Diffraction Ring Patterns Research Articles

Effect of laser powers and sample positions on the self-diffraction ring patterns in CdSe quantum dots solution

We highlighted on the formation of self-diffraction ring patterns in CdSe quantum dots solution using spatial self-phase modulation (SSPM). The self-diffraction ring patterns parameters of the CdSe solutions were extracted using the theoretical diffraction model. The numerical diffraction ring patterns were in consistent with the experimental diffraction rings using different laser powers. Our results give new insight into the CdSe QDs dissolved in toluene and could be valuable for further development and research of semiconductor QDs optical devices.

An Eco-friendly Approach to ZnO NP Synthesis Using Citrus reticulata Blanco Peel/Extract: Characterization and Antibacterial and Photocatalytic Activity.

Emission of greenhouse gases and infectious diseases caused by improper agro-waste disposal has gained significant attention in recent years. To overcome these hurdles, agro-waste can be valorized into valuable bioactive compounds that act as reducing or stabilizing agents in the synthesis of nanomaterials. Herein, we report a simple circular approach using Citrus reticulata Blanco (C. reticulata) waste (peel powder/aqueous extract) as green reducing and capping/stabilizing agents and Zn nitrate/acetate precursors to synthesize ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) with efficient antimicrobial and photocatalytic activities. The obtained NPs crystallized in a hexagonal wurtzite structure and differed clearly in their morphology. UV-vis analysis of the nanoparticles showed a characteristic broad absorption band between 330 and 414 nm belonging to ZnO NPs. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of ZnO NPs exhibited a Zn-O band close to 450 cm-1. The band gap values were in the range of 2.84-3.14 eV depending on the precursor and agent used. The crystallite size obtained from size-strain plots from measured XRD patterns was between 7 and 26 nm, with strain between 16 and 4%. The highly crystalline nature of obtained ZnO NPs was confirmed by clear ring diffraction patterns and d-spacing values of the observed lattice fringes. ZnNPeelMan_400 and ZnNExtrMan showed good stability, as the zeta potential was found to be around -20 mV, and reduced particle aggregation. Photoluminescence analysis revealed different defects belonging to oxygen vacancies (VO+ and VO+2) and zinc interstitial (Zni) sites. The presence of oxygen vacancies on the surface of ZnAcExtrMan_400 and ZnAcPeelMan_400 increased antimicrobial activity, specifically against Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Salmonella enteritidis (S. enteritidis). ZnNExtrMan with a minimal inhibitory concentration of 0.156 mg/mL was more effective against Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), revealing a high influence of particle size and shape on antimicrobial activity. In addition, the photocatalytic activity of the ZnO NPs was examined by assessing the degradation of acid green dye in an aqueous solution under UV light irradiation. ZnAcPeelMan_400 exhibited excellent photocatalytic activity (94%) within 90 min after irradiation compared to other obtained ZnO NPs.

Strong light-matter interaction and non-linear effects in organic semiconducting CuPc nanotubes: realization of all-optical diode and switching applications.

Spatial self-phase modulation based on the optical Kerr effect has gained momentum in recent years to analyse the nonlinear optical properties of 2D inorganic nanomaterials. In the present work, we investigate the strong light-matter interaction of organic semiconducting materials based on SSPM, by developing Cu-phthalocyanine (CuPc) nanotubes via a solvothermal technique. The low bandgap of CuPc facilitates the study of its nonlinear optical properties for a broad spectrum range from 671 nm to 405 nm. Intense laser light passing through the CuPc dispersion produces concentric diffraction ring patterns at the far field from which high n2 and χ(3) values, 3.667 × 10-5 cm2 W-1 and 2 × 10-3 esu, respectively, are obtained for the 405 nm laser. This strong nonlinear optical response of CuPc has been utilized to realize non-reciprocal light propagation by constructing a CuPc/SnS2 hybrid structure, which makes an effective all-optical photonic diode. In addition, the all-optical switching is presented using CuPc nanotubes based on the spatial cross-phase modulation technique. In this technique a phase change is induced in the weak signal beam modulated by the strong controlling light beam, which helps to produce all-optical logic gates and all-optical switching devices. The experimental findings of this work unravel the potentially powerful applications of CuPc nanotubes in all-optical information transmission and all-optical photonic devices.

Identification of the nonlinear optical properties for a mixture of Sudan yellow 3G and poly methyl methacrylate for optical limiting applications

A mixture of sudan yellow 3G dye and poly methyl methacrylate film is fabricated by casting. The optical constants are determined using measurements of absorbance, transmittance, and reflectance spectra. The indirect optical band gap is obtained from Tauc's formula, which is found to be 2 eV. By excitation of the sample with a continuous wave laser beam, the nonlinear optical and the optical limiting properties are studied. The change in refractive index, Δn, and nonlinear refractive index, n2, for the sample is calculated from the diffraction ring patterns and is found to be 44.10 × 10−3 and 18.29 × 10−6 cm2/W respectively. We employ Z-scan to determine nonlinear refractive index n2 = 0.6 × 10−6 cm2/W and nonlinear absorption coefficient β = 8.79 × 10−3 cm/W. The sample is proven to possess the properties of an optical limiter, as the threshold limiting value of the film is equal to 5.3 mW.

Effect of gamma ray on self-induced diffraction patterns of organic compound Poly (methyl-methacrylate films

Poly (methyl-methacrylate) (PMMA) doped organic compound (2-(2,3-dimethylphenyl-amino)-N-Phenyl benzamide) (2-NPb (films are produced on glass substrates with 5 μm thickness. The influence that gamma (γ) radiation has on the structure of the surface morphology of polymer films, the structure dependence of the optoelectronic properties and the optical properties of a prepared 2-NPb:PMMA film was studied under different doses (21, 42 and 64 KGy) of γ- rays emitted by a 137Cs source with an exposure rate of 0.56 Gy/min. The surface morphology of the 2-NPb:PMMA film for un-irradiated and irradiated sample was studied using a microscope with a digital camera along with texture, waviness and roughenss analysis of the entire surface of the films. The optical properties, together with an in-depth analysis of the dispersion energies and parameters, optoelectrical characteristics, and certain nonlinear optical parameters were comprehensively examined and addressed. In addition, the study of optical properties also included some nonlinear optical parameters. Results show that by doping organic compound (2-NPb) in PMMA, the absorption spectra of samples are decreased and superficial morphology of the film has been affected by γ-rays. As the polymer film was irradiated with a continuous-solid state laser (Solid-State-Laser −532–100 T) beam of 532 nm, self-diffraction ring patterns were seen, and it was shown that the diffraction ring patterns rely heavily on ring numbers and radiation dosage. The nonlinear refractive index,n2, for polymer film for un-irradiated and irradiated are estimated to be 0.23×10-6, 0.92×10-6, 1.64×10-6, 3.14×10-6cm2/W, respectively due to diffraction ring patterns. The diffraction ring patterns that were acquired via experimentation are then numerically estimated by making use of the Fresnel-Kirchhoff diffraction integral. The results of these calculations have satisfactory qualitative and quantitative accords.

Thermal stability of AgCuCoNiFe high-entropy alloy

Equi-atomic AgCuCoNiFe high entropy alloy was synthesized via mechanical alloying and the milled powder sample was annealed at 770 °C for 60 min in an argon atmosphere. A solid solution of AgCuCoNiFe having two FCC phases was obtained after alloying. Broadening in X-ray diffraction (XRD) peaks was observed with progression of milling time indicating the formation of a solid solution. XRD graph of the annealed sample showed the re-emergence of FCC-Cu peaks thereby implying the decomposition of the HEA. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) showed as-milled crystallites having lattice fringes from 0.286 nm to 0.32 nm and possessing a ring diffraction pattern indexed to FCC phases. Its annealed counterpart had lattice fringes of 0.24 nm with crystalline dot diffraction pattern indexed to FCC phase.

Evaluation of surface roughness, linear and nonlinear optical parameters of a mixture of sudan black b and polymer films for optical limiting application

A film of a mixture of sudan black b (SBB) dye and a poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) is fabricated by casting. X-ray diffraction measurement proves the SBB/PMMA film's structure is amorphous. The scanning probe microscope confirmed that the SBB/PMMA film has a good quality and homogeneous surface. The SBB/PMMA film's optical constants are estimated via the transmittance, absorbance, and reflectance spectra. The indirect optical band gap is calculated and found to be 1.49 eV. The single oscillator energy, Eo, the dispersion energy, Ed, and the static refractive index, no, are computed by using Wemple and DiDomenico model. Semi-empirical relation, Z-scan, and diffraction ring patterns are three methods used to determine the film's nonlinear refractive index value. The SBB/PMMA film exhibited a high nonlinear refractive index (n2 = 7.83 × 10−7 cm2/W) and nonlinear absorption coefficient (β = 9.3 × 10−3 cm/W), calculated by the Z-scan method. Under a continuous wave laser beam, the property of the optical limiting of the film is examined. The film exhibited optical limiting properties with a limiting threshold value of 5 mW.

Determination of Linear, Nonlinear, and the Optical Limiting Properties of Sudan Brown RR in a Solid Film and Solution.

The casting technique is employed to prepare the film from a mixture of sudan brown RR (SBRR) dye and poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA). The surface profile of this film is identified using a scanning probe microscope and image J software. The linear optical (LO) properties of the solid film were studied. The nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of SBRR/PMMA film and sudan brown (RR) solution in dimethylformamide (DMF) as a solvent are evaluated using two methods including diffraction ring patterns and Z-scan. The optical limiting (OLg) property for the SBRR/PMMA film and SBRR solution was extensively investigated. The values of nonlinear refractive index (NRI) and threshold limiting (TH) of the solid film and dye solution were compared.

Ring-shaped diffraction patterns out of transition metals doped ferroelectric LiNbO 3 and LiTaO 3 slabs stemming from sheet plasmons

Ring-shaped diffraction patterns emerging from photorefractive crystals are well-known in the past and have been attributed solely to four-wave mixing parametric processes. In this work, we present strong ring diffraction patterns that fall out of the scope of four-wave mixing picture alone and trace their origin to sheet plasmons supported by 2D electron gas at the interfaces and on the surfaces owing to depolarization of self-spontaneous polarization. The natural pairing of phase grating written in ferroelectric crystals and interfacial visible plasmonic response apart from foreign highly lossy metal parts may find their applications in nanophotonics and sensor development.

Embossing of silicon with an ultrashort laser pulse diffracted by a bubble in liquid

Laser-assisted nanostructuring of silicon interfaces provides a unique procedure for leading-edge technologies. We report on a new embossing technique with tightly focused Gaussian-shaped ultrashort laser pulses near the ablation threshold in liquid. We take advantage of a primary microbubble for controllable spatial-modulation of light intensity of succeeding pulses. Such a bubble, generated in liquid near the molten silicon surface by the first pulse, serves as an obstacle for the second pulse following with a sub-millisecond time delay, to produce a diffraction ring pattern. Variation of laser intensity can be utilized to guide the diffraction patterns. Thus the various annular patterns deeply embossed up to hundreds nanometers on the surface are produced with high reproducibility. Morphology of modified surface layer is investigated in detail using atomic-force microscopy, as well as scanning and transmission electron microscopies. Full-wave EM modeling of laser beam diffraction by the bubbles with various radii and shapes shows that the peak intensity in silicon is up to 1.7 times higher than in bubble-free liquid. Atomistic simulation of ultrafast heating with such a diffraction peak reveals that an annular microdimple surrounded by rims is formed by high-gradient pressure in molten silicon to be frozen after several nanoseconds.

All-optical information conversion in Rb vapor based on the spatial cross-phase modulation.

All-optical information conversion, conveying optical signals without electro-optical transformation, plays a vital role in the all-optical devices and optical communication. We achieve the all-optical information conversion in Rb vapor by utilizing the spatial cross-phase modulation. The refractive index of atomic medium is spatially modulated by the strong switch laser beam, which makes it as a nonlinear focusing lens for the weak signal laser beam. As a result, the far-field diffraction ring patterns of the signal laser beam interacted with atoms can effectively carry the nonlinear phase shift information of the switch laser beam. The channel numbers, channel capacities and channel storage densities of information transmission from switch laser beam to signal laser beam are investigated in the terms of switch laser intensity and vapor temperature. Finally, a special "sxu" alphabetic string, encoded by ASCII code, is introduced to verify this all-optical information conversion scheme. This work paves the way for studying optical information processing and all-optical networking with atomic ensembles.

An efficient ultrasound-assisted CH3COONa catalyzed synthesis of thiazolidinone molecule: Theoretical and nonlinear optical evaluations of thiazolidinone-Schiff base derivative

Chemical synthesis, structural analysis, theoretical calculations and optical properties exploration of (E)-2-((E)-(4-nitrobenzylidene)hydrazono)-3-phenyl-4-thiazolidinone 7 (C16H12N4O3S) are introduced. The synthesis method involves three steps. The applying of 1H and 13C NMR, infrared radiation (IR), mass and UV–visible spectroscopies and melting point (m.p) confirmed the expected compound structure. Optimization of the compound geometrical structure is carried out via the theoretical calculation and evaluation of its nonlinear optical (NLO) properties. The NLO properties of the synthesized 4-thiazolidinone derivative 7 are studied under the irradiation with visible and single transverse mode laser beam, through the determination of the nonlinear refractive index (NRI) via the diffraction ring patterns (DRPs) and the Z-scan together with optical limiting. Using two visible laser beams, the all-optical switching (AOS) in 4-thiazolidinone derivative 7 is studied too.

Nonlinear Coherent Light–Matter Interaction in 2D MoSe2 Nanoflakes for All‐Optical Switching and Logic Applications

AbstractA strong nonlinear optical response of 2D MoSe2 nanoflakes (NFs) through spatial self‐phase modulation (SSPM) and cross‐phase modulation (XPM) induced by nonlocal coherent light–matter interactions is reported. The coherent interaction of light and MoSe2 NFs creates the SSPM of laser beams, forming concentric diffraction rings. The nonlinear refractive index (n2) and third‐order broadband nonlinear optical susceptibility (χ(3)) of MoSe2 NFs are determined from the self‐diffraction pattern at different exciting wavelengths of 405, 532, and 671 nm with varying laser intensity. The evolution and deformation of diffraction ring patterns are observed and analyzed by the “wind‐chime” model and thermal effect. By taking advantage of the reverse saturated absorption of 2D SnS2 NFs compared to MoSe2, an all‐optical diode has been designed with MoSe2/SnS2 hybrid structure to demonstrate the nonreciprocal light propagation. Few other optical devices based on MoSe2 and semiconducting materials such as Bi2Se3, CuPc, and graphene have been investigated. The all‐optical logic gates and all‐optical information conversion have been demonstrated through the XPM technique using two laser beams. The proposed optical scheme based on MoSe2 NFs has been demonstrated as a potential candidate for all‐optical nonlinear photonic devices such as all‐optical diodes and all‐optical switches.

Diffraction ring patterns of the acid blue 29 in different solvents

The spatial self-phase modulation effect was exploited to study the nonlinear optical parameters of the acid blue 29 dye solutions. The acid blue 29 dye was used as samples and it was dissolved in four different alcohols. The trend in these experiments to investigate the influence of solvent structure on the formation and the temporal evolution of the far field self-diffraction ring patterns of the Gaussian laser beam passing through the studied samples. The nonlinear refractive index (n2), birefringence (Δn2) and thermo-optic coefficient [dn/dT] were determined from the obtained self-diffraction ring patterns. Our results have indicated that the difference between the numbers of diffraction rings is attributed to the type of the solvents and to the incident laser beam intensity.

Synthesis, optical nonlinear properties, and all‐optical switching of curcumin analogues

AbstractThe curcumin analogues (Cur‐MeS and Cur‐MeO) are synthesized using the 3‐chloroacetyl acetone and aromatic aldehydes reaction. Both compounds are characterized using FTIR, LC‐MS, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopies. The geometric optimization and thermodynamic properties of the two compounds are carried out theoretically using DFT. The highest HOMO, lowest LUMO, and Mullikan atom charges of the two compounds are calculated using the B3LYP and CAM‐B3LYP methods which are hybrid functionals with a 6‐311+G(2d,p) as the basis set. The nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of both compounds are studied using the spatial self‐phase modulation (SSPM) through the diffraction ring patterns (DRPs) and the Z‐scan techniques, using a continuous wave (cw) low power 473 nm laser beam. The index of nonlinear refraction (INR) of both compounds is calculated by the two techniques. The all‐optical switching property of both samples is tested using two visible cw laser beams.

Optical nonlinear properties and all optical switching in a synthesized liquid crystal

A liquid crystal (LC) type 4-((4-(benzothiazol-2-yl) phenyl) diazenyl) −3-hydroxyphenyl 4-methoxybenzoate (E-OCH3) is synthesized and characterized using 1H NMR, mass spectra and DSC thermo gram Marble and Schlieren textures. The DFT WB97XD/6–311+ g(d,p) is used to obtain the LC optimized geometry. The possibility for the optical nonlinear (ONL) properties of the LC are studied using some chemical quantum descriptors (CQDs). The ONL properties are characterized by the determination of the LC nonlinear index of refraction (NIR) through diffraction ring patterns (DRPs) and the Z-scan methods using a continuous wave (CW) low power laser beam. The all-optical switching (AOS) of the LC is characterized using two visible laser beams of wavelengths 473 nm and 532 nm.

Benzenesulfonamide-thiazole system bearing an azide group: Synthesis and evaluation of its optical nonlinear responses

ObjectiveThe current study aims to find a material that has high nonlinear optical properties to be used in photonic applications. MethodsThe synthesis and characterization of benzenesulfonamide-thiazole compound containing an azide group: 4-azido-N-(thiazol-2-yl) benzenesulfonamide 5 (C9H7N5O2S2) via four steps are described. 1H and 13C NMR, FTIR, and mass spectroscopies are used in the study of the synthesized compound 5, together with UV–visible analysis to determine its linear absorption coefficient.The density function theory calculations are used to obtain the compound 5 optimized structure. ResultsThe optical nonlinear properties of the compound 5 are studied using continuous wave laser beam via the determination of its nonlinear refractive index and the coefficient of nonlinear absorption based on the diffraction ring patterns and the Z-scan respectively. All-optical switching property is tested using two continuous wave laser beams viz., 473 nm and 532 nm.

DFT calculation and nonlinear optical properties of (E)-(2)-((8-hydroxyquinolin-5yl)diazenyl)-5-sulfamoylpheneyl)mercury(II) chloride

The molecular structure of mercurated azo compound (A1), (E)-(2-((8-hydroxyquinolin-5-yl)diazenyl)-5-sulfamoylphenyl)mercury(II) chloride, is investigated theoretically by the DFT with the GGA approximation, PEB level and DNP as basis set. The nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of the synthesized azo compound are investigated using a continuous wave (cw), low power, with TEM00 mode laser beam using the methods diffraction ring patterns (DRPs) and Z-scan. The nonlinear refraction index (NRI) is calculated based on both methods where as high as 5.28 × 10−7 cm2/W of the NRI is determined via the DRPs. The optical limiting (OLg) property of the A1 compound is examined with limiting threshold of 10 mW is determined. The experimentally determined DRPs are simulated via Fresnel-Kirchhoff integral with good accord of experimental and theoretical results.

Synthesis, DFT calculations and optical nonlinear properties of two derived Schiff base compounds from ethyl-4-amino benzoate

Two Schiff base compounds viz., Ethyl (E)-4-((3-ethoxy-2-hydroxybenzylidene)amino)benzoate(EHB) and Ethyl (E)-4-(((2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)methylene)amino)benzoate(ENB) are synthesized by condensation of ethyl-4-amino benzoate with 2-hydroxy-3-ethoxy benzaldehyde and 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde. The two compounds are studied and identified by FT-IR, UV-visible, Mass, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR spectroscopies. The nonlinear refractive index (NRI) of the two compounds are determined, for ENB compound via the diffraction ring patterns (DRPs) and the Z-scan and via Z-scan for the EHB compound, using continuous wave (CW) low power laser beam, and founds of the order of 10−7 cm2 W−1 due to the first technique and 10−8 cm2 W−1 due to the second technique. The optical limiting (OL) property of both compounds is studied too with OLg thresholds of 16.5 mW and 11 mW for the compounds EHB and ENB respectively, which makes these two compounds as candidates to be used as an optical limiter (OLr). The DRPs are numerically simulated based on the theory of Fresnel-Kirchhoff with reasonable agreement compared to the experimental findings.

Spectroscopic study, theoretical calculations, and optical nonlinear properties of amino acid (glycine)-4-nitro benzaldeyhyde-derived Schiff base

Schiff base of amino acid salt: potassium 2-((4-nitrobenzylidene)amino)acetate 4 (C 9 H 7 KN 2 O 4 ), derived from the condensation reaction of amino acid (glycine) 1 and 4-nitro benzaldeyhyde 3 is synthesized and fully characterized by magnetic nuclear resonance ( 1 H and 13 C NMR), infrared (IR), mass, UV–visible spectroscopies and melting point. The optical nonlinear (ONL) properties of amino acid Schiff base salt 4 are studied using continuous wave (cw), visible, single transverse fundamental mode, low power, 473 nm laser beam. Ring diffraction patterns (RDPs) and Z-scan techniques are adopted to calculate the nonlinear index of refraction (NIR) together with testing the sample property of optical limiting (OLg). RDPs are simulated numerically using the integral of Fresnel-Kirchhoff and compared with experimental findings. • The Schiff base compound was synthesized and characterized by magnetic nuclear resonance ( 1 H and 13 C NMR). • We studied the nonlinear optical properties of Schiff base compound. • The nonlinear refractive index of this sample is determined using diffraction ring patterns and Z-scan techniques. . • Optical limiting threshold of Schiff base compound is found to be 9 mW.