Diffusion Of Atoms Research Articles

High-Pressure-Field Induced Synthesis of Ultrafine-Sized High-Entropy Compounds with Excellent Sodium-Ion Storage.

Emerging high entropy compounds (HECs) have attracted huge attention in electrochemical energy-related applications. The features of ultrafine size and carbon incorporation show great potential to boost the ion-storage kinetics of HECs. However, they are rarely reported because high-temperature calcination tends to result in larger crystallites, phase separation, and carbon reduction. Herein, using the NaCl self-assembly template method, by introducing a high-pressure field in the calcination process, the atom diffusion and phase separation are inhibited for the general formation of HECs, and the HEC aggregation is inhibited for obtaining ultrafine size. The general preparation of ultrafine-sized (<10 nm) HECs (nitrides, oxides, sulfides, and phosphates) anchored on porous carbon composites is realized. They are demonstrated by combining advanced characterization technologies with theoretical computations. Ultrafine-sized high entropy sulfides-MnFeCoCuSnMo/porous carbon (HES-MnFeCoCuSnMo/PC) as representative anodes exhibit excellent sodium-ion storage kinetics and capacities (a high rating capacity of 278 mAh g-1 at 10 A g-1 for full cell and a high cycling capacity of 281 mAh g-1 at 20 A g-1 after 6000 cycles for half cell) due to the combining advantages of high entropy effect, ultrafine size, and PC incorporation. Our work provides a new opportunity for designing and fabricating ultrafine-sized HECs.

High‐Pressure‐Field Induced Synthesis of Ultrafine‐Sized High‐Entropy Compounds with Excellent Sodium‐Ion Storage

AbstractEmerging high entropy compounds (HECs) have attracted huge attention in electrochemical energy‐related applications. The features of ultrafine size and carbon incorporation show great potential to boost the ion‐storage kinetics of HECs. However, they are rarely reported because high‐temperature calcination tends to result in larger crystallites, phase separation, and carbon reduction. Herein, using the NaCl self‐assembly template method, by introducing a high‐pressure field in the calcination process, the atom diffusion and phase separation are inhibited for the general formation of HECs, and the HEC aggregation is inhibited for obtaining ultrafine size. The general preparation of ultrafine‐sized (&lt;10 nm) HECs (nitrides, oxides, sulfides, and phosphates) anchored on porous carbon composites is realized. They are demonstrated by combining advanced characterization technologies with theoretical computations. Ultrafine‐sized high entropy sulfides‐MnFeCoCuSnMo/porous carbon (HES‐MnFeCoCuSnMo/PC) as representative anodes exhibit excellent sodium‐ion storage kinetics and capacities (a high rating capacity of 278 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1 for full cell and a high cycling capacity of 281 mAh g−1 at 20 A g−1 after 6000 cycles for half cell) due to the combining advantages of high entropy effect, ultrafine size, and PC incorporation. Our work provides a new opportunity for designing and fabricating ultrafine‐sized HECs.

Preparation of high-entropy nitride ceramics (TiVCrNbZr1-x)Ny by introducing nitrogen vacancies

ABSTRACT High-entropy ceramics have emerged as a research hotspot in the field of ceramics due to their single-crystal structure and excellent physicochemical properties. In this paper, an innovative approach is adopted to synthesize high-entropy nitride ceramics (TiVCrNbZr1-x)Ny. To achieve this, the non-stoichiometric compound TiN0.3 was introduced as a sintering additive and the Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) technique was employed. By adding TiN0.3, successfully preparing high-entropy nitride ceramics at 1500°C, which introduces vacancy defects that provide additional space for the diffusion and migration of atoms, allowing for more efficient migration and diffusion within the crystal structure, thereby accelerating the sintering process. The (TiVCrNbZr1-x)Ny- xZrO2 samples achieved outstanding mechanical properties when sintered at 1700°C, owing to the mechanisms of solid solution strengthening and second-phase diffusion toughening. Specifically, the samples exhibited a hardness of 25.42 ± 1.58 GPa, a flexural strength of 888 ± 32 MPa, and a fracture toughness of 6.23 ± 0.27 MPa·m1/2. This innovative sintering route provides an efficient method for preparing high-entropy nitride ceramics at relatively low temperatures without sacrificing quality. This approach not only enhances production efficiency but also expands the potential practical applications of these ceramics.

Theoretical study of structure sensitivity on ceria-supported single platinum atoms and its influence on carbon monoxide adsorption.

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations explore the stability of a single platinum atom on various flat, stepped, and defective ceria surfaces, in the context of single-atom catalysts (SACs) for the water-gas shift (WGS) reaction. The adsorption properties and diffusion kinetics of the metal strongly depend on the support termination with large stability on metastable and stepped CeO2(100) and (210) surfaces where the diffusion of the platinum atom is hindered. At the opposite, the more stable CeO2(111) and (110) terminations weakly bind the platinum atom and can promote the growth of metallic clusters thanks to fast diffusion kinetics. The adsorption of carbon monoxide on the single platinum atom supported on the various ceria terminations is also sensitive to the surface structure. Carbon monoxide weakly binds to the single platinum atom supported on reduced CeO2(111) and (211) terminations. The desorption of the CO2 formed during the WGS reaction is thus facilitated on the latter terminations. A vibrational analysis underlines the significant changes in the calculated scaled anharmonic CO stretching frequency on these catalysts.

Nanometer – Thick titanium film as a silicon migration barrier

Diffusion of silicon atoms to the topmost film surface poses significant challenges in various technological applications. In an effort to address this issue, titanium films with varying thicknesses were deposited on a silicon substrate to evaluate the efficacy of a thin titanium barrier film in blocking silicon migration to the upper film surface. Subsequently, the films were subjected to a 1-hour heating process in air at an oxidizing temperature of 430 K. Atomic force microscopy and Raman spectroscopy were employed to characterize the morphological and structural changes among the investigated films. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was utilized to explore variations in chemical composition, determine oxidation states, and measure the thicknesses of the thin titanium oxide layers. The findings revealed that titanium films with a thickness < 50 nm experienced silicon diffusion to their upper film surface. Moreover, an increase in the thickness of the oxide layers over the titanium film on the silicon substrate significantly reduced the migration of silicon to the titanium film surface. At 430 K, the study found that oxide layers at least 6.87 nm thick formed on a 35-nm thick titanium layer, which together successfully prevented silicon migration to the top surface of the film.

Accelerated precipitation and enhanced mechanical properties of Cu-3.5Ti alloy via electropulsing treatment

Aging is an important step in improving the comprehensive properties of Cu-3.5Ti alloy. However, both prolonged holding times and high heat treatment temperatures lead to significant oxidation and substantial energy consumption. The effects of heat treatment (HT) and electropulsing treatment (EPT) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the solid solution Cu-3.5Ti alloy were comparatively examined in this study. The findings demonstrated that EPT quickly completed the processes of spinodal decomposition and short-range ordered to long-range ordered phase transformation, thereby fully precipitating fine and diffusive β′-Cu4Ti phase, which greatly enhanced the precipitation strengthening effects. In addition to enhancing the strength of the alloy, EPT significantly reduced the peak aging time (to just 1/12 of that of HT) and greatly increased the plasticity (elongation to failure rose by 47 % compared to HT). The main reason for the rapid completion of the spinodal decomposition and the full precipitation process by the EPT was the additional free energy provided by the electropulsing, which significantly accelerated the Ti atomic diffusion and lowered the nucleation barrier of the β′-Cu4Ti phase. EPT is a toughening heat treatment process for metallic materials, which offers the advantages of high efficiency, low energy consumption, and low cost.

Crystal plane orientation-dependent surface atom diffusion in sub-10-nm Au nanocrystals.

Surface atom diffusion is a ubiquitous phenomenon in nanostructured metals with ultrahigh surface-to-volume ratios. However, the fundamental atomic mechanism of surface atom diffusion remains elusive. Here, we report in situ atomic-scale observations of surface pressure-driven atom diffusion in gold nanocrystals at room temperature using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy with a high-speed detection camera. The topmost layer of atoms on (001) plane initially diffuse in a column-by-column manner. As diffusion proceeds, the remaining atomic columns collectively inject into adjacent underlayer, accompanied by nucleation of a surface dislocation. In comparison, atoms on (111) plane directly diffuse to the base without collective injection. Quantitative calculations indicate that these crystal plane orientation-dependent atom diffusion behaviors contribute to the larger diffusion coefficient of (111) plane compared to (001) plane in addition to the effect of diffusion activation energy. Our findings provide valuable insights into atomic mechanisms of diffusion-dominant morphology evolution of nanostructured metals and guide the design of nanostructured materials with enhanced structural stability.

Nanoporous silver fabricated with pretreated Ag–Al alloy toward surface enhanced Raman sensing

Nanoporous silver (NPS), characterized by its three-dimensional bi-continuous interpenetrating ligament channel structure, is a good candidate for surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), attributed to its exceptional surface-to-volume ratio and significant SERS enhancement capabilities. Here, we have successfully fabricated NPS through the dealloying of α-terpineol (α-TPN) coated Ag55Al45 alloy. The resulting α-NPS exhibits uniform ligaments and nanopore sizes, maintaining high SERS performance even after being exposed to air for more than one month. The pretreatment of precusor alloy with α-TPN is crucial not only for the formation of nanoporous structure but also for ensuring the long term stability of α-NPS. Specifically, α-TPN functions as a surfactant, facilitating atomic diffusion to achieve a superior interconnected NPS. Furthermore, during the dealloying process, the carbonization of α-TPN serves as a protective layer, effectively inhibiting the oxidation of silver.

The Impact of Surface Roughness on Conformal Cooling Channels for Injection Molding.

Injection molding technology is widely utilized across various industries for its ability to fabricate complex-shaped components with exceptional dimensional accuracy. However, challenges related to injection quality often arise, necessitating innovative approaches for improvement. This study investigates the influence of surface roughness on the efficiency of conformal cooling channels produced using additive manufacturing technologies, specifically Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) and Atomic Diffusion Additive Manufacturing (ADAM). Through a combination of experimental measurements, including surface roughness analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and cooling system flow analysis, this study elucidates the impact of surface roughness on coolant flow dynamics and pressure distribution within the cooling channels. The results reveal significant differences in surface roughness between DMLS and ADAM technologies, with corresponding effects on coolant flow behavior. Following that fact, this study shows that when cooling channels' surface roughness is lowered up to 90%, the reduction in coolant media pressure is lowered by 0.033 MPa. Regression models are developed to quantitatively describe the relationship between surface roughness and key parameters, such as coolant pressure, Reynolds number, and flow velocity. Practical implications for the optimization of injection molding cooling systems are discussed, highlighting the importance of informed decision making in technology selection and post-processing techniques. Overall, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of the role of surface roughness in injection molding processes and provides valuable insights for enhancing cooling system efficiency and product quality.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of TiB2-TiNw ceramic composite fabricated by SPS

A TiN whisker toughening TiB2 based ceramic composite was fabricated by spark plasma sintering (SPS). The influence of sintering temperature and holding time on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the composite was investigated. The results indicate that, at a sintering temperature of 1500 °C and a holding time of 9 min, the composite exhibits a relative density of 99.24 %, flexural strength of 906 MPa, fracture toughness of 8.6 MPa m1/2, and Vickers hardness of 22.3 GPa. The sintering aid composed of Ni and Mo within the composite significantly enhanced atomic diffusivity in TiB2 grains, promoting a balanced grain growth rate. SPS technology promoted the rapid formation of numerous necks between TiB2 grains in a very short duration. Concurrently, the pinning effect exerted by TiN whiskers effectively inhibited excessively rapid migration of grain boundaries. These factors ensured that the composite could achieve optimized microstructures and good mechanical properties at a low sintering temperature.

Metal bond strength regulation enables large-scale synthesis of intermetallic nanocrystals for practical fuel cells.

Structurally ordered L10-PtM (M = Fe, Co, Ni and so on) intermetallic nanocrystals, benefiting from the chemically ordered structure and higher stability, are one of the best electrocatalysts used for fuel cells. However, their practical development is greatly plagued by the challenge that the high-temperature (>600 °C) annealing treatment necessary for realizing the ordered structure usually leads to severe particle sintering, morphology change and low ordering degree, which makes it very difficult for the gram-scale preparation of desirable PtM intermetallic nanocrystals with high Pt content for practical fuel cell applications. Here we report a new concept involving the low-melting-point-metal (M' = Sn, Ga, In)-induced bond strength weakening strategy to reduce Ea and promote the ordering process of PtM (M = Ni, Co, Fe, Cu and Zn) alloy catalysts for a higher ordering degree. We demonstrate that the introduction of M' can reduce the ordering temperature to extremely low temperatures (≤450 °C) and thus enable the preparation of high-Pt-content (≥40 wt%) L10-Pt-M-M' intermetallic nanocrystals as well as ten-gram-scale production. X-ray spectroscopy studies, in situ electron microscopy and theoretical calculations reveal the fundamental mechanism of the Sn-facilitated ordering process at low temperatures, which involves weakened bond strength and consequently reduced Ea via Sn doping, the formation and fast diffusion of low-coordinated surface free atoms, and subsequent L10 nucleation. The developed L10-Ga-PtNi/C catalysts display outstanding performance in H2-air fuel cells under both light- and heavy-duty vehicle conditions. Under the latter condition, the 40% L10-Pt50Ni35Ga15/C catalyst delivers a high current density of 1.67 A cm-2 at 0.7 V and retains 80% of the current density after extended 90,000 cycles, which exceeds the United States Department of Energy performance metrics and represents among the best cathodic electrocatalysts for practical proton-exchange membrane fuel cells.

The structural evolution of SiBCNZr amorphous ceramics analyzed by machine learning potential

In the present study, a suitable machine learning potential for SiBCNZr amorphous materials was used in classical molecular dynamics (CMD) for creating the large-scale SiBCNZr amorphous materials with 3375 atoms. This study focused on the effects of Zr on the amorphous structure and atomic diffusion of SiBCN materials. Moreover, the effects of different molar ratio of Zr, B and C atoms on SiBCNZr amorphous materials structure and properties were also detected. The results have revealed the structure evolution of SiBCNZr materials, in which B–N–C clusters with B–N at the core and C aggregated at outer layer formed. The Zr atoms randomly distributed instead of wrapping by the clusters. In addition, it was found that the increasing of Zr contents reduced the size and number of B–N–C clusters, in contrast to the effect of increased B content. The high contents of Zr caused the formation of Zr-rich region, having negative impact on the structural stability. Besides, the increasing of B content facilitated the formation of B–N–C clusters by affect the contents of B–C bonds in the materials, which was also detrimental to the mechanical performances. The lower contents of C in Si2B1C1N1Zr0.15 caused the lower density and ultimate tensile stress of amorphous materials. SiBCNZr amorphous materials were broken at different parts with the different atoms molar ratio.

CaO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2 corrosion resistance of multi-rare-earth-oxide-doped zirconia thermal barrier coating

As a thermal barrier coating (TBC) material, 8 wt% yttria-stabilized zirconia (8YSZ) exhibits poor resistance against calcium–magnesium–aluminosilicate (CMAS) corrosion. This is caused by the penetration of molten CMAS glass and the depletion of Y3+, which limits the lifetime of 8YSZ. In this study, a multi-rare-earth-oxide-doped zirconia (15 wt% (Lu0.2Yb0.2Dy0.2Gd0.2Y0.2)–ZrO2, denoted as 15LYDGY–SZ) ceramic was prepared to examine its interaction with CMAS. The sluggish diffusion effect and the competition between various dopant elements toward reaction with CMAS effectively slow down the atomic diffusion and limit the transformation of tetragonal phase into monoclinic phase in 15LYDGY–SZ ceramic. Compared with the currently used 8YSZ ceramic, the corrosion resistance of 15LYDGY–SZ to CMAS and its retention rate of fracture toughness after CMAS corrosion are improved. The results show that the multi-rare-earth-oxide-doped zirconia ceramic prepared in this study is a promising candidate material for the development of future TBCs.

Novel Hybrid Ferromagnetic Fe–Co/Nanodiamond Nanostructures: Influence of Carbon on Their Structural and Magnetic Properties

This study introduces a novel magnetic nanohybrid material consisting of ferromagnetic (FM) bcc Fe–Co nanoparticles (NPs) grown on nanodiamond (ND) nanotemplates. A combination of wet chemistry, which produces chemical precursors and their subsequent thermal treatment under vacuum, was utilized for its development. The characterization and study of the prepared samples performed with a range of specialized experimental techniques reveal that thermal treatment of the as-prepared hybrid precursors under a range of annealing conditions leads to the development of Co-rich Fe–Co alloy NPs, with average sizes in the range of 6–10 nm, that exhibit uniform distribution on the surfaces of the ND nanotemplates and demonstrate FM behavior throughout a temperature range from 2 K to 400 K, with maximum magnetization values ranging between 18.9 and 21.1 emu/g and coercivities ranging between 112 and 881 Oe. Moreover, 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy reveals that apart from the predominant bcc FM Fe–Co phase, iron atoms also participate in the formation of a secondary martensitic-type Fe–Co phase. The emergence of this distinctive phase is attributed to the diffusion of carbon atoms within the Fe–Co lattices during their formation at elevated temperatures. The source of these carbon atoms is related to the unique morphological properties of the ND growth matrices, which facilitate surface sp2 formations. Apart from their diffusion within the Fe–Co NP lattice, the carbon atoms also reconstruct layered graphitic-type nanostructures enveloping the metallic alloy NPs. These non-typical nanohybrid materials, reported here for the first time in the literature, hold significant potential for use in applications related, but not limited to, biomedicine, biopharmaceutics, catalysis, and other various contemporary technological fields.

Theoretical study on the hydrogen distribution and diffusion at the PuO2/α-Pu2O3 interface.

The interface is a region in the crystal that significantly changes various characteristics. There must be an interface between oxides of different valence states in the surface oxide layer of plutonium. In this work, a first principles approach based on DFT was used to study the hydrogen distribution and diffusion at the PuO2/α-Pu2O3 interface systematically. Our research reveals that at the interface, hydrogen can be captured by the O atoms of PuO2 and by the oxygen vacancies (OVs) of α-Pu2O3, and the capture of OVs is more energetically advantageous. On the PuO2 side, the cost of H atom diffusion towards the interface gradually increases. On the α-Pu2O3 side, the cost of H atoms diffusing inward from the interface gradually increases. OVs that already contain H atoms are more conducive to capturing H atoms. The formation of the interface has little effect on the hydrogen capture ability of O in PuO2, but it will reduce the capture ability of OVs in α-Pu2O3. Overall, the formation of interfaces has no disruptive impact on the behavior of hydrogen in the two plutonium oxides. This is closely related to the fact that α-Pu2O3 originates from PuO2 under anaerobic conditions. The difference in hydrogen behavior comes from the changes in the atomic environment and ion valence state caused by the OVs. This work supports further understanding of the behavior of hydrogen in plutonium oxides and provides a reference for further research on plutonium corrosion prevention.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-Cu alloy during wire and arc additive manufacturing by adding micron TiB2 particles

ABSTRACT Micron TiB2 particles were added to the 2319 aluminum alloy using a surface coating method during the additive process. The study focused on the formation, microstructure, and properties in order to achieve deposited components with a uniform microstructure and enhancing strength and plasticity. The critical migration velocity (Vcr = 335 μm/s) of with micron-sized TiB2 particles addition was larger than the solidification rate, which caused particles to be pushed by the solid-liquid interface and ultimately reside at the grain boundary position. The micron-sized TiB2 particles reduced the activation energy for nucleation of the precipitation of the θ’ phase, lowered the energy barrier for nucleation, and introduced dislocations to create lattice distortion channels. This enabled rapid diffusion of solute atoms and facilitated the precipitation and growth of the θ’ phase. Finally, the transverse strength and elongation were higher, reaching 339.07 MPa and 21.3%, which increased by 45% and 60% respectively.

Wear-resistant and adherent nanodiamond composite thin film for durable and sustainable silicon carbide mechanical seals

In response to environmental concerns, there is a growing demand for durable and sustainable mechanical seals, particularly in high-risk industries like chemical, petroleum, and nuclear sectors. This work proposes augmenting the durability and sustainability of silicon carbide (SiC) ceramic seals with the application of a nanodiamond composite (NDC) film through coaxial arc plasma deposition (CAPD) in a vacuum atmosphere. The NDC coating, with a smooth surface roughness of Ra = 60 nm as substrate, demonstrated a thickness of 1.1 μm at a deposition rate of 2.6 μm/h. NDC film has demonstrated exceptional mechanical and tribological characteristics, such as a hardness (H) of 48.5 GPa, Young's modulus (E) of 496.7 GPa, plasticity index (H/E) of 0.098, and fracture toughness of H3/E2 = 0.46 GPa, respectively. These NDC films showcased commendable adhesion strength (>60 N), negligible wear, and low friction (≤0.18) during dry sliding against a SiC counter material. Raman analysis has confirmed the nanocomposite structure of NDC film, emphasizing the role of highly energetic carbon ions in enhancing film adhesion by forming SiC intermetallic compounds at the interface through the diffusion of silicon atoms from the substrate into the films. The abundance of grain boundaries and rehybridization of carbon sp3 to sp2 bonding is perceived to improve tribological performance. CAPD excels in synthesizing long-life eco-friendly NDC coatings for durable and sustainable mechanical seals, featuring smooth surfaces, superior adhesion, outstanding hardness, and wear resistance, making them high potential candidates for various tribological applications.

Enhanced Copper Bonding Interfaces by Quenching to Form Wrinkled Surfaces

For decades, Moore’s Law has been approaching its limits, posing a huge challenge for further downsizing to nanometer dimensions. A promising avenue to replace Moore’s Law lies in three-dimensional integrated circuits, where Cu–Cu bonding plays a critical role. However, the atomic diffusion rate is notably low at temperatures below 300 °C, resulting in a distinct weak bonding interface, which leads to reliability issues. In this study, a quenching treatment of the Cu film surface was investigated. During the quenching treatment, strain energy was induced due to the variation in thermal expansion coefficients between the Si substrate and the Cu film, resulting in a wrinkled surface morphology on the Cu film. Grain growth was observed at the Cu–Cu bonding interface following bonding at 300 °C for 2 and 4 h. Remarkably, these procedures effectively eliminated the bonding interface.

Microstructure and properties of 316 L lattice/Al composites by additive manufacturing and infiltration with different temperature

Interface between lattice reinforcement and matrix played a key factor on properties of the lattice reinforced aluminum matrix composites. However, the effect of interface composed of intermetallic compounds on the properties of 316 L lattice/Al composites was still unclear. In this study, 316 L lattice reinforced aluminum composite with continuous interface were prepared by combining laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) and vacuum infiltration, and effect of infiltration temperature on interface evolution and properties of the composite was investigated. Results indicated that a continuous dual-phase interfacial layer consisting of hard intermetallic compounds η-Fe2Al5 and θ-FeAl3 was formed between the reinforcement and matrix due to diffusion and reaction of iron and aluminum atoms, and the size of needle-type FeAl3 phase in the interfacial zone increased when infiltration temperature was up from 800 °C to 900 °C. It also confirmed that reinforced by 316 L lattice and hard intermetallic compounds layer, the composite showed excellent mechanical and wear resistant properties, with compressive strength of 657 ± 32 MPa and specific wear rate of 0.20 × 10−3 (mm3/N·m) for the sample prepared at 800 °C, which were over 10 times and one fifth of that of the aluminum matrix individually. This study provides a new strategy for developing 316 L lattice/Al composites with excellent properties.

Enhanced thermal stability and power factor in layered Bi2Se0.5Te2.5 Thin films across a broad temperature range

Bi2Te3-based n-type thin films with high thermoelectric performances are typically synthesised through the formation of dense structures, a process conventionally conducted at high temperatures. However, this method compromises thermal stability. In this study, structural design and multiple-step annealing were employed to enhance the thermal stability of high-performance Bi2Se0.5Te2.5 thin films. Post-annealing, the disparity in the values of the Seebeck coefficient over the entire test temperature range, was reduced to 20 μV K−1, which is approximately 32 % compared to pre-annealing measurements. The layered Bi2Se0.5Te2.5 thin film demonstrated an elevated power factor (28 × 10−4 W m−1K−2), which was maintained across a broad temperature spectrum. This multiple-step annealing approach not only refines the structural integrity by extending the atomic diffusion duration but also mitigates defects and augments compositional uniformity at reduced temperatures. Consequently, layered Bi2Se0.5Te2.5 films emerge as promising candidates for thermoelectric materials, offering enhanced long-term stability for diverse applications, including electric and hybrid electric vehicles, and portable electronic devices.