Difficult Area Research Articles

War Strategy of Acehnese and Dutch in the Aceh War 1873-1912

<em>Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam in the history of the struggle of the Indonesian nation is the most difficult area to conquer by the Dutch. This area was once a Sultanate area that was crowded with international traders because of its strategic location. The war began when the Dutch tried to control the Aceh region so it received fierce resistance from the sultanate and the people of Aceh. The war between the Acehnese and Dutch people lasted between 1873 and 1912 which was the largest war during colonialism in the archipelago. The Acehnese and Dutch people in this long war implemented strategies with the aim of weakening the opponent's defenses. This paper aims to explain the strategies of both sides in the Aceh War. The author uses qualitative methods with library study as well as documentation to collect historical information with historiographic techniques. The result of this research was that the strategy of the Acehnese people with the spirit of fisabilillah war, deceitful tactics, and guerrilla was able to make the Dutch with higher-tech troops overwhelmed to deal with it. Meanwhile, the Dutch used war diplomacy to gain support from regional leaders with the politics of fighting and analyze the socio-cultural aspects of the Acehnese people to weaken the opponent's defenses.</em>

S-Octopus: A Novel Scalable Secure Position-Based Routing Protocol for MANETs

Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANET) are self-organized wireless networks that are becoming progressively popular. Determining an efficient route leading from a source to a specific destination in these networks is an essential issue since nodes are continuously moving. Furthermore, finding a secure route is a difficult area to deal with since adversaries might insert themselves into these routes unless a strict secure routing procedure is implemented. In this paper, a novel scalable secure routing protocol called S-Octopus has been proposed. Via dividing the network area into sectors and utilizing restricted directional flooding, our protocol intents to achieve improved scalability. Moreover, S-Octopus seeks to enhance robustness against the single point of failure and compromise by introducing several Sector Certificate Authority servers. Together with S-Octopus a location service and a misbehavior detection system have been proposed. Using GloMoSim simulator, S-Octopus security and performance have been evaluated and compared with the basic Authenticated Routing for Ad-Hoc Networks (ARAN) as well as Zone-based Authenticated Routing for Ad-Hoc Networks (ARANz). Simulation results assure that S-Octopus is able to effectively initiate and maintain secure routes in MANETs. Results also confirm that S-Octopus has significantly mitigated the scalability problem by achieving the maximum packet delivery fraction and the minimum network and routing loads within fairly large networks with high-mobility nodes and large malicious node percentage. Thus, S-Octopus is a good choice for MANET established among students on a campus or peers at a conference, where keys and certificates might be previously deployed.

ОЦЕНКА НЕСУЩЕЙ СПОСОБНОСТИ ПОЧВЫ ПРИ ПОЛИВЕ ДМ «КУБАНЬ-ЛК1» УЧАСТКОВ НА СЛОЖНОМ РЕЛЬЕФЕ

The issues of ensuring sufficient support-coupling properties of the Kuban-LK1 widesprinkler sprinkling machine (SM) for working on difficult terrain areas by increasing the bearing capacity of the soil surface are considered. It is noted that with increased rain intensity and, accordingly, increased puddle formation in the zone of movement of running systems, intensive rutting is observed, leading to a bend in the water supply pipeline and, ultimately, to the operation of the protection system. This drawback has a negative impact on the shift time utilization rate and, consequently, on the overall performance of the SM. A progressive decrease in the intensity of the SM water supply is proposed to be used to eliminate it, which will lead to an increase in the bearing properties of the soil. It was determined that when working on slopes, the rain intensity at the end of the SM is 0.4 mm/min. It has been experimentally established that a decrease in the intensity of rain can be achieved by reducing the consumption of sprinklers, as well as by increasing the spray area of the jet. Installation of control devices is proposed to reduce the intensity to 0.3 mm/min. But it has been established that further regulation of rain intensity values is limited by the maximum allowable length of the decrease in the irrigation radius by sprinklers. The installation of stubble-type spreaders for spraying the jet of sprinklers is proposed to reduce the intensity of rain to 0.2 mm/min. An analysis of the experimental data on the dependence of the soil bearing capacity on the intensity of rain and the magnitude of surface runoff showed that with a progressive decrease in the intensity of rain, control devices and dividers provide an increase in the bearing capacity of the soil from 43–47 kPa without control devices to 72–82 kPa with them. Ultimately, the provision of sufficient support properties makes it possible to achieve productive operation of the Kuban-LK1 DM on slope areas.

Forecasting supercritical behavior of drill strings in horizontal wells

The determining factor in the current changes in the world energy balance and its structure, as well as the global development of the oil and gas industry, is currently the technological factor. As a result, fundamentally new categories of horizontal and inclined wells appeared and developed. They give a multiple increase in flow rates, as they increase the production area many times over. They are used in the development of offshore projects, in swampy and very difficult areas, to increase oil recovery, restoration of inactive wells.
 New technologies based on the method of horizontal drilling have revolutionized the practice and theory of world oil production, as they have allowed the destruction of offshore oil and gas fields without the construction of expensive offshore foundations and platforms.
 When drilling horizontal wells, as a rule, the main cause of emergencies is the loss of stability of the drill string, its bifurcation protrusion and the maximum frictional interaction with the well wall. The issues of theoretical modeling of the phenomenon of unstable protrusion of columns are associated with significant difficulties, the main of which is due to the need to set the Sturm-Liouville boundary value problem on a large length of drill string. Because for deep wells, the drill string becomes geometrically similar to a human hair, many traditional mathematical methods used to integrate solving equations become poorly convergent in these cases.
 Based on the theory of curvilinear flexible rods, the problem of theoretical modeling of supercritical states of drill strings taking into account their contact interaction with the walls of oil and gas wells is set. Analytical solutions of the problem are constructed, which determine the critical values of external tensile or compressive longitudinal force and torque at a given difference in the diameters of the cavity and the drill string, the zones of supercritical states of drill strings are established.

ECO-INTEGRATIVE TERRITORIAL EVOCATION BY EMERGING NEW ARCHITECTURAL ECO-CLIMATIC STYLE

In this research work, the interest is directed towards the evocation of innovative neo-architectural dynamics in the Tunisian south-east territory, through an eco-integrative approach and the production of new eco-climatic architectural styles, based on the natural and cultural wealth of the Tunisian territory, authentic and revolutionary, yet marginalized and restricted, giving rise to reactions to the question that arises: “Is the situation of the vernacular heritage in the Tunisian south-east the direct result of a lack of vernacular heritage potential knowledge lack or of a modernist, restricted and reductive architectural production?” A multi-scale architectural study of rustic heritage has been developed, including a morpho-metric study, the analysis of hygrothermal diagrams produced in situ as well as the measurement of temperature and humidity inside the spaces. Neotroglodytic architecture, allows to highlight the intelligible integration of this new architectural mode in the mineral and arid desert landscape and to detect the aspect of an ecological and sustainable architecture, offering a humble, comfortable and welcoming intra-spatial atmosphere. Otherwise, in southeastern Tunisia, diagnostics have shown that rural villages, partially occupied and exploited in an anarchic manner, are subject to real dangers that threaten their survival in the Saharan territory, considered a difficult area. Direct consequences of an unsuitable development process, these historic works are perceived as static in the face of a dynamic social process, which has led to the gradual increase in their abandonment rates. Similarly, a disfigurement of the rustic landscape results from poor adaptation due to the standardized reproduction of architectural styles “in search of modernity”. The new troglodyte modes present a versatile and capacitive cultural potential. The manifestation of cultural and spatial wealth thus emerges, with the lasting potential of constituting a vector of cultural transition for the territorial development of southeastern Tunisia.

Annotation-efficient training of medical image segmentation network based on scribble guidance in difficult areas.

The training of deep medical image segmentation networks usually requires a large amount of human-annotated data. To alleviate the burden of human labor, many semi- or non-supervised methods have been developed. However, due to the complexity of clinical scenario, insufficient training labels still causes inaccurate segmentation in some difficult local areas such as heterogeneous tumors and fuzzy boundaries. We propose an annotation-efficient training approach, which only requires scribble guidance in the difficult areas. A segmentation network is initially trained with a small amount of fully annotated data and then used to produce pseudo labels for more training data. Human supervisors draw scribbles in the areas of incorrect pseudo labels (i.e., difficult areas), and the scribbles are converted into pseudo label maps using a probability-modulated geodesic transform. To reduce the influence of the potential errors in the pseudo labels, a confidence map of the pseudo labels is generated by jointly considering the pixel-to-scribble geodesic distance and the network output probability. The pseudo labels and confidence maps are iteratively optimized with the update of the network, and the network training is promoted by the pseudo labels and the confidence maps in turn. Cross-validation based on two data sets (brain tumor MRI and liver tumor CT) showed that our method significantly reduces the annotation time while maintains the segmentation accuracy of difficult areas (e.g., tumors). Using 90 scribble-annotated training images (annotated time: ~ 9h), our method achieved the same performance as using 45 fully annotated images (annotation time: > 100h) but required much shorter annotation time. Compared to the conventional full annotation approaches, the proposed method significantly saves the annotation efforts by focusing the human supervisions on the most difficult regions. It provides an annotation-efficient way for training medical image segmentation networks in complex clinical scenario.

Rapid preparation of liquid‐free, antifreeze, stretchable, and ion‐conductive eutectic gels with good compression resistance and self‐healing properties by frontal polymerization

AbstractThe development of elastomers from renewable raw material resources, with excellent properties, has been a major and difficult area of research. In this work, ternary polymerizable deep eutectic monomers (DEMs) were synthesized from acrylamide, choline chloride, and glycerol (Gy). A series of mixed hydrogels were prepared in 15 min through thermal initiation in DEM using a frontal chemical change. The eutectic gel exhibited good mechanical and self‐healing properties, and the mechanical and self‐healing properties of the target gel could be regulated by adjusting the proportion of Gy, while the eutectic gel could maintain high elongation and self‐healing efficiency at low temperatures. Additional, eutectic gels could be compressed to a strain of more than 80% and could immediately recover to their original state when the compression force was released. In the cyclic compression test, the eutectic gel cyclic compression curves showed a high degree of overlap, and no significant hysteresis was observed, even at a set strain of 80% and 100 cyclic compression times. In addition, the eutectic gel showed fine ionic conductivity, and both the water content and Gy content could affect its conductivity, giving it the potential to be used in the application of manufacturing pressure‐sensitive sensors.

Reviewing Federated Learning Aggregation Algorithms; Strategies, Contributions, Limitations and Future Perspectives

The success of machine learning (ML) techniques in the formerly difficult areas of data analysis and pattern extraction has led to their widespread incorporation into various aspects of human life. This success is due in part to the increasing computational power of computers and in part to the improved ability of ML algorithms to process large amounts of data in various forms. Despite these improvements, certain issues, such as privacy, continue to hinder the development of this field. In this context, a privacy-preserving, distributed, and collaborative machine learning technique called federated learning (FL) has emerged. The core idea of this technique is that, unlike traditional machine learning, user data is not collected on a central server. Nevertheless, models are sent to clients to be trained locally, and then only the models themselves, without associated data, are sent back to the server to combine the different locally trained models into a single global model. In this respect, the aggregation algorithms play a crucial role in the federated learning process, as they are responsible for integrating the knowledge of the participating clients, by integrating the locally trained models to train a global one. To this end, this paper explores and investigates several federated learning aggregation strategies and algorithms. At the beginning, a brief summary of federated learning is given so that the context of an aggregation algorithm within a FL system can be understood. This is followed by an explanation of aggregation strategies and a discussion of current aggregation algorithms implementations, highlighting the unique value that each brings to the knowledge. Finally, limitations and possible future directions are described to help future researchers determine the best place to begin their own investigations.

Clear and present danger: Mechanical heart valves in pregnancy.

Specialists in Obstetric Haematology continue to be challenged by pregnant women with mechanical heart valves, who are at high risk of death or severe morbidity. Effective anticoagulation to reduce valve thrombosis inevitably increases risk of obstetric haemorrhage and fetal loss or harm, and difficult decisions need to be made. Lester and mulitdisciplinary colleagues on behalf of the British Society for Haematology review available evidence and provide comprehensive recommendations to guide management in this difficult area. Commentary on: Lester et al. British Society for Haematology guideline for anticoagulant management of pregnant individuals with mechanical heart valves. Br J Haematol 2023;202:465-478.

National Bombay Stock Trade Market Expectation Utilizing KNN Calculation

Predicting stock prices is a fascinating and difficult area of study. The economies of developed nations are compared to their power economies. As a result of their easy profits and low risk rate of return, stock markets are currently regarded as an illustrious trading field. For researchers in data mining and business, the stock market is thought to be a good place to work because of its numerous and constantly changing information sources. In order to assist investors, management, decision-makers, and users in making correct and informed investment decisions, we used the k-nearest neighbour algorithm and a non-linear regression approach in this paper to predict stock prices for a sample of six major companies listed on the Jordanian stock exchange. The results indicate that the KNN algorithm is reliable with a low error ratio; Consequently, the outcomes were reasonable and rational. Additionally, the prediction results were nearly identical to the actual stock prices, depending on the data on the stock price.

Endoscopic Approach for A Difficult Cervical Area: Fully Endoscopic Uniportal Transcervical Approach for Ventral Pathologies of the Craniovertebral Junction

Objective: Various pathologies can occur at the craniovertebral junction (CVJ). Posterior decompression with occipitocervical fixation can improve many of these conditions, but anterior decompression is required in some cases. Anterior decompression of a CVJ lesion is very difficult to perform. The transoral approach has been considered the gold standard, but it has the disadvantage of a deep and limited operative field, and many complications are associated with this procedure. Three endoscopic approaches (transoral, transnasal, and transcervical) have been reported previously. Transcervical endoscopic odontoidectomy is a familiar approach for spinal surgeons and can be performed using a uniportal full-endoscopic spinal surgery system. Methods: As described in the present study, 12 patients underwent surgery, and their clinical records were reviewed retrospectively. Results: All patients had good recovery without complications.Conclusion: Fully endoscopic uniportal transcervical odontoidectomy has many advantages for ventral pathologies of the CVJ. In particular, it can avoid heat injury despite drilling very close to the brainstem in deep closed lesions.

Stereotactic percutaneous cryoablation technique for spinal tumor lesion: pilot study

INTRODUCTION: Percutaneous cryoablation is a method of minimally invasive treatment of patients with metastatic bone lesions, which is also used for lesions of the vertebrae. The spine is one of the most difficult anatomical areas for ablation due to the risk of mechanical and thermal damage to the spinal cord and adjacent structures. OBJECTIVE: Consideration of methodological aspects of performing minimally invasive percutaneous cryoablation in metastatic lesions of the vertebrae, clarification and systematization of puncture stereotaxic approaches. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The cryoablation procedure was performed in 10 patients. The sizes of metastatic lesions varied from 8 to 45 mm (34.6±9.7 mm). Positioning of cryoprobes was performed in sequential mode using the «free hand» method or using a robotic navigation attachment to a CT scanner. The process of installing cryoprobes and ablation was monitored using a multislice computed tomograph. Number and diameter of cryoprobes determined taking into account the characteristics of the lesion; in one procedure used from 1 to 3 cryoprobes. The PCA procedure included two cooling cycles to a temperature of –190 four °C with an exposure of 10 and 7 minutes, with automatic temperature maintenance at the set parameters and continuous temperature monitoring between cycles. After the end of ablation, active and passive thawing modes were used. Dimensions ice ball was assessed at periodic CT scans with an interval of 2–3 minutes. RESULTS: Two patients without previous pain syndrome using costovertebral and transforaminal approaches after the procedure developed a pain syndrome of 4–5 points on a digital analogue scale, which required medical analgesic correction using, among other things, narcotic analgesics. In a patient in the case of transforaminal access, the pain syndrome completely resolved within 7 days; in the second case, the pain decreased to 2 points, but persisted for 3 weeks. In 4 patients with previous pain syndrome after PCA, its decrease to 0–2 points was noted. These changes in 2 patients persisted throughout the entire observation period (more than 6 months), in 2 patients the effect was observed for 1 and 3 months; the resumption of pain was due to the local progression of the tumor process. In general, local tumor control was achieved in 7 patients (follow-up period 6–14 months). In 3 patients, according to the control CT scan, continued growth of metastases was established, while in all these clinical cases, the size of the foci before PCA exceeded 4 cm. DISCUSSION: In PCA of the vertebrae, a wide range of puncture approaches can be used: transpedicular, costovertebral, transforaminal, posterolateral, and posterior. The choice of the optimal variant depends on the spine and the features of localization, shape, size and structure of the lesion. CONCLUSION: When performing PCA of metastatic foci in the thoracic and lumbar spine, most of the known puncture approaches can be used. In case of marginal destruction of the vertebral body, posterolateral (in the thoracic region) and posterior (in the lumbar region) puncture approaches can be used, in which the cryoprobe is installed paravertebral, without direct perforation of the bone.

Securing the Internet of Things-enabled smart city infrastructure using a hybrid framework

Since the Internet of Things (IoT) employs a diverse range of new technologies, it is impossible to build a single recommended design adopted as a master plan for all possible requests. Some possible IoT application areas have not been looked into yet or do not have enough information on how to approach them. This shows that more research needs to be done in this difficult area to find new and potentially big benefits for society. Although smart cities offer residents and providers of capital several advantages, there are numerous ways that breaches could compromise the safety and security of individuals. As a result, several different recommendation designs can coexist in the IoT. This research examines the effects of ethics and technology on the security of IoT-enabled systems in smart city infrastructure. Hence provides a secure IoT network architecture for smart cities combining blockchain and deep learning to safeguard privacy and credibility. This research presents a Secure Smart City Infrastructure using Blockchain and Deep Learning (SSCI-BDL) framework to ensure privacy protection and trustworthiness among IoT communication in smart cities. This framework involves the blockchain network for security management in the smart city infrastructure. This framework integrates the deep learning model with an optimization algorithm that maintains efficient resource utilization in the smart city infrastructure. The simulation results show that the system has high security of 99.5% and the lowest latency rate of 4.1% compared to existing models. Overall, the proposed framework’s efficiency gives the highest rate of 99.8%.

Production of Hand Music Videos in Anatomy Education for Medical Students in Malaysia

Media are teaching resources that help teachers transmit messages and learning material to students effectively and efficiently. Music video making is one example of how educational media is used in anatomy training. The aim of this article is to elaborate the stages of hand music video development. The three main stages of film and video production are pre-production, production, and postproduction. Identifying the type of music video, script writing, song composition, music and vocal recording, and storyboard production are all parts of the pre-production stage. Shooting and selecting the music video’s mood, with a few adjustments, are part of the production stage. Finally, editing is included in the post-production stage. Hand music videos were found to aid in the teaching of anatomy, with the music video containing visual, auditory, and kinaesthetic elements. Therefore, music videos can be used as an alternative teaching approach, particularly in difficult subject areas that demand extensive memorisation.

Acceptance of Endoscopes in Otology - An Indian Perspective and Review of the Literature.

Introduction The role of endoscopes in the ear, nose, and throat (ENT) field has been described since the 1980s; It started with endoscopic nasal surgeries, followed by otological and laryngological procedures, and, since then, it has experienced a rapid evolution. Endoscopes help otologists understand how to approach difficult areas of middle ear, as well as the physiology of middle ear cleft. Objectives Despite the introduction of endoscopes in the field of otology, microscopes are still widely used in clinics and in operation theaters either alone or with endoscopes. The present study, which was conducted amongst otologists in India, is on their experience with and knowledge of the use of the endoscope compared to microscopes. Methods A Google form-based questionnaire comprising 18 questions was developed and sent online to otologist all over the country. The final dataset included responses from 354 active otologists. Results Out of 354 participants, only 3% had more than 5 years of experience in endoscopic ear surgery (EES), and 16.1% had never worked with an endoscope. Endoscopes were used in clinics and in operation theaters by 74.9% of the participants. Conclusion There has been a rise in the acceptance and use of endoscopes among Indian otologists and otology surgeons in last few decades.

Evaluation of updated National Burn Service escharotomy guidelines—where do we cut now?

**Objective**: An escharotomy is a time-critical/emergency limb or life-saving procedure. It may need to be performed by health professionals with little or no previous experience. Both situations occurred during the 2019 White Island (Whakaari) volcanic eruption. While online resources are included as part of the New Zealand National Burn Service website, on review the illustrations were found to lack clarity. The goal of this research was to create updated national escharotomy resources and to test their effectiveness.**Methods**: A literature review alongside expert opinion and a medical illustrator were used to produce up-to-date escharotomy illustrations. A cohort of plastic surgery registrars at Middlemore Hospital, New Zealand, undertook survey-based evaluations. We determined new guideline effectiveness on participant performance following data analysis.**Results**: Of 18 plastic surgery registrars surveyed, 45 per cent were trainees. Our new guidelines produced an improved accuracy of escharotomy placement of 100 per cent, 85 per cent and 90 per cent on torso, upper and lower limbs respectively. On average the greatest improvement was in the non-SET registrars (54% vs 32%). Using new guidelines, 100 per cent of participants felt they could safely perform an escharotomy.**Conclusion**: Our updated National Burn Service escharotomy resources have been evaluated and determined to be easy to use. By incorporating detailed illustrations, we have provided useful and effective escharotomy incision placement guidelines. Difficult areas of the body will require attention in future revisions of this resource. These updated illustrations are a vital step in allowing an escharotomy to be safely performed by those who need to perform an escharotomy but are unfamiliar with the procedure.

FOCUSING ON PRIORITIZING RESEARCH AND APPLICATION TO CONTRIBUTE TO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER IN ETHNIC MINORITY AND MOUNTAINOUS IN THE CURRENT PERIOD

In the context of the fourth scientific and technological revolution and the trend of deep international integration, research, transfer, and application of science and technology has become a mandatory requirement for each country as well as each field, including science and technology transfer in ethnic minority and mountainous areas. Therefore, in the past years, the Party, State, National Assembly and Government have determined that science and technology transfer plays a very important role in the process of socio-economic development, hunger eradication and poverty reduction and improve the lives of ethnic minorities in extremely difficult areas, remote, border and island areas. Up to now, our Party and State have promulgated many undertakings and policies on science and technology transfer for ethnic minorities and mountainous areas in general and in extremely difficult, remote and isolated areas, borders and islands in particular, of which the important premise is Resolution No. 22/NQ-TW dated November 27th, 1989 of the Politburo on a number of major undertakings and policies “to accelerate scientific and technological progress in mountainous areas” and Decision No. 72/HDBT dated March 13th, 1990 of the Council of Ministers on a number of specific guidelines and policies on socio-economic development in mountainous areas.

FOCUSING ON PRIORITIZING RESEARCH AND APPLICATION TO CONTRIBUTE TO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER IN ETHNIC MINORITY AND MOUNTAINOUS IN THE CURRENT PERIOD

In the context of the fourth scientific and technological revolution and the trend of deep international integration, research, transfer, and application of science and technology has become a mandatory requirement for each country as well as each field, including science and technology transfer in ethnic minority and mountainous areas. Therefore, in the past years, the Party, State, National Assembly and Government have determined that science and technology transfer plays a very important role in the process of socio-economic development, hunger eradication and poverty reduction and improve the lives of ethnic minorities in extremely difficult areas, remote, border and island areas. Up to now, our Party and State have promulgated many undertakings and policies on science and technology transfer for ethnic minorities and mountainous areas in general and in extremely difficult, remote and isolated areas, borders and islands in particular, of which the important premise is Resolution No. 22/NQ-TW dated November 27th, 1989 of the Politburo on a number of major undertakings and policies “to accelerate scientific and technological progress in mountainous areas” and Decision No. 72/HDBT dated March 13th, 1990 of the Council of Ministers on a number of specific guidelines and policies on socio-economic development in mountainous areas.

IDENTIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT OF RISKS IN THE PROJECT MANAGEMENT OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOFTWARE PRODUCTS

Software development is one of the most difficult areas of intellectual activity for forecasting and planning. By their nature, digital products are intangible, and software development projects often involve many stakeholders. Software development processes typically include several stages, including design, documentation, programming, and testing, all of which require a high level of professional, technological, and managerial knowledge. Due to the complex nature of digital projects, from the very beginning of the implementation of any software project, it is necessary to take into account and manage a wide range of risks, which are one of the most important factors affecting the success of a digital project. The work analyzes and classifies project risks, conducts a qualitative and quantitative identification of the main risks for the selected subject area, the Crawford card method was used to work with project risks, the risks were ranked, a responsibility matrix for the project was created, the workload of the project resources was analyzed, and the project was optimized.

Розвиток витривалості юних спортсменів 12-13 років у велотуризмі на початковому етапі підготовки

Мета дослідження – розробити і обгрунтувати комплексну методику розвитку витривалості школярів середніх класів засобами велотуризму. Матеріал і методи. В даному дослідженні приймали участь велотуристи 12-13 років Липкуватіської загально–освітньої школи l-lll ступенів (9 спортсменів склали експериментальну групу, 9 – контрольну). Для визначення функціональних можливостей школярів середніх класів застосовувались наступні проби і тести: Гарвардський степ-тест, проба Штанге, проба Генчі, проба Серкіна. Розроблено методику розвитку витривалості, яка передбачає застосовування комплексу засобів велотуризму. Комплекс складається з 2-х частин: комплексна дистанція «тріал і фігурне водіння велосипеда» і велопохід. Тріал являє собою дистанцію довжиною 100-200 м. з природними та штучними перешкодами (крутий схил; яр; піщані; заболочені та інші важкопрохідні дільниці; струмки; калюжі; стовбури дерев, що лежать, тощо) по вузькому коридору (до 1,5м), утвореному природними і штучними обмеженнями (стрічки між деревами або стійками тощо). Фігурне водіння велосипеда передбачає застосування наступних перешкод: «Щілина», «Змійка між стійками», «Коридор», «Колія», «Коло», «Вісімка», «Ворота», «Кільце», «Перенесення предмету», «Зигзаг», «Гойдалка», «Змійка між фішками», «Стоп-лінія. Фініш». Особливістю походу є те, що окрем розвитку витривалості, він вирішував завдання виховного та освтнього характеру шляхом ознайомлення з цікавими місцями Слобожанщини, зустрічами з цікавими людьми тощо. Результати. Показано, що авторська методика комплексного розвитку витривалості, що поєднує засоби фігурного вождіння та велопоходу, є більш ефективною у порівнянні з традиційною методикою розвитку витривалості школярів середніх класів, яка містить виключно подолання дистанцій; виявлено, що застосування комплексної методики розвитку витривалості школярів середніх класів сприяє підвищенню часу затримки дихання за пробами Штанге, Генчі, Серкіна, а також зменшенню ЧСС спокою, ЧСС після стандартного навантаження та підвищенню якості відновлення працездатності. Висновок. Розроблена методика може застосовуватись в підготовці юних велотуристів.