Difficult Questions Research Articles

Quantum Chemistry and Astrochemistry: A Match Made in the Heavens.

Quantum chemistry can uniquely answer astrochemical questions that no other technique can provide. Computations can be parallelized, automated, and left to run continuously providing exceptional molecular throughput that cannot be done through experimentation. Additionally, the granularity of the individual computations that are required of potential energy surfaces, reaction mechanism pathways, or other quantum chemically derived observables produces a unique mosaic that make up the larger whole. These pieces can be dissected for their individual contributions or evaluated in an ad hoc fashion for each of their roles in generating the larger whole. No other scientific approach is capable of reporting such fine-grained insights. Quantum chemistry also works from a bottom-up approach in providing properties directly from the desired molecule instead of a top-down perspective as required of experiment where molecules have to be linked to observed phenomena. Furthermore, modern quantum chemistry is well within the range of "chemical accuracy" and is approaching "spectroscopic accuracy." As such, the seemingly difficult questions asked by astrochemistry that would not be asked initially for any other application require quantum chemical reference data. While the results of quantum chemical computations are needed to interpret astrochemical observation, modeling, or laboratory experimentation, such hard questions, regardless of the original need to answer them, produce unique solutions. While questions in astrochemistry often require novel developments in and implementations of quantum chemistry as outlined herein, the applications of these solutions will stretch beyond astrochemistry and may yet impact fields much closer to Earth.

Analysis of Learning Methods of Grade IV and V Outstanding Students at SD N Tanggan 2

Learning is an activity that a person does for behavior change that manifests as an experience that can be in the form of increasing knowledge, changing behavior, and changing attitudes. This study aims 1) to describe the grade IV and V outstanding student’s learning method at SD N Tanggan 2, and 2) to describe what factors affect the learning achievement of grades IV and V outstanding students at SD N Tanggan 2. This research method uses qualitative methods carried out at SD Tanggan 2. The object of this study is the Learning method of Outstanding Students and the subjects in this study are class teachers and student of grade IV & V. The data analysis technique in this study refers to the Miless and Huberman model. The results showed 1) Outstanding students of grades IV and V of SD N Tanggan 2 have learning methods such as asking questions when meeting difficult questions, asking questions when they do not understand the material, paying attention to the teacher's explanation, repeating lessons, and double-checking assignments carefully. 2) The learning achievement of SD N Tanggan 2 students is influenced by two factors, namely internal factors and external factors.

Microsoft Bing outperforms five other generative artificial intelligence chatbots in the Antwerp University multiple choice medical license exam.

Recently developed chatbots based on large language models (further called bots) have promising features which could facilitate medical education. Several bots are freely available, but their proficiency has been insufficiently evaluated. In this study the authors have tested the current performance on the multiple-choice medical licensing exam of University of Antwerp (Belgium) of six widely used bots: ChatGPT (OpenAI), Bard (Google), New Bing (Microsoft), Claude instant (Anthropic), Claude+ (Anthropic) and GPT-4 (OpenAI). The primary outcome was the performance on the exam expressed as a proportion of correct answers. Secondary analyses were done for a variety of features in the exam questions: easy versus difficult questions, grammatically positive versus negative questions, and clinical vignettes versus theoretical questions. Reasoning errors and untruthful statements (hallucinations) in the bots' answers were examined. All bots passed the exam; Bing and GPT-4 (both 76% correct answers) outperformed the other bots (62-67%, p = 0.03) and students (61%). Bots performed worse on difficult questions (62%, p = 0.06), but outperformed students (32%) on those questions even more (p<0.01). Hallucinations were found in 7% of Bing's and GPT4's answers, significantly lower than Bard (22%, p<0.01) and Claude Instant (19%, p = 0.02). Although the creators of all bots try to some extent to avoid their bots being used as a medical doctor, none of the tested bots succeeded as none refused to answer all clinical case questions.Bing was able to detect weak or ambiguous exam questions. Bots could be used as a time efficient tool to improve the quality of a multiple-choice exam.

Performance of AI chatbots on controversial topics in oral medicine, pathology, and radiology

ObjectivesIn this study, we assessed six different artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots (Bing, GPT-3.5, GPT-4, Google Bard, Claude, Sage) responses to controversial and difficult questions in oral pathology, oral medicine, and oral radiology. Study DesignThe chatbots’ answers were evaluated by board-certified specialists using a modified version of the global quality score on a 5-point Likert scale. The quality and validity of chatbot citations were evaluated. ResultsClaude had the highest mean score of 4.341 ± 0.582 for oral pathology and medicine. Bing had the lowest scores of 3.447 ± 0.566. In oral radiology, GPT-4 had the highest mean score of 3.621 ± 1.009 and Bing the lowest score of 2.379 ± 0.978. GPT-4 achieved the highest mean score of 4.066 ± 0.825 for performance across all disciplines. 82 out of 349 (23.50%) of generated citations from chatbots were fake. ConclusionsThe most superior chatbot in providing high-quality information for controversial topics in various dental disciplines was GPT-4. Although the majority of chatbots performed well, it is suggested that developers of AI medical chatbots incorporate scientific citation authenticators to validate the outputted citations given the relatively high number of fabricated citations.

Solvay method of estimating the risk of electrostatic ignition

IEC TS 60079-32-1 “ATEX - Electrostatic hazards, guidance” gives us the best practice to avoid ignition from electrostatic sources. In Solvay we follow this guideline but, when we find that our existing practice, at a particular site for a particular chemical process in a particular piece of equipment, does not comply with that guidance, we are faced with a difficult question: what priority should we give to putting it right? To answer that question we have to analyse the risk associated with electrostatic ignition sources for the particular process and that particular piece of equipment. It depends on many factors, including the frequency of the presence of an explosive atmosphere, the Minimum Ignition Energy of the flammable gas or combustible dust and the number of people who would be exposed to the blast wave or shrapnel from an explosion or the thermal radiation from a fire. Such considerations allow us to prioritize the risk in three levels, ranging from Risk 1 (Unacceptable), through Risk 2 (Intermediate) to Risk 3 = Acceptable. This paper shows how to estimate the risk level of scenarios involving electrostatic and indeed other ignition sources using the Solvay method.

EU Competences In An Age Of Complexity And Crisis: Challenges And Tensions In The System Of Attributed Powers

This article argues that the Union’s experience of tackling increasingly complex socio-economic and geopolitical problems has revealed certain limitations in our well-established legal understanding of the principle of conferral. Our current legal approach to verifying the existence of Union competence focuses almost entirely on the relationship between each and every discrete and individual Union measure, on the one hand, and its purported legal basis or bases under the Treaties, on the other hand. That approach offers only limited recognition to the particular demands imposed on Union policymaking by challenges of formidable scale, complexity and often urgency – demanding solutions based on multi-faceted, multi-component, and highly integrated regulatory packages. Such legal diffidence can generate a range of tensions: further complicating an already difficult negotiating process; interfering in or even altogether unpicking delicate political compromises; forcing the Union institutions towards suboptimal policy responses or exposing them to allegations of “competence creep”; and raising difficult questions about the estranged legitimacy claims of robust constitutional law versus effective public governance. That analysis invites us to reflect critically on the performance, merits and limits of the current Treaty frameworkgoverning attributed Union powers, not least by suggesting some potential adaptations and reforms that might help ameliorate such tensions.

Analisis Hasil Ujian Sekolah Berstandar Nasional di Sekolah Dasar Kecamatan Bulu pada Muatan Matematika

&lt;p&gt;This research aims to analyze the level of difficulty of the questions and mastery of basic competencies according to the level of difficulty of the questions that have been found in the Mathematics subject in the national standard elementary school exam results in Bulu sub-district, Temanggung. This research uses a quantitative approach using descriptive methods. The population in this study is data from the USBN results in the Bulu sub-district with a sample of 35 questions answered by 613 grade 6 students, in terms of the level of difficulty the questions were classified as sufficient or medium. This can be seen from the calculation results which show that of the 30 multiple-choice questions that are classified as difficult questions, there are 4 questions (13%), 17 medium questions (57%), and 9 easy questions (30%). Meanwhile, for the 5 essay questions in the difficult category, 1 question (20%), 4 medium questions (80%), and 0 easy questions (0%).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Keyword: &lt;/strong&gt;item analysis, USBN, level of difficulty, mathematics&lt;/p&gt;

ANALYSIS OF CRITICAL THINKING ABILITY IN SPLDV

Critical thinking can be interpreted as processes and abilities used to understand concepts, apply, synthesize and evaluate the information obtained or the information produced . This study aims to describe students' ability to complete SPLDV questions , and find out the causes of the difficulty in solving the SPLDV questions . Research subject consists from 15 students who originate from State Middle School in the district North Lampung . Data study collected through test And interview. Interviews were conducted to complete data about the causes of the difficulty in solving SPLDV problems . The research data were analyzed descriptively . Research result concluded that ability student in finish about SPLDV is at on levels not enough, Enough, And Good, And reason how difficult student finish question SPLDV the is how difficult solving problems with more variables than equations, separating the x and y variables on different sides, and don't get a unanimous solution ( real/imaginary ). In addition, important findings were obtained in this study, namely there are still weaknesses / deficiencies in modifying algebraic forms, look for various alternative problem solving, and separate the two variables (x and y). to students It is advisable to understand the concepts and operations of fractions again, as well as train yourself to be critical in solving them about SPLDV.

Vibration modes of three-dimensional spiral cochlea covering the organ of Corti

So far, explaining the mechanism on active phonosensitive amplification in the cochlea is a major and difficult medical question. Among them, one of the key problems is that the motion pattern of the organ of Corti (OC) is still unknown. To this end, a multi-scale cochlear model including a three-dimensional spiral OC was established based on CT data and light source imaging experimental data, which complete combined the macroscopic and microscopic structure. On the basis of verifying the reliability of the model, acoustic-solid coupling calculation and modal analysis were performed on the model, and the vibration modes of basilar membrane (BM) and structures of the OC at different characteristic frequencies were discussed. The results show that tectorial membrane (TM) exhibits completely different vibration modes from BM at low frequencies, while the two movements gradually synchronize as the frequency increases. The amplitude position of OC’s motion moves laterally with increasing frequency from Deiters’ cells to Hensen’s cells and then back to Deiters’ cells. The OC exhibits longitudinal vibrations following BM when BM’s displacement is large, while it manifests more as lateral movement of Deiters’ cells when BM’s displacement is small. This model can well simulate the motion process of BM and OC in the lymphatic fluid, which provides theoretical support and a numerical simulation computational platform to explore the interaction between macroscopic and microscopic tissue structures of the overall cochlea.

The Development of Assessment Instrument Based on Wordwall to Measure Process Science Skills for Environmental Pollution

This study aims to determine the validity, practicality, and effectiveness of an assessment instruments based on Wordwall in measuring students' science process skills of junior high school science learning in environmental pollution materials. This research is a type of development research (Research and Development) that refers to the procedure of the Borg and Gall development model which has stages including research and information collecting, planning, develop the preliminary form of the product, product design validation, main product revisions, main field testing, operational product revision, operational field testing, final product revision. The subject of the study was a grade VII student of SMPN 2 Ajung, Jember. This study used instruments in the form of validation sheets, practicality sheets, student questionnaire sheets, and science process skills tests. Data analysis techniques used in research consist of validity test analysis, practicality test analysis, and effectiveness test analysis. The results showed that out of 20 multiple-choice questions developed from aspects of material, construction, and language based on the assessment of 3 validators were declared very valid and worthy of use without revision. The twenty multiple-choice questions tested have valid question item validity. The assessment instrument has a reliability value of 0.612. The difficulty level analysis obtained 5 easy criteria questions, 14 medium criteria questions, and 1 difficult criteria question. The effectiveness of the assessment instrument obtained the average results of students' science process skills of 55%, including the sufficient category and student response questionnaires of 81%, so they were declared very good.

DOP72 Pregnancy for IBD-patients with an enterostomy is feasible but is associated with complications

Abstract Background As inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is frequently diagnosed in young adults, the disease often coincides with pregnancy. There are several indications for enterostomies in the treatment of IBD. Literature on enterostomy complications during pregnancy and pregnancy-outcomes remains scarce. Gaining insight in the incidence of complications and the course of these pregnancies serves as a first step in developing guidelines for the difficult question of how, when and by whom complications during pregnancy should be monitored and treated. The aim of this study was to assess enterostomy related complications and pregnancy-outcomes in female IBD patient with an enterostomy during pregnancy. Methods For this multicenter cohort and survey study, all patients who have been pregnant while having an enterostomy and who gave birth between 2016 and 2023 in three Dutch university medical centers were included. Complications of the enterostomy and pregnancy-outcomes were collected retrospectively from electronic patient files. In collaboration with gastroenterologists, surgeons, gynaecologists and IBD-patients, a survey was designed. Through this digital questionnaire, all participants were asked about their experience during pregnancy and any long-term enterostomy related complaints. Results Data was collected on 37 patients (mean age at conception 32.6 years; 64.9% Crohn’s disease (CD), 32.4% ulcerative colitis (UC), 2.7% IBD undetermined (IBD-U)), comprising 48 pregnancies of which four ended in a miscarriage. Enterostomy related complications occurred in thirty of the full-term pregnancies (68.2%), with decreased stoma-output (43.2%), small-bowel obstruction (29.6%) and leakage (25%) being the most prevalent. In a quarter of the pregnancies, surgical revision of the stoma was needed due to obstruction (27.3%), prolapse (27.3) and peristomal herniation (45.6%). A full overview of documented complications can be found in table 1. Of the fourteen women who completed the questionnaire, six reported non-resolved complications at least six months after delivery (42.9%). Eighteen pregnancies ended in a caesarean section (40.9%). There were 45 infants (one gemelli pregnancy), of whom eight (17.8 %) were born prematurely,eight (17.8 %) had low birth weight (17.8%) and eight (17.8 %) were small for their gestational age. Conclusion Being pregnant and giving birth with an enterostomy is feasible, but is in two third of pregnancies associated with complications. A reduced stoma output and leakage can be prevented by early counseling. Proper guidance before, during pregnancy and postpartum is therefore crucial for IBD-patients with an enterostomy.

One Could Not Have Survived Communism Without a Grandmother

This reflection centers on the author’s grandmother’s cookbook as a catalyst for interrogating the incomplete memories of growing up in Romania in the 1980s during the ‘golden decade’ of Communism. During these times, oppressive policies restricted people’s access to food and punished those who tried to eat outside the scope of the regime. Yet, through my grandmother’s cooking of dishes such as sauteed stinging nettles, which is the focus of this reflection, my memories of that decade are of delicious, tasty, and nutritious meals, the best she ever ate. The reflection asks difficult questions around pleasure during oppressive times, as well as about the impossibility of recreating such a dish outside of its own history.

Another proposal to the unknown female identity of אמרת in Psalm 16:2

There is a difficulty in determining the subject of אמרת in Psalm 16:2. This problem arises from the context. Psalm 16:1 reveals that the speaker of the whole Psalm 16 is David himself: לְדָוִד and the usage of the first person singular of the verb חסה is to denote that David is the speaker. Psalm 16:2, nevertheless, changes the first person singular from verse 1 to the second person feminine singular. In other words, the subject of verse 1 is David himself or a male speaker, whereas the subject of verse 2 shifts to an unknown female speaker. As a result, this shift creates two difficult questions. Firstly, why does David replace the first person singular in Psalm 16:1 to the second person feminine singular in Psalm 16:2? Secondly, who is this second person feminine singular in Psalm 16:2? This research argues for the influence of Phoenician language to Psalm 16:2; therefore, Phoenician language offers solutions to those difficulties.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: This article is a combination of Biblical Studies and Linguistics. This article attempts to apply a comparative linguistic approach to Psalm 16:2.

Breastfeeding in the United States Among Women With HIV: Con Viewpoint.

To breast feed or not has long been a difficult question for women with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in high-income countries, as undetectable HIV in maternal plasma does not translate to zero risk of transmission while breastfeeding, and clean water and formula are readily available. Recent, and more permissive, changes in US and other high-income-country guidelines regarding breastfeeding underscore this issue and acknowledge the information gaps that are essential for informed maternal choice and provider management. These include lack of guidance as to routine monitoring of mothers during lactation, type and length of prophylaxis for infants, and lack of data on factors associated with increased breast-milk viral load and risk of transmission. Ancillary to data are the education and staffing needs for providers participating in the management of breastfeeding individuals. Future studies of breast-milk transmission will need to evaluate these gaps so that we can move transmission to zero.

“That Was My Power”: The Value of Physical Exercise for Migrant Women Managing Marital Breakdown

Divorce is, for many, unsettling and, for some, it can even be traumatic. In rupturing a significant intimate relationship, divorce raises difficult questions regarding one’s sense of self and life path. For migrant wives, separation takes on additional dimensions, disrupting plans for their personal lives along with their migration journeys. Divorced migrant women draw on various resources during separation and yet research has paid scant attention to the role of leisure within this. This article responds to this gap by highlighting how, for thirteen heterosexual and cisgender women who originally migrated for marriage (seven in Hong Kong and six in Melbourne, Australia), physical exercise became key to managing their marital breakdowns. Despite social differences between the women, physical exercise connected them as a group in how it offered time for contemplation; positive bodily engagement; and self-empowerment opportunities, thus revealing it to be a powerful resource for migrants faced with divorce. (150w)

Solvatochromism in Solvent Mixtures: A Practical Solution for a Complex Problem

Many reactions are carried out in solvent mixtures, mainly because of practical reasons. For example, E2 eliminations are favored over SN2 substitutions in aqueous organic solvents because the bases are desolvated. This example raises the question: how do we chose binary solvents to favor reaction outcomes? This important question is deceptively simple because it requires that we understand the details of all interactions within the system. Solvatochromism (solvent-dependent color change of a substance) has contributed a great deal to answer this difficult question, because it gives information on the interactions between solvents, solute-solvent, and presumably transition state-solvent. This wealth of information is achieved by simple spectroscopic measurements of selected (solvatochromic) substances, or probes. An important outcome of solvatochromism is that the probe solvation layer composition is almost always different from that of bulk mixed solvent. In principle, this difference can be exploited to “tune” the composition of solvent mixture to favor the reaction outcome. This minireview addresses the use of solvatochromic probes to quantify solute-solvent interactions, leading to a better understanding of the complex effects of solvent mixtures on chemical phenomena. Because of their extensive use in chemistry, we focus on binary mixtures containing protic-, and protic-dipolar aprotic solvents.

A Quarter of a Century of Civilian Protection: Contested Concepts and the Problem of Sovereignty

ABSTRACT The protection of civilians has moved from the periphery to the core of public perceptions of what UN peacekeeping is for. At the same time, the operational and tactical arts of civilian protection have become better developed, more sophisticated, and more widely known. This turn towards protection has improved UN peacekeeping and, more importantly, saved civilian lives. This piece shows that together, the essays in this collection suggest a need to think more holistically about by situating practices of UN peacekeeping along a broader continuum of practice comprising local actors, unarmed civilian protectors at one end, a more fulsome understanding of the role of UN police and national authorities in the middle, and – at the other end – difficult questions about humanitarian intervention.

The comparison of general tips for mathematical problem solving generated by generative AI with those generated by human teachers

ABSTRACT In designing an intelligent tutoring system, a core area of the application of AI in education, tips from the system or virtual tutors are crucial in helping students solve difficult questions in disciplines like mathematics. Traditionally, the manual design of general tips by teachers is time-consuming and error-prone. Generative AI, like ChatGPT, presents a new channel for designing general tips. This study utilized prompt engineering and Chain of Thought to summarize general tips for given mathematical problems (one geometry problem and one algebra problem) and their solutions. A Turing test was conducted to compare ChatGPT-generated general tips with human-designed ones. Results from 121 human evaluators, each assessing 6 ChatGPT-generated and 6 human-designed general tips for each of two mathematical problems, showed that the average score for ChatGPT-generated tips is less than that of human-designed tips at a statistically significant level (p < 0.05), and Zero-Shot CoT achieved the best score. However, no evaluator could distinguish the tip types exactly. The average precision, recall and F-value of all ChatGPT-generated tips are less than 40%. AI-generated general tips can serve as a valuable reference for teachers to enhance efficiency and students’ mathematical learning.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ УМСТВЕННЫХ СПОСОБНОСТЕЙ СТУДЕНТОВ АГРАРНОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА СЕВЕРНОГО ЗАУРАЛЬЯ

This article examines a study to find out the average IQ of students from one of the groups of the GAU of the Northern Trans-Urals. The results of a study on finding out the average IQ of 2nd year students are taken as a basis. 2nd year students of the Agroengineering training course of different profiles took part in an anonymous intellectual survey of the Eysenck test. The Eysenck Test is an intelligence quotient (IQ) test developed by the English psychologist Hans Eysenck. There are eight different variants of the Eysenck intelligence test. Any specialist of a technical and engineering specialty or profession needs the ability and abilities to analyze and synthesize spatial forms, to perceive ideas based by other developers and researchers in the drawing documentation. Students of the GAU of the Northern Trans-Urals demonstrated a significant amount of knowledge by answering interesting and difficult questions. At the end of the survey, it can be concluded that the abilities of students and the identification of predisposition to a certain mindset and assimilation of the material of educational programs are completely different and depend on different types of thinking. The article examines the mental abilities of university students and reveals a predisposition to a certain mindset and the assimilation of the material of educational programs. Engineering graphics, mathematics and physics help everyone to develop these abilities, do not forget about the humanities. A future specialist should not only calculate and draw, but also be able to correctly express and convey thoughts. For this purpose, both technical and humanitarian sciences are taught at our university.

Untimely Proposals for Philosophical Studies of Go

There is no royal road to philosophy. Thanks to Go, however, I have come to be a happy retired professor of philosophy. Go not only led me to the Socratic tradition of knowing nothing but my ignorance but also provided me with ample sources of inspiration for my philosophical journey. As a consequence, I have more difficult questions than ever. Since there is no hope for me to find answers to them shortly, I would like to present proposals to tackle them with all members of the International Society of Go Studies.