Differences In Child Mortality Research Articles

Child mortality differentials: census of India, 1981.

A detailed study of this data is essential for everyone interested in child health. There are vast variations related to socio-economic, cultural and behavioural differences, as well as the levels of development, literacy etc. An understanding of these is necessary if any dent is to made in child mortality. the sex-differential too in something we have to worry about. The solution lies in alleviating socio-cultural and behaviour patterns, which lower the status of a girl child, and put less value on her. For detailed information please refer to Census of India 1981, Occasional papers no. 5, of 1988. Child Mortality Estimates of India, Office of the Registrar General, India.

Multivariate Analysis of Infant and Child Mortality in Java and Bali

The data used in this analysis come from the 1976 Indonesian Fertility Survey part of the World Fertility Survey. The data are examined 3 times fitting them to models which include different combinations of independent variables. The dependent variables are: 1) the proportion of children born between 5 and 15 years before the survey who died before their 1st birthday for infant mortality; and 2) among those alive on their 1st birthday the proportions who died before reaching their 5th birthday for child mortality. The figures indicate that the chance of dying for children who were 1st born born shortly after a previous child whose previous sibling had died who lived in rural areas or had parents who were young and with little education was greater than for children without these characteristics. In all 3 models used the greatest net effects are attributed to the survival of a preceding sibling or the length of the preceding interval. Birth order does not have a significant gross effect on infant mortality but the net effects are significant because of the control on maternal age. Education of both parents has significant effects but these are overshadowed in magnitude by the demographic variables. Maternal education has a greater influence in determining differences in child mortality than was found for infant mortality. Fathers education also has a significant independent effect but mainly for 1st births. It is uncertain whether these variables are measuring the effect of schooling as such or other characteristics such as economic status or various social roles adopted by people with different levels of education. The variables distinguishing urban from rural status shows significant gross effects which are greatly reduced when controls for other variables are introduced in the model which includes all births. That is to say the difference in the survival chances of a child in the city is more a function of the education of its parents and the associated demographic variables than city residence as such. Access to medical services is quite probably the main element in these differences. The findings are weakened to some extent by the lack of satisfactory data on household economic status which might have provided a better base for indirectly discerning the effects of nutrition and sanitation on mortality at young ages.

Socio-Economic Differentials in Child Mortality in Developing Countries.

Socio-Economic Differentials in Child Mortality in Developing Countries.

Inequalities in children's deaths in the country with thelowest infant mortality?

Social class differences in childhood mortality up to the age of 16 years are studied in aNorthern Finland birth cohort of 12,000 children born in 1966. A clear social class difference is seen in infant mortality, but the discrepancy is only slight for the older age groups in terms of mortality from all causes. Social class differences are clearest in infectious and perinatal diseases. Mortality is found to be significantly higher among the children of farmers than among the rest in all age groups due to regional and sociocultural factors such as an excess of older mothers.

Sex differences in childhood mortality in rural Bangladesh

The issue of higher female than male mortality during childhood in developing countries has recently generated considerable interest. This paper presents additional evidence on this subject, based upon an analysis of longitudinal data from children in rural Bangladesh. Initially, the basis for higher female than male mortality in patriarchal societies is explored, and more specifically, the rationale for the differential valuation of male and female offspring. The pattern, timing and magnitude of sex differentials in mortality during infancy and early childhood is subsequently examined for children in our study. The paper concludes with a review of possible behavioral mechanisms which may contribute to higher female than male mortality during childhood.

Multivariate analysis of infant and child mortality in Java and Bali.

SummaryApplication of a multivariate analytical technique to the World Fertility Survey data for Java and Bali indicates that demographic variables, particularly the length of the preceding birth interval, are more important in explaining infant and child mortality differentials than are such social variables as education of parents or urban–rural residence. These findings are weakened to some extent by the lack of satisfactory data on household economic status which might have provided a better base for indirectly discerning the effects of nutrition and sanitation on mortality at young ages.

Demographic Transition in Metropolitan Sudan.

This publication contains three separate papers on aspects of the demographic transition in metropolitan Sudan. The first paper by J. Richard Mohamed el-Awad and Galal el-Din focuses on the beginnings of family limitation in the three contiguous towns of Khartoum Khartoum North and Omdurman. The data concern 2673 women from various social groups and were collected in 1975. A relationship between lower fertility and more egalitarian marriages is noted. The second paper by Abdul-Aziz Farah and Samuel H. Preston is concerned with child mortality differentials. Data are from the 1973 census and the 1975 survey mentioned previously. Factors considered include education cousin marriage and husbands income. The final paper by Abdul-Aziz Farah deals with the relationship between infant mortality and the socioeconomic determinants of fertility attitudes and behavior in Greater Khartoum and also uses data from the 1975 survey of three towns. The effects of infant mortality on child replacement and contraceptive practice are considered.

Differentials in infant and child mortality and their change over time: Guatemala, 1959–1973

Abstract This paper employs 5 percent samples of the Guatemalan censuses of 1964 and 1973 to estimate differential childhood mortality. For 1973, conventional indirect mortality estimation procedures were applied; for 1964, a modification of the Preston-Palloni technique was used. A major result is that differential child mortality widened appreciably between about 1959 and about 1968. Factors leading to mortality decline were possibly unequally spread by geographic region, rural-urban residence, ethnic groups, and educational groups. Guatemala City seems to have benefited most from the decline. Analysis of small geographic units supports these conclusions and suggests some role for public health. A by-product of the analysis was the finding that parity was understated in the 1964 census.

Child Mortality Differentials in Sudan

2 micro data sources are used to describe major dimensions of child mortality variation in Sudan. The 1st a sample of household records from the 1973 Census of Population reveals an extraordinarily strong regional variation in mortality levels even after controlling for certain conventional household socioeconomic indicators. These regional differentials suggest the importance of the macro-environment of disease for understanding sources of variation in Sudanese mortality. The 2nd data source a survey of Khartoum conducted by John Caldwell contains a much richer set of independent variables. The analysis shows a strong intergenerational influence on child mortality that works primarily through mothers years of schooling; and important role for assortative mating particularly that involving cousin marriages; and very sharp differentials in child mortality according to mothers years of schooling and husbands income. The hypothesis that mothers education influences child mortality by altering her status in the family was not supported. (authors) (summaries in ENG FRE SPA)

Differential infant and child mortality in Costa Rica: 1968–1973

Abstract In this paper the authors attempt to analyse the correlates of differences in infant and child mortality in Costa Rica for the period 1968–73. One approach uses small geographical units (cantons) as the unit for multivariate analysis, employing both single and simultaneous equation models. A second multivariate approach uses individual level statistics along with a specially constructed dependent variable. Costa Rica is studied because of an interest in differential child mortality during rapid fertility decline. The period is related to the use of the Census of 1973 as a primary source of data. Among the major findings are a strong favourable effect of provision of medical services on child mortality for small geographical areas and a strong effect of ambient infant mortality (influenced by medical and public health factors) on childhood mortality in the micro-analysis. Education of women remains important at both levels of analysis. Sanitation and level of socio-economic well-being have a weake...

Mortality and culture change in Nubia's Batn el Hajar

Throughout antiquity, Nubia has existed on the interface between history and prehistory. The first written record from Nubia may date from the fourth millennium B.C. while her last dark age lasted until 1813. Significantly, this last dark age was the time when Nubia made the final transition from Christianity to Islam. The present research represents an analysis of mortality among one of the last known Christian populations of Nubia—a population from a region previously uninvestigated by physical anthropology known as the Batn et Hajar (“belly of rock”). A comparison of earlier and later Christian populations from two cemeteries at the site of Kulubnarti in the Batn et Hajar suggests that the large Christians, isolated in one of the most hostile and forbidding regions of the Nile Valley, experienced lower rates of childhood mortality and morbidity than their ealier Christian forebears. Our data also suggest that population comparison based on cumulative survivorship may be seriously biased by initial differences in childhood mortality.

Differential child mortality in pre-industrial England : the example of Cartmel, Cumbria, 1600-1750

Cartmel est une communauté rurale des hautes terres du Nord-Ouest de l'Angleterre. Les résultats obtenus à partir d'une reconstitution des familles sont confrontés avec d'autres résultats anglais. La recherche présentée ici diffère des autres car elle essaie d'établir des tables d'espérance de vie pour des sous- groupes à l'intérieur de la population de la paroisse ; les recherches précédentes le faisaient au contraire pour un ensemble de paroisses différentes dont l'environnement pouvait être très variable, et ne pas correspondre à des groupes sociaux homogènes. Les taux de mortalité infantile des garçons et des filles varient peu, à Cartmel comme dans le reste du pays ; la taille de l'habitat et les facteurs socio- économiques jouent un rôle différentiel essentiel. Les ruraux bénéficient de bien meilleures conditions de survie que les urbains : à Cartmel, l'espérance de vie est élevée parce que le peuplement est dispersé. Par ailleurs, la différence entre la mortalité des enfants de riches et celle des enfants de pauvres est bien plus grande que celle entre garçons et filles : les enfants de riches ont de bien plus grandes chances de survie.

Assessing changes of hospital admission in preschool children. Critical evaluation.

In discussing social class differentials in childhood mortality and morbidity a recent report on the British child health services suggests that it is possible to identify children at risk, and a government publication has indicated that health visitors (community nurses) could do this. The National Survey of Health and Development, a longitudinal study of over 5000 children regularly investigated from birth so far to age 31 years, gives an opportunity to test the usefulness of these propositions, since it has complete illness records of the study population and health visitors9 assessments of their home circumstances, maternal care, and use of child welfare services. This study shows that these assessments were not particularly successful in identifying children at risk of hospital admissions for certain illnesses, even when more than one hospital admission or a serious illness later occurred. The maximum reduction of hospital costs by such identification would be little better than one-third and there would be an unquantifiable, but very real, stress imposed on families in which children were wrongly identified as at risk. It is suggested that further development of health visitors9 work as family nurses would give a more effective form of child health care by providing greater sensitivity of surveillance, by involving parents in preventive care, and by making appropriate use of health visitors9 skills.

Application of the Brass-Sullivan Method to Historical Data (Differential Child Mortality in Colpenhagen in the 1870s)

Application of the Brass-Sullivan Method to Historical Data (Differential Child Mortality in Colpenhagen in the 1870s)