biogas production can be enhanced by adding zeolite into the anaerobic digestion medium. However, the effects of zeolite addition to C:N ratio adjusted feedstock, on the digester performance is unknown. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of Australian zeolite on anaerobic digestion of swine manure with a C:N ratio adjusted to 30 and to determine the optimal zeolite application rate to achieve the best performance. The Australian zeolite significantly enhanced CH4 production and reduced the lag phase of anaerobic digestion in batch production. The optimal addition rate of zeolite was appeared to be around 40 g/L. The better digester performance was attributed by the reduction of dissolved ammonium from the digestate. This study indicates that Australian zeolite is an effective treatment to address problems associated with co-digestion of swine manure with different carbon sources.

Speciation of the trivalent f-elements Eu(III) and Cm(III) in digestive media

In case radioactive materials are released into the environment, their incorporation into our digestive system would be a significant concern. Trivalent f-elements, i.e., trivalent actinides and lanthanides, could potentially represent a serious health risk due to their chemo- and radiotoxicity, nevertheless the biochemical behavior of these elements are mostly unknown even to date. This study, therefore, focuses on the chemical speciation of trivalent f-elements in the human gastrointestinal tract. To simulate the digestive system artificial digestive juices (saliva, gastric juice, pancreatic juice and bile fluid) were prepared. The chemical speciation of lanthanides (as Eu(III)) and actinides (as Cm(III)) was determined experimentally by time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS) and the results were compared with thermodynamic modeling. The results indicate a dominant inorganic species with phosphate/carbonate in the mouth, while the aquo ion is predominantly formed with a minor contribution of the enzyme pepsin in the stomach. In the intestinal tract the most significant species are with the protein mucin. We demonstrated the first experimental results on the chemical speciation of trivalent f-elements in the digestive media by TRLFS. The results highlight a significant gap in chemical speciation between experiments and thermodynamic modeling due to the limited availability of thermodynamic stability constants particularly for organic species. Chemical speciation strongly influences the in vivo behavior of metal ions. Therefore, the results of this speciation study will help to enhance the assessment of health risks and to improve decorporation strategies after ingestion of these (radio-)toxic heavy metal ions.

Precise and accurate Re–Os isotope dating of organic-rich sedimentary rocks by thermal ionization mass spectrometry with an improved H2O2-HNO3 digestion procedure

This contribution presents a new method for Re–Os isotope dating organic-rich sedimentary (ORS) rocks by thermal ionization mass spectrometry using an H2O2–HNO3 solution as the digestion medium, rather than CrO3–H2SO4 or inverse aqua regia. The main underlying principle of this method is that H2O2–HNO3 digestion would preferentially liberate hydrogenous Re and Os, and minimize the dissolution of non-hydrogenous detrital Re and Os, thereby providing more accurate and precise ages. A series of tests were performed, and the experimental data demonstrate the fundamental controls on spike–sample equilibrium and that the amount of detrital Re and Os incorporated into the system are subjected to the volumetric ratio of H2O2 to HNO3. The optimum method is a H2O2:HNO3 ratio of 5 to complete spike–sample equilibration, and to minimize the amount of detrital Re and Os in the system. A comparison of our new method with inverse aqua regia and CrO3–H2SO4 showed that the three techniques yield indistinguishable Re–Os results, suggesting complete spike–sample equilibrium was achieved by all of the digestion techniques. Moreover, the data show that our new technique leaches out the least amount of detrital Re and Os isotopes relative to conventional methods Thus, we propose the H2O2–HNO3 method may increase the precision and accuracy of Re–Os depositional ages of organic-rich sedimentary systems.

Isolat Bakteri Asam Laktat Sebagai Probiotik dengan Vaksinasi AI dan ND dalam Pembentukan Titer Antibodi Dan Bobot Badan Ayam Jantan Tipe Medium

Isolates of Lactic Acid Bacteria isolates assembled into a mixture of LAB as probiotics . LAB probiotic drops introduced through the mouth with the aim of suppressing pathogens and is expected to improve the health status of rooster type of medium . Isolates in the digestive tract will undergo adaptation by temperature , acidity and pH changes in the gut . The health status of the chicken can be expressed as growth to form the body weight , and the growth of LAB . In addition , AI and ND vaccination in healthy chickens conditions will produce antibodies to both . The success of vaccination can be evaluated from the results of the formation of chicken blood serum titre of research . Analysis of descriptive data on the dynamics of the growth of LAB , the formation of antibody titer and body weight gain 24-31 day old chickens . Based on the results of this study revealed that isolates of LAB can be used simultaneously in bercoccidiostat feed . LAB isolates may develop in the digestive tract rooster medium type as probiotics. The dynamics of the growth of a population produces a mixture of isolates of LAB isolates (mixture of B1, B3, B4, B5 as probiotics) in the highest reaches of the ilium and jejunum 14.00 x 10-6 13.5 x 10-6 CFU/ml. Test isolates viability of probiotic candidates in all isolates produced distilled water medium can live up to 72 hours of incubation . In addition, there is a synergy results in the formation of antibody titers ND uniform T3 treatment. T3 treatment is given probiotics 2x chicken every week for 3 weeks . In AI vaccination resulted in antibody titers are not uniform. Body weight gain reached the age of 24-31 days in a row 75.83 g, 76.54 g, 81.58 g, 87.04 g. Weight age of 31 days the average value obtained successively from the highest 329.16 g, 328.54 g, 325.54 g and 324.08 g lowest . Keywords; isolates LAB, probiotics, antibody titers, rooster layer medium type.

Parametric investigation of γ-alumina granule preparation via the oil-drop route

Taguchi M32 experimental design was implemented to investigate the effect of operating variables on the structural and textural properties γ-alumina granules produced via the oil-drop route. Aluminum powder and hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) were used as precursor and gelling agent, respectively. Nitric acid (HNO3) was tested to dissolve aluminum powder as a novel digestive media. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to analyze the results of experimental design. The synthesized samples were characterized, by Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA/DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen physisorption, energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmitting electron microscopy (TEM). The output of RSM which is a multivariate linear regression model was examined to find out the effect of each factor on the response, namely the total surface area of γ-alumina granules to reach the optimum conditions. The optimized samples possess superior characteristics, e.g. highest surface area, magnificent sphericity, mesoporous structure, monotonous crystalline network, and broad pore size distribution. Based on the results, the surface area of γ-alumina granules relied too much on the temperature of aging solution, aging time and interactions between the factors. The role of heat treatment on the texture properties and morphology evolution of the samples were also precisely discussed.