Difficulties In Translation Research Articles

Transferring problems of speech characteristics to character translation (on the image of Kabanbai Batyr in K.Zhumadilov‘s dilogy Daraboz)

The article deals with the problems of translating the speech characteristics of the main character Kabanbai Batyr in K.Zhumadilov’s dilogy Daraboz in Russian and English. The transfer of speech characteristics to the main character in the historical novel Daraboz is one of the main translation difficulties, since readers recognize the hero of the novel through his speech. The main speech characteristics of Kabanbai Batyr include: use of proverbs and sayings, as well as use of individual stylistic techniques such as comparison, phraseological units, and metaphors. The purpose of this article is to identify the type of translation transformation in Kabanbai Batyr’s replicas, to preserve in translation the author’s image in the statement of the main character of Daraboz dilogy. In the practical part, a comparative analysis of the original and the translation was used, identifying the causes of semantic shifts leading to the transformation of the speech image. Conclusion of the experimental work is a minimal overload of the translated text with lexical additions and explanations, as well as an unacceptable semantic distance from the original, since the preservation of the historical image of speech is important. The translator needs to preserve the integrity of the images and the emotional attitude of the main character to others, to convey the features of speech that indicate the social status of the characters, their educational level and personal characteristics. As a result, when translating speech characteristics, such translation transformations as literal translation and semantic translation were used. When translating phraseology, sometimes a change of imagery was made. The problems of translating the historical novel seem to us very interesting and worthy of further study.

Классификация «ложных друзей переводчика» в текстах экономической направленности: типичные ошибки при переводе с английского языка на русский

This paper examines the difficulties faced by students at various non-linguistic universities when translating English pseudo-international words (“false friends”) into Russian in economic texts. Variants of incorrect interpretation are based on the use of loan translation and the incorrect meanings of lexical units – “false friends”. The aim of the research is to systematise the most frequent pseudo-international words related to financial and economic vocabulary by parts of speech based on the information received from students, as well as to identify typical errors, the study of which could further improve the quality of text translation. The classification of “false friends” presented in the paper made it possible to identify four parts of speech characteristic of pseudo-international words of economic subjects arranged in descending order of the number of incorrectly translated words: nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs. The scientific novelty of the work lies in taking a comprehensive approach to the problems of “false friends” translation and classification of pseudo-international words of economic subjects not only by their lexical meaning, but also by the grammatical classes of parts of speech. The linguistically relevant research findings amount to identifying the parts of speech of pseudo-international words that cause the greatest difficulties in translation. The work is carried out using the material of the English language.

“Touching the Author's Mind”: Judgment and Intention in Jasper Heywood's Translations of Seneca

This essay draws on the prefatory material in Jasper Heywood's translations of three Senecan tragedies—Troas (1559), Thyestes (1560), and Hercules Furens (1561)—to show that a focus on judgment helps to expound Heywood's theory of translation. The judgments envisioned in these prefatory texts, namely, the evaluative judgments of others and the philological judgments required of the translator, highlight Heywood's understanding of Seneca's original intention as the only true measure of the English translations. For Heywood, there can be no “intentional fallacy” because intention is the only remedy against the difficulties of translation (complexity of the Latin original, deficient sources, unreliability of the printed text). Ultimately Heywood's efforts to approximate Seneca's original “sense,” culminating in the creation of a fictional Seneca, endow the translator with an authorial intention.

A Study on the C-E Translation Practice of Biographies of Silk Celebrities (Excerpt) from the Perspective of Catford’s Shifts Theory

Nowadays, many outstanding traditional Chinese cultures have stepped onto the global stage and gained recognition from the public. Therefore, more classic works of excellent traditional Chinese culture should be introduced to foreign countries, making contributions to the diversity and inclusiveness of world culture and promoting a more harmonious global development. Chinese textile and clothing culture, especially ancient Chinese silk culture, is an important aspect of translation to the outside world. The source text for this study is selected from Chapter 2 of the book Biographies of Silk Celebrities. The excerpt mainly introduces the important deeds of several ancient Chinese silk craftsmen, highlighting the spirit of struggle of the older generation of industrialists. The book belongs to informative text, conveying true and objective information. It uses precise language, presents factual content, and is highly readable. However, the abundance of textile terminology, complex sentence structures, and differences in English and Chinese syntactic expressions have posed certain challenges to this translation task. To deal with these translation difficulties, translators need to apply transformation techniques reasonably during the translation process to improve the quality of the translation. Cartford believes that when the source language is translated into the target language, meaning equivalence can be achieved by using translation shifts, breaking away from formal correspondence. Guided by Catford’s theory, this study combines the characteristics of the original text to analyze specific cases and explore various types of shifts to achieve the translation purpose. In this study, level shift includes the conversion of noun plurals and tenses. Category shift involve structural shift, class shift, and unit shift. Structural shift is mainly used for converting prepositional phrases, passive voice, and negation expressions. Class shift is mainly used to convert verbs into nouns, adjectives, and prepositions. Unit shifts is primarily used between phrases, clauses, and sentences. Through these shifts, the translation conforms to the writing conventions of the target language, is easily accepted by readers, and helps achieve the desired translation effect.

Наиболее частотные переводческие трансформации при переводе ономастических реалий (на примере романов Дж. К. Роулинг о Гарри Поттере)

The aim of the research is to solve the problem of choosing translation transformations used in the rendering of proper names from English into Russian, taking into account the influence of the translator’s worldview in fiction works of the fantasy genre. The study is original in that it is the first to identify the most frequent translation transformations in the rendering of onomastic realia on the basis of J. K. Rowling’s fantasy prose. Particular attention is paid to the rendering of realia from English into Russian, which causes difficulties for translators due to the presence of the writer’s intended complex meaning and in some cases a special external form. This study analyses the translation transformations used and the patterns of their choice, taking into account the influence of the translator’s worldview. The results of the study have shown that the main ways of rendering realia in the novel cycle are transcription, transliteration, calquing, semi-calquing, varieties of approximate translation – descriptive translation, functional analogue, creation of a semantic neologism, replacement with a similarly functioning notion and compensation with the generalisation of the meaning of the original realia.

Unravelling Cultural Hurdles: Christian Marriage Document Translation Challenges Faced by English Major Students at Tafila Technical University

This paper explores the complexities involved in translating Christian marriage documents, specifically in relation to cultural and religious contexts. Despite its importance, this area of translation studies has been largely overlooked by researchers. The author recognised this gap and sought to bridge it by examining the connection between theory and practice in this field. Translating religious texts goes beyond literal translation, requiring a deep understanding of different faiths and the ability to capture their essence. Unfortunately, the intricate nature of religious texts is often disregarded in translation studies, which ultimately leads to difficulties for translators as they navigate the cultural nuances and religious connotations embedded in legal and religious language. This study focuses on the cultural challenges faced by English-major students at Tafila Technical University when translating Christian marriage documents. The findings underscore the importance of cultural knowledge and provide valuable insights. By addressing these challenges and proposing effective strategies, this research aims to enhance the quality of English-Arabic-English religious translation, particularly in the context of Christian marriage documents.

Translation and cultural Gaps

The research has dealt with the concept of culture as a combination of various codes in life and all the acts practiced by community using a language. Socio- .cultural knowledge is a necessity in any translation process Since each culture has its own identity which is different from other cultures, there are gaps between any two cultures as well as overlaps. Cultural gaps would lead to difficulties in translation. These gaps can be found in tradition, geographical names, food, clothes, proper names, non-linguistic behaviors, language structures, such as: lexical items, idioms, proverbs, punning, metaphors, poetic texts; syntactic structure such as: word order, adjectives, tenses, articles, relative pronouns, demonstratives and dialect variability such as: syntax, lexicon, and phonology. Each of these gaps form a particular degree of difficulty. Sometimes only intelligent, sensitive and skillful translators can find a way out of them. As for cultural overlaps, which may occur between languages rather than others due to the factors of travel, trade, scientific cooperation, translation, or media they offer a good aid to translators.

The Influence of Cross culture on Translation: Terminology Translation from Thai to Lao, English, and Chinese Cultural Uniqueness

The present study investigated the influences of cross culture on translation among languages used by native speakers with different cultures. Three research methods as focus group, bi-directional translation, and questionnaire evaluation methods were employed. The focus group method consisted of two groups of participants as ten representatives of ethnic community in the research area. Bi-directional translation was conducted. Questionnaire evaluation was employed in two groups of participants as nine translators, who are native speakers of Lao, English, and Chinese Languages. The results revealed that translation difficulties.

What are the “Purposes” of Buddhist Sūtras? From Vasubandhu’s Logic of Exegesis (Vyākhyāyukti)

As its name implies, Vasubandhu’s Vyākhyāyukti (VyY) explains the logic or methodology (yukti) of exegesis or sūtra interpretation (vyākhyā) and only survives in a Tibetan translation. In recent years, research on this treatise has been gradually accumulating. However, due to the difficulty of the Tibetan translation, some of the arguments therein have been misunderstood. In this article, after reviewing the general framework of Vasubandhu’s method of interpreting the sūtras, I will present a newly discovered parallel regarding his discussion of the “purpose, prayojana” of the sūtras and reread it through a close philological examination of various sources in Sanskrit and Tibetan. Thus, this article will first elucidate the details of Vasubandhu’s explanation of the purpose of the Buddha’s preaching using synonyms and will clarify an aspect of his views on the Buddha’s word. In addition, concerning this “purpose,” I will elucidate the characteristics of the final chapter of this text, which provides stories about hearing the Buddha’s words with respect. By doing so, I would like to reveal the characteristics of the VyY as a manual for vivid preaching.

Learnability of L2 collocations and L1 influence on L2 collocational representations of Japanese learners of English

Abstract This study, based on Jiang’s (2000. Lexical representation and development in a second language. Applied Linguistics 21(1). 47–77) bilingual lexicon model, investigates the learnability of collocations among 34 Japanese EFL learners and examines the influence of their L1 on such learning. An acceptability judgment task assessed the knowledge of three different types of collocations: English-only collocations that cannot be directly translated into Japanese (e.g., flat rate); congruent collocations that can be translated into Japanese without changing their meaning (e.g., cold tea); and Japanized collocations that are infelicitous in English, but felicitous in Japanese (e.g., yellow voice). After the task, participants translated the collocations and rated the difficulty on a four-point Likert scale. The relationship between the accuracy of these collocations and the translation difficulty rating scores was analyzed using mixed-effects logistic regression modeling to assess L1 influence. The results showed that with increasing L2 proficiency, learners tend to regard congruent and English-only collocations as acceptable, but even highly proficient learners did not fully reject the Japanized collocations. This suggests that as L2 proficiency increased, participants learned to accept felicitous collocations but did not learn to reject Japanized infelicitous ones. In addition, the influence of L1 was evident in English-only and Japanized collocations and could not be avoided by those with increasing proficiency.

Cases of Syntactic Interference in Students’ translations between English and Azerbaijani

By definition, translation requires the knowledge of at least two languages: a native and a foreign language. Depending on the extent to which a person knows a language, we can distinguish symmetrical and asymmetrical, autonomous and combined bilingualism. Particularly important in the case of translation asymmetric bilingualism – when one language is known to a greater extent, and combined bilingualism – when speech is built based on the native language. The aim of this article is to identify syntactic errors in the English translations of Azerbaijani students and find solutions to them. We will therefore primarily consider negative syntactic interference since it is the negative transfer that creates noticeable difficulties for translation. In translation, interference is expressed by a violation of the syntactic norms and rules of the studied foreign language under the influence of the transfer of skills and abilities of the native language. Students often make this mistake when harmonising the grammatical units of one language in accordance with the grammatical structures of another, or when they do not follow a certain rule in one language due to its absence in another. Syntactic interference describes violations in terms of typological differences and functioning. In order to establish interference, it is necessary to consider the features of each of the interacting languages. Comparative analysis of English and Azerbaijani languages helps to compare and see the main inconsistencies in the two language systems, to find the main errors in the foreign language speech of Azerbaijan-speaking students. For this purpose, the students were offered two types of tasks: translation from Azerbaijani into English and vice versa. A study of the students’ translations showed that the most typical errors are errors at the level of the sentence structure. Keywords: syntactic interference, comparative analysis, English-Azerbaijani languages, typological differences, typical errors .

Self-assembled hemin-conjugated heparin with dual-enzymatic cascade reaction activities for acute kidney injury

Nanozymes have prominent catalytic activities with high stability as a substitute for unstable and expensive natural enzymes. However, most nanozymes are metal/inorganic nanomaterials, facing difficulty in clinical translation due to their unproven biosafety and limited biodegradability issues. Hemin, an organometallic porphyrin, was newly found to possess superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetic activity along with previously known catalase (CAT) mimetic activity. However, hemin has poor bioavailability due to its low water solubility. Therefore, a highly biocompatible and biodegradable organic-based nanozyme system with SOD/CAT mimetic cascade reaction activity was developed by conjugating hemin to heparin (HepH) or chitosan (CS-H). Between them, Hep-H formed a smaller (<50 nm) and more stable self-assembled nanostructure and even possessed much higher and more stable SOD and CAT activities as well as the cascade reaction activity compared to CS-H and free hemin. Hep-H also showed a better cell protection effect against reactive oxygen species (ROS) compared to CS-H and hemin in vitro. Furthermore, Hep-H was selectively delivered to the injured kidney upon intravenous administration at the analysis time point (24 h) and exhibited excellent therapeutic effects on an acute kidney injury model by efficiently removing ROS, reducing inflammation, and minimizing structural and functional damage to the kidney.

INVESTIGATING EFL LEARNERS’ READING DIFFICULTIES AND THE POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS

This study investigates the reading difficulties faced by EFL learners and proposes possible solutions for English Education students in an Indonesian university. Reading comprehension is a vital component of the English education curriculum, as it enables students to comprehend and analyze texts effectively. To conduct this study, a descriptive strategy was employed in combination with a qualitative approach. The questionnaire was designed to identify common challenges encountered by students, including difficulties in text translation, enhancing motivation, and the teaching methods employed by instructors. Data was collected through interview sessions, questionnaire responses, and documentation. The findings revealed that students predominantly struggled with sentence comprehension. By addressing these issues and fostering a desire to read, related challenges such as limited vocabulary, grammar proficiency, and sentence interpretation can be effectively tackled. Moreover, some students faced difficulties arising from inadequate teaching methods employed by their instructors. Consequently, this study concludes that students' reading difficulties primarily revolve around understanding the text itself, which in turn leads to other complications such as grammar mastery, vocabulary limitations, and text translation problems. These factors emerge from both students themselves and the instructional approaches adopted by their teachers.

Semantic and structural challenges of translating modern English agro-engineering terminology into Ukrainian

The study analyzes semantic and structural peculiarities of translating modern English agro-engineering terminology. Agro-engineering terms represent the up-to-date level of agriculture development noted for advanced mechanization, application of various technical processes, new technologies, etc., this causing additional translation problems. Besides, agricultural terminology encapsulates field-specific lexis as well as mathematical, mechanical, biological and general scientific terms. Translation difficulties are closely related to lingual characteristics of agro-engineering terms (structural peculiarities, synonymy, homonymy). Playing a significant role in forming this segment of professional lexicon, multi-component units are difficult to translate due to their length and non-prepositional bonds in most cases. The main research methods include comparative and contrastive analysis as well as the quantitative method. The results obtained reveal that a variety of techniques applied to translating English agro-engineering terms into Ukrainian include equivalence, analogue, descriptive techniques, transliteration, grammatical and lexical transformations. Yet, the most frequent technique is equivalence. Application of different translation techniques in multicomponent phrases can cause inconsistences in the number of components in a terminological phrase in a target language. The authors suggest an algorithm of English-Ukrainian translation of agro-engineering multicomponent terms. The paper is intended for a wide range of specialists interested in translating agro-engineering texts, teaching ESP, students of translation departments and experts in the relevant field of knowledge.

Amino acids can deplete ATP and impair nitric oxide detoxification by Escherichia coli

Nitric oxide (·NO) is a prevalent antimicrobial that is known to damage iron-containing enzymes in amino acid (AA) biosynthesis pathways. With Escherichia coli, ·NO is detoxified in aerobic environments by Hmp, which is an enzyme that is synthesized de novo in response to ·NO. With this knowledgebase, it is expected that the availability of AAs in the extracellular environment would enhance ·NO detoxification, because AAs would foster translation of Hmp. However, we observed that ·NO detoxification by E. coli was far slower in populations grown and treated in the presence of AAs (AA+) in comparison to those grown and stressed in the absence of AAs (AA-). Further experiments revealed that AA+ populations had difficulty translating proteins under ·NO stress, and that ·NO activated the stringent response in AA+ populations. Additional work revealed significant ATP depletion in ·NO-stressed AA+ cultures that far exceeded that of ·NO-stressed AA- populations. Transcription, translation, and RelA were not found to be significant contributors to the ATP depletion observed, whereas AA import was implicated as a significant ATP consumption pathway. Alleviating ATP depletion while maintaining access to AAs partially restored ·NO detoxification, which suggested that ATP depletion contributed to the translational difficulties observed in ·NO-stressed AA+ populations. These data reveal an unexpected interaction within the ·NO response network of E. coli that stimulates a stringent response by RelA in conditions where AAs are plentiful.

Assessing Implicit Question Formations in English and its Realization in Arabic

This study focuses on question formation in English and Arabic and studies questions formation in English and the realization in Arabic. It also focuses on semantic uses of this phenomenon that are limitedly used in Arabic in everyday use and it may be limited to religious texts. However, because of its low prevalence in Arabic, as well as its grammatical structure that coincides with declarative rather than interrogative question. This complicates the process of translating English questions into Arabic. Regarding the hypothesis of the study, it is hypothesized that the majority of students will face a difficulty in translation because interrogatives have its different structures in both languages. This leads the students to commit many errors in the process of translation. To tast the hypothesis, 12 sentences were given randomly to the 20 students of the 4th year of English Ddepartment at Al-Hamdanyia University for the academic year 2020- 2021 to discover their abilities in translating questions. To conclude, most of the students are unable to provide the exact equivalents in Arabic because of its different structure from English

Features of Translating Scientific Texts into English

The theoretical significance lies in the fact that the article makes a certain contribution to the development of theoretical and practical aspects of translating humanitarian texts in the scientific style. The research aimed to address the following specific tasks, namely, to consider ways to achieve equivalence and adequacy in the translation of scientific texts in the humanities. An equally important task was to show and analyze translation transformations, in particular the methods of translating metonymies, abbreviations, metaphors, and phraseological units. It was noted that the difficulty in translation was caused by non-equivalent words, terms, and phrases, for which it was necessary to find a counterpart in the target language or at least to convey the meaning of the word so that the foreign reader could understand what was being said. The exact genre of the text was explained by the fact that, at first glance, the text is not a scientific one. It is noteworthy, that firstly, it is a text in the field of foreign language teaching, and secondly, it contains stylistic techniques, metaphors, metonymies, and phraseological units that are not typical of the scientific style of the Ukrainian language. In English, this is permitted. There is a problem with choosing the most appropriate translation technique for conveying the stylistic, lexical, and grammatical features of the text. The analysis of translation in the humanities has led to the following conclusions. Professional translation requires a good knowledge of the field of activity in which the translation is to be performed. Equally important is the knowledge of the source language and the ability to express one's thoughts competently in the target language. Moreover, when translating humanitarian texts, adequate, descriptive, metonymic, metaphorical, antonymic, and substitutional translations are often used. Accuracy, brevity, conciseness, clarity, literary quality, and equivalence are the main requirements for translating scientific humanitarian texts.

Equivalence Problems in Translating Ibn (Son) and Bint (Daughter) Fixed Expressions to Arabic and English

Son and daughter metaphorical expressions are common in general as well as technical languages. This study explores the similarities and differences between English and Arabic ibn (son) and bint (daughter) expressions, and the difficulties that student-translators have with them. A corpus of English and Arabic general ibn (son) and bint (daughter) expressions (daughters of Eve, daughter of invention, son of Adam, son of a biscuit, son of a gun) and another corpus of specialized expressions (son of Minos, daughter board, daughter activity) were collected, analyzed and compared. It was found that ibn (son) and bint (daughter) expressions fall into 4 categories: (i) those that are identical in form and meaning in both languages (daughters of Eve, son of Adam); (ii) those that are similar in meaning but differ in wording (step-daughter); (iii) those that exist in English, but have no equivalents in Arabic (daughter of Sappho); and (iv) those that exist in Arabic but have no equivalents in English (daughter of Yemen, i.e., coffee). Specialized expressions used in medicine, computers, business and others are exact translations in both languages (daughter company, daughter cyst, daughter isotope). Student-translators could translate fewer than 13% of the Arabic test items and 12% of the English test items correctly and left 75% blank. Son and daughter expressions similar in both languages were easy to translate (like mother like daughter), whereas opaque ones (بنت الشفة), culture-specific ones (بنت أبيها، بنت بنوت، ابن لبون) and those requiring a specialized background knowledge were difficult (daughter board). Extraneous translation, paraphrase, Literal translation, use of synonyms, transliteration of Arabic words, partial translation, and giving the same translation for different expressions were the most common strategies. Translation difficulties are due to semantic and syntactic problems that the students have. Results and recommendations are given in detail.

Structural and semantic features of verbs of interpersonal relations in Russian and Chinese

The subject of the study is the structural and semantic features of verbs expressing interpersonal relationships in two different-structured Russian and Chinese languages. The purpose of the work is to provide a comparative description of the structure of verbs and their semantic features, as well as to identify the specifics of grammatical categories and compare the word-formation types of verbs in two languages. The following methods were used in this article: descriptive method, comparative method and component analysis method. From the point of view of the structural-semantic approach, the verbal vocabulary of the Russian and Chinese languages expressing interpersonal relations still remains insufficiently studied, so research in the field of verb semantics is relevant. The scientific novelty of the research consists in the fact that for the first time the common and unique features of the analyzed verbs are considered in comparison. It is shown that an important feature of Russian verbs is that they have many forms of word change with different meanings, whereas in Chinese the verb has no forms of word change and semantic diversity. The results of the research can be used in the process of teaching lecture courses on comparative lexicology of Russian and Chinese languages; when reading special courses in cognitive linguistics, linguoculturology, intercultural communication. The conclusion of this research is that compared with Russian verbs, which are characterized by a wealth and variety of affixes, Chinese verbs do not have possibilities of word formation for expressing different grammatical meanings. These various structural and semantic features of Russian and Chinese verbs complicate the understanding of the text and create significant difficulties in translation, as well as in the practice of teaching these languages as foreign.

The process and product of translation revision: empirical data from student translators using eye tracking and screen recording

ABSTRACT As the final phase of the translation process, self-revision has traditionally been a relatively neglected component despite it being widely acknowledged as critical to achieving high-quality translation and in translator training. To identify effective educational interventions for self-revision, the current paper reports on a study that collected empirical data from student translators (n = 72) who were randomly assigned to different conditions (traditional, screen recording, and eye tracking) in highly ecologically valid bidirectional tasks. Six features of eye tracking and screen recording were identified as indicators of potential translation difficulties which could be used to direct student translator’s overt visual attention in the revision phase. We found that eye tracking was the most effective way of assisting student translators in self-revising their translations, regardless of the direction of translation. Further, average fixation duration and backward saccades in the eye tracking recording condition, and pauses and concurrent revision activity in the screen recording condition were the most useful features in helping the student translators to identify potential translation errors and thereby enhance the quality of their translation after revisions. Qualitative data showed that the student translators became more confident and had a clearer understanding of their own translation processes after watching the recordings.