Differential Movement Research Articles

Cell Infiltrative Inner Connected Porous Hydrogel Improves Neural Stem Cell Migration and Differentiation for Functional Repair of Spinal Cord Injury.

The disadvantages of cell-adaptive microenvironments and cellular diffusion out of the lesion have limited hydrogel-based scaffold transplantation treatment for neural connectivity, leading to permanent neurological disability from spinal cord injury. Herein, porous GelMA scaffold was prepared, in which the inner porous structure was optimized. The average pore size was 168 ± 71 μm with a porosity of 77.1%. The modulus of porous hydrogel was 593 ± 4 Pa compared to 1535 ± 85 Pa of bulk GelMA. The inner connected porous structure provided a cell-infiltrative matrix for neural stem cell migration and differentiation in vitro and eventually enhanced neuron differentiation and hindlimb strength and movement of animals in in vivo experiments. Furthermore, inflammation response and apoptosis were also alleviated after implantation. This work demonstrated that the porous hydrogel with appropriately connected micropores exhibit favorable cellular responses compared with traditional non-porous GelMA hydrogel. Taken together, our findings suggest that porous hydrogel is a promising scaffold for future delivery of stem cells and has prospects in material design for the treatment of spinal cord injury.

Study on the Influence of Elastic Compression Pants Elasticity and Movement Speed on Human Joint Protection

Abstract The aim of this study was to clarify how human movement speed and pants elasticity affect the athletic performance of knee joint protection by testing pants with different elastic properties: CP1 (tight pants) and CP2&CP3 (elastic compression pants), which reinforce the knee joint. In addition, CS (cotton sport pants) was developed as a control garment. Three subjects wore CP1, CP2, CP3 and CS while running on the treadmill at three kinds of human movement speed. A three-dimensional motion capture instrument was used to capture the three-dimensional trajectory of the marked points of lower limbs. As a result, the influence of the movement speed on the kinematic parameters (AKJ & gait cycle) was more obvious than the fabric elasticity. If elastic pants are worn during running, the change of AKJ will be stable with the increase of speed. When non-elastic pants are worn, the effect is opposite. Not only that, elastic compression pants are efficient in reducing the motion amplitude of the knee joint during the suspension period as far as 41°, making it highly practical in terms of stability. That is, the elastic fabric can protect the joints when the lower limbs are in motion. Moreover, with the increase of speed and elasticity, the elastic pants can reduce the gait cycle by up to 22% compared with non-elastic pants alone. Through the kinematics mechanism of human joints, these findings may translate into an effect on protective performance and a reduction in sport injuries. Therefore, it is necessary to wear elastic pants, especially compression pants, when running at higher speed, as the average gait cycle gradually decreases. This research shows that the knee joint protection functions of elastic compression garments differ according to the level of elasticity and differential movement speed, providing theoretical support for designing and producing elastic compression pants. It also acts as a guide for the research of lower limb joint protection.

Mapping of clay soils by remote sensing in the area of Mers El Kébir, Algeria

The identification of clay soils is of great importance for the construction industry. Indeed, this type of soil presents an economic interest related to the exploitation of its clayey materials. Furthermore, the assessment of the potential for differential ground movement through the dryness of the soils and their rehydration is also an important issue to identify in order to reduce the swelling-shrinking hazard. The region of Mers El Kébir located in northwest Algeria, is at risk of this phenomenon because it is known for its marly clay compositions. Mapping this type of soil using satellite imagery offers an alternative to the engineering practice of establishing soil mineralogy, based on X-ray diffraction analysis, which is expensive and time-consuming. The objective of this research is to use ASTER satellite images to map different clay minerals. This analysis is based on remote sensing of spectral signatures corresponding to illite, kaolinite, and montmorillonite.The study of satellite images of the Mers El Kébir region validates the methodology developed, which could be used to help in the development and planning of new infrastructures adapted to the different types of soil.

Numerical Modelling of Single‐span Portal Frames

AbstractPortal frames are a common form of structural system used to create efficient wide‐span enclosures. Over the past few decades, the design of portal frames has evolved in the direction of longer, lighter and taller structures, while cladding systems have become more substantial. Although this allows larger spaces, it can also result in heightened structural challenges, such as increased frame flexibility, a greater portion of the load being borne by the cladding and greater differential thermal movement. This has led to general concerns related to the effects of scale. To investigate these concerns, with a particular focus on the contribution of the cladding to the global strength and stiffness of the structure (also referred to as the stressed skin effect), and the resulting demands placed on secondary components, this study presents the development of a numerical model for the accurate representation of the structural response of full single‐span portal frames. The model is validated herein in two ways; (i) through validation of each individual frame component against relevant physical experiments, and (ii) through validation of the full model against full scale frame tests. Finally, a preliminary parametric investigation is presented.

Stratigraphic architecture of the Cenozoic Dugong Supersequence: implications for the late post-breakup development of the Eucla Basin, southern Australian continental margin

ABSTRACTThis study presents an appraisal of the Middle Eocene–Quaternary Dugong Supersequence of the Eucla Basin, offshore southern Australia. It combines details of the rock record with seismic-stratigraphical information, and the resulting stratigraphic framework provides constraints on the nature of the late post-breakup development of the southern Australian continental margin. It is well established that the onshore-to-mid-shelf succession comprises a predominantly aggrading-to-prograding unconformity-bounded succession of carbonate platform deposits; however, our analysis of the outer shelf–upper slope section challenges the widely held view that this shelf-margin wedge represents a distally steepened prograding carbonate ramp primarily modulated by global eustasy. Instead, our results show that the Middle Eocene–Quaternary succession is punctuated by a series of unconformities that reflect a persistent tectonic instability and differential vertical movements throughout the late post-breakup period, the genesis of which is most closely related to tectonic events. Moreover, the upper slope clinoform succession was constructed and shaped predominantly by alongslope processes, and four different contourite drift types are recognised based on their seismic-stratigraphic expression: elongate mounded drift (Quaternary); infill drift (Pliocene); plastered drift (Oligocene); and separated drift (Middle–Upper Eocene). The Quaternary drift – herein termed the ‘Eyre Terrace Drift’ – is a spectacular basin-scale deposit, over 500 m thick and traced for up to 200 km along the upper slope Eyre Terrace. Upslope-migrating sediment waves are associated with this drift. Key sedimentary attributes consistent with a contourite origin include fine-grained sediment, multi-scale gradational bed contacts and pervasive bioturbation. There is also evidence of episodic downslope mass-movement processes ranging from the large-scale Late Neogene Slide, which extends downslope for 15–20 km, to sporadic slumped beds and turbidites recovered in boreholes. The interaction of alongslope and downslope processes indicates a more dynamic sedimentary setting than previously assumed along the outer margin of the Eucla Basin.

Do ground and raised poles affect differential rotational movement of the equine thoracolumbosacral spine during straight line locomotion when walking in‐hand?

Do ground and raised poles affect differential rotational movement of the equine thoracolumbosacral spine during straight line locomotion when walking in‐hand?

Do ground or raised poles affect differential rotational movement of the equine thoracolumbosacral spine during straight line locomotion when ridden in rising trot?

Do ground or raised poles affect differential rotational movement of the equine thoracolumbosacral spine during straight line locomotion when ridden in rising trot?

Late Quaternary sedimentation and neotectonics in Liaodong Bay, northern Bohai Sea

The Bohai Sea is a typical shelf sea, with obvious sediment differences in different regions. Although Liaodong Bay is the largest bay in the Bohai Sea, there lacks boreholes with precise dating. In this paper, the core sediments taken from YKC-2 borehole in the northeastern of Liaodong Bay are dated with AMS14C and OSL, in addition to grain size analysis, foraminifera and pollen identification, lithological characteristics and other testing results. Correlation is made with the global sea level change curve, and upon the basis the evolution of paleoenvironment in the northeast of Liaodong Bay is reconstructed. It is speculated that the age of the bottom of borehole YKC-2 is 150 kyr B.P., and two transgressions have been recorded, similar to the situation in JXC-1, a borehole 46.7 km to the west. It can be found that the sedimentation rate of YKC-2 borehole is obviously higher than that of JXC-1. The authors’ research found that it is mainly controlled by two factors: the provenance difference and the differential movement of basin controlling faults. In the west, sediments are mainly transported by the Bohai Sea current, with insufficient sediment supply, and the basin-controlling faults are rather stable and very weak in activity. In the east, sediments are transported mainly by the surrounding rivers with sufficient sediment supply; and the changes in accommodation space are under the control of the Tan-Lu fault zone. Affected by the strong extensional dynamic environment of the Bohai Bay Basin, the accommodation space, where the borehole YKC-2 is located, continuously increased for deposition of near-source river sediments. This article is an endeavor to study the evolution of the Late Quaternary sedimentary environment and the influence of tectonic activity on Quaternary sedimentation in the Bohai Sea.

Healing the Lifeworld: On personal and collective individuation.

The paper argues that the dynamics of personal and collective individuation could be interrelated and bear ethical significance thanks to an analysis of the Lifeworld and intersubjectivity that link together the genetic and the generative perspectives of phenomenology. The first section of the paper recalls the epistemological and ontological implications of Husserl's and Stein's analysis of personal individuation in relation to what Husserl would call, later, the “Lifeworld” and the intersubjective constitution of communities. The second section of the paper turns to a phenomenology of the Lifeworld through an analysis of refugees' care and the intersubjective dynamics involved in the clinic of exile. Such an example will bring to light the importance of embodiment and intercorporeity to grasp the process through which the genetic constitution of the Lifeworld constitutes itself as a collective process of individuation trying to heal the scars of historicity. Consequently, individuation will appear as a personal and collective task, rather than a static and ego-centered achievement that would be forgetful of our fundamental interdependency. Finally, the last section argues that “healing the Lifeworld” does not amount to conceive of its “horizon” as being itself a predetermined “telos” of transcendental subjectivity, as if this open structure could be itself constituted. Rather, the varieties of the Lifeworld and its paradoxical movement of appropriation and differentiation point to a relational ontology that considers the becoming of a common and meaningful world as a limit-problem of phenomenology and, perhaps, its ethical and critical promise.

Application of an improved multi-temporal InSAR method and forward geophysical model to document subsidence and rebound of the Chinese Loess Plateau following land reclamation in the Yan'an New District

Land reclamation in the Yan'an New District (YND) on the Chinese Loess Plateau is one of the largest earthworks projects in the world, involving the excavation of loess from ridges and the deposition of the material in adjacent valleys, flattening an area of more than 78 km2. It can take multiple years for the landscape to adjust to the new topography after the earthworks are completed, with subsidence in the fill areas and uplift in the areas of excavation. Understanding the pattern and extent of this differential vertical movement has great importance for ensuring the structural integrity of any infrastructure built on the site. We therefore studied the spatial deformation field of the YND from January 2015 to December 2018 using satellite synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) technology. Persistent scatterers (PS) and distributed scatterers (DS) were combined in a two-tier network to overcome problems with temporal decorrelation of the InSAR phase signals. The derived deformation field was validated with in-situ ground leveling and GNSS measurements, and interpreted using a forward geophysical model. The results indicate that our approach provides a more detailed understanding of the deformation than conventional PSI and SBAS methods. Subsidence of up to 87 mm/yr occurred over about 4.4 km2 of the fill region, and uplift of up to 26 mm/yr in the excavated areas. There is a strong linear relationship between these displacements and prior topographic elevation change. The primary cause of subsidence in fill areas is compaction of remoulded loess. Instantaneous elastic and gradual poroelastic deformation are the main causes of uplift in excavated areas.

Mating system in a small pelagic spawner: field case study of the mandarinfish, Synchiropus splendidus

Mating systems in fishes are extremely diverse, ranging from monogamy to multiple polygamous forms, some of which include alternative male mating tactics within species. The major reproductive mode across approximately 33,000 bony fishes is pelagic-spawning with external fertilization. Despite the dominance of this mode, it is relatively little studied in the field because the greater mobility of larger species typically makes individuals difficult to follow for extensive periods, or to catch and mark. However, smaller, more sedentary pelagic spawners provide excellent opportunities to examine mating system variability in response to environmental conditions. The mandarinfish, Synchiropus splendidus, is a small sedentary pelagic spawner which is accessible to divers. Its complex body markings are distinctive and variable allowing individuals to be identified and followed repeatedly without the need for capturing and marking fish. In over 400 h of underwater surveys, we recorded movements, inter- and intra-sexual behaviors, sex ratios, and the timing and duration of spawning activity of focal fish in predetermined study areas. We concluded that the mandarinfish has a polygamous mating system with pair-spawning. Females are sequentially polyandrous, spawning once nightly or not at all, while males are polygynous, spawning up to 8 times a night. Males and females use loosely defined spawning sites on a daily basis and show flexibility in their tactics through differential movements according to dispersion of individuals, distances between spawning sites and temporally limited daily female receptivity. These results reveal the mandarinfish to be an excellent model species for studying small pelagic spawners in the field.

Pliocene to Quaternary morphotectonic evolution of the Gaeta Bay, Tyrrhenian coastal belt, central Italy: A review

The coastal landscape of the Gaeta Bay, southern Latium (Italy), is the result of a significant tectonic control expressed by a geometric segmentation of the relief and by offsets of the coastline. The structural features derived from this activity are overlain by slope and littoral morphogenetic processes. Tectonic and geomorphic processes performed in a different way along the coastal belt, producing the unequal morphological setting observed in the western and in the eastern sector of the study area. In the western sector, the Aurunci Mts. gradually reach the coast forming cliffs. On them, several emerged and submerged erosional forms such as notches and sea terraces are recognised. Embayments characterized by sandy pocket beaches wide from few hundred meters to over 2 km are in correspondence to some tectonic lines with a clear morphological expression and transversal to the coastline. In the eastern sector, the Aurunci Mts., higher and rich of karstic forms, joint to the coastline in few kilometres due to the accumulation forms developed along valleys deeply cut in the carbonate slopes. The morphological features of the investigated area permitted us to recognize the existence of differential vertical movements along a 30 km-wide coastal area clearly split in two sectors.

Orthodontic Treatment of Severe Bimaxillary Dentoalveolar Protrusion with Skeletal Class II Malocclusion Without Using Miniscrews

Bimaxillary dentoalveolar protrusion is characterized by the proclined anterior teeth, protrusive lips, and a convex profile. A proper orthodontic treatment modality for efficient anchorage control is necessary to retract the anterior teeth and improve the facial esthetics significantly. The commonly used miniscrew could provide absolute anchorage, however, it is accompanied by some risks and complications, especially in adolescent females. This case report described a 16-year-old female with diagnosis of skeletal Class II, normal mandibular plane angle, and Angle Class I malocclusion associated with proclined upper and lower anterior teeth, excessive overjet, and a convex profile with lip incompetence. We extracted her four first premolars first. Then, the Tip-Edge Plus bracket system and differential force method were applied to replace the temporary anchorage device. The total treatment duration was 27 months. Her dentoalveolar protrusion was decreased, both lips were significantly retracted, the mentalis strain was reduced, and her chin projection was improved. This case demonstrated that differential tooth movement with controlled light orthodontic forces could be an effective strategy to treat severe bimaxillary protrusion.

Mature Diffuse Tectonic Block Boundary Revealed by the 2020 Southwestern Puerto Rico Seismic Sequence

AbstractDistributed faulting typically tends to coalesce into one or a few faults with repeated deformation. The progression of clustered medium‐sized (≥Mw4.5) earthquakes during the 2020 seismic sequence in southwestern Puerto Rico (SWPR), modeling shoreline subsidence from InSAR, and sub‐seafloor mapping by high‐resolution seismic reflection profiles, suggest that the 2020 SWPR seismic sequence was distributed across several short intersecting strike‐slip and normal faults beneath the insular shelf and upper slope of Guayanilla submarine canyon. Multibeam bathymetry map of the seafloor shows significant erosion and retreat of the shelf edge in the area of seismic activity as well as slope‐parallel lineaments and submarine canyon meanders that typically develop over geological time. TheT‐axis of the moderate earthquakes further matches the extension direction previously measured on post early Pliocene (∼>3 Ma) faults. We conclude that although similar deformation has likely taken place in this area during recent geologic time, it does not appear to have coalesced during this time. The deformation may represent the southernmost part of a diffuse boundary, the Western Puerto Rico Deformation Boundary, which accommodates differential movement between the Puerto Rico and Hispaniola arc blocks. This differential movement is possibly driven by the differential seismic coupling along the Puerto Rico—Hispaniola subduction zone. We propose that the compositional heterogeneity across the island arc retards the process of focusing the deformation into a single fault. Given the evidence presented here, we should not expect a single large event in this area but similar diffuse sequences in the future.

Centrifuge modeling of the influence of joint stiffness on pipeline response to underneath tunnel excavation

Any tunnel construction inevitably causes differential soil movements, resulting in additional adverse effects on existing pipelines. Although there are many jointed pipelines in practice, previous studies commonly simplified existing pipelines as continuous structures. In this study, centrifuge tests were designed and conducted to investigate the influence of joint stiffness on pipeline response due to tunnel excavation. Along the longitudinal pipeline direction, upward and downward pipe–soil relative movements were identified. Because of relatively flexible joints causing a reduction in the pipeline flexural stiffness, tunneling-induced maximum settlement in the jointed pipeline was much larger than that in the continuous pipeline. Tunnel excavation caused bending moment in the continuous pipeline only, while bending moment and joint rotation occurred simultaneously in the jointed pipeline. As a result of joint rotation, tunneling-induced maximum bending strain in the jointed pipeline was less than 42.4% of that in the continuous pipeline. If a jointed pipeline is assumed as a continuous structure, tunneling-induced pipeline settlement is underestimated, while bending strain is grossly overestimated. All the centrifuge test results were adopted to verify the validity of calculation charts for estimating tunneling-induced maximum bending strain and joint rotation in existing pipelines.

Probabilistic Structural System Response to Differential Settlement Resulting from Spatially Variable Soil

The role of spatially variable soil stiffness and strength on structural performance has been increasingly recognized with the rapid development of geotechnical reliability-based design tools. Performance criteria linked to the angular distortion between foundations and the probability of exceeding certain limit states as a function of linear-elastic soil property autocorrelation have shed light on the link between foundation soils and potential structural damage. However, the role of soil-structure interaction (SSI), especially considering nonlinearity in soil and structural elements, to redistribute shear and flexure within structures that result from differential foundation movements, has been largely neglected. This study presents a critical examination of the effect of nonlinear SSI to redistribute flexural demands within a steel structure founded in soils exhibiting spatial variability and the corresponding differential settlements through a comparison of uncoupled and coupled Monte Carlo simulations (MCS). This study shows that the differential settlement, Δs, computed using coupled (i.e., SSI) analyses are significantly smaller than those derived from the uncoupled analyses for the random field models (RFMs) used to simulate soil spatial variability. The effect of SSI is to substantially reduce the probability of exceeding selected limit state criteria due to differential movements that vary in magnitude with the level of stringency of the limit state criteria; the most significant reduction corresponds to the structural ultimate limit state (ULS). Furthermore, the effect of SSI on structural performance and the critical scale of fluctuation, δcrit, becomes more apparent and beneficial as the severity of differential movement increases. Smaller and/or “allowable” angular distortions are governed by the local footing-to-footing distance, whereas the probability of exceeding the ULS (i.e., yielding of beams) is controlled by the entire structure working to redistribute the flexural demands. Limit state severity appears to control the critical soil autocorrelation length for angular distortion, indicating that the role of SSI in the performance of structures in spatially varying soils cannot be ignored.

Experimental study on gasketed bell-and-spigot joint behaviour of lined-corrugated HDPE pipe subjected to normal fault

Although the structural response of pipelines has been studied in relation to different geohazards, few studies have focused on the behaviour of flexible pipeline joints. In this paper, the response of a bell-and-spigot joint in a 600 mm dia. lined-corrugated high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipe was investigated under differential ground movements imposed using a facility that simulates a normal fault. Two experiments were undertaken in this facility. In the first experiment, the kinematic responses of the pipe joint (i.e. axial, shear displacements and rotational angles) were measured using particle image velocimetry and string potentiometers. Strains were also monitored using optical fibres. In the second experiment, the pipe was sealed and leakage of the joint was captured through monitoring the internal vacuum pressure of the pipe. The results show that axial shortening, rotational angle and shear displacement of the pipe joint increased with increasing fault offsets. The joint began to leak when axial shortening, rotational angle and shear displacement of the pipe joint were 0·65 mm, 0·44° and 3·40 mm, respectively, and the joint clearly lost its functionality when those values reached 0·85 mm, 0·58° and 4·32 mm.

Pleistocene-Holocene deformation and seismic history of the Kalabagh Fault in Pakistan using OSL and post-IR IRSL dating

The Kalabagh Fault forms a lateral offset in the Main Frontal Thrust in the Sub-Himalayan area of Pakistan, forming a push-up block within the stepover zone of its segments. Deformed sediments along the frontal part of this push-up block have cross cutting relations with morphotectonic and paleoseismic features. These sediments are dated using luminescence dating methods. The post-infrared infrared stimulated luminescence (post-IR IRSL) of K-feldspar was used for samples representing these sedimentary units. For stratigraphically younger sediments with partially-bleached pIRIR signal, optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) of quartz was applied with the minimum age model (MAM). These ages are used to illustrate the timing of development of the push-up block, the westward diversion of the Indus River and Holocene earthquakes along the Kalabagh Fault (KBF). The deformed sediments from the mountain front at Larkakki are older than those of Khairabad and Ghundi. These age estimates are consistent with the chronological order of the tectonic deformations in the stepover zone of the Kalabagh Fault. Age estimates and correlation of the sedimentary units suggest the emergence of the push-up block in the stepover zone during the past ∼0.5 Ma. Active faulting and development of the ramp along the Kalabagh Fault has diverted the course of the Indus River towards the west at a displacement rate of 12–15 cm/a during last ∼140 ka. Luminescence data indicate Holocene timing for the earthquakes along the Kalabagh Fault, which are diachronous and suggest differential movements along the segments of the fault. The earthquake recurrence interval at Khairabad is 10 ± 2 ka on average. The younger earthquakes at the foreland in the south of the stepover indicate seismically active zone.

Comparison of Differential Maxillomandibular Movements on the Upper Airway in Anteroposterior Dimensions After Bimaxillary Surgery for Class III Correction

Amaç: Sınıf III maloklüzyonun düzeltilmesi için farklı bimaksiller cerrahi planların üst hava yolunun ön-arka boyutlarına etkisini değerlendirmek. Gereç ve Yöntem: Sınıf III düzeltimi için bimaksiller cerrahi ile tedavi edilen 59 birey (ortalama yaş: 23.11±1.85 yıl) dahil edildi. Ameliyat öncesi (T1) ve ameliyat sonrası (T2) lateral sefalogramlar analiz edilerek kafa kaidesi üzerinde çakıştırıldı. A ve B noktalarının yatay hareketlerinin miktarlarına göre 3 grup oluşturuldu. Grup-1: (n=21) B noktasının yer değiştirmesi A noktasından büyüktü. Grup-2: (n=13) A ve B noktalarının yer değiştirmeleri arasındaki fark ≤1mm idi. Grup-3: (n=25), A noktasının yer değiştirmesi B noktasından büyüktü. Ön-arka faringeal hava yolu boyutları (mm), arka(PAS), üst-arka(SPAS), orta(MAS), alt(IAS), epiglottik(EAS) hava yolu boşluklarında ölçüldü. Sınıf içi değerlendirme Paired sample t testi ve Wilcoxon testi ile yapıldı. Sefalometrik değişiklikler için sınıflar arası karşılaştırmalar ANOVA ve Tukey testi ile değerlendirilirken, hava yolu değişiklikleri için Welch ANOVA ve Kruskal-Wallis testleri yapıldı. Hava yolu parametrelerinin ikili karşılaştırmaları Bonferroni düzeltmeli Mann-Whitney u-testi ile yapıldı. Birincil yordayıcı ve sonuç değişkenleri arasındaki ilişkiyi değerlendirmek için Pearson korelasyon analizi yapıldı. Sonuçlar: Maksiller yükseklik, palatal düzlem, SNA, SNB, ANB, Wits, N-Perp, maksiller derinlik toplam örnekte önemli ölçüde değişti. Mandibular düzlemdeki ve SNB'deki değişiklikler Grup-1'de daha yüksekti (p<0.05). SNA, N-PERP, maksiller derinlikteki değişiklikler Grup-3'te daha yüksekti (p<0.05). Toplam örnekte PAS (ortalama:2.44±2.21mm; medyan:2.17mm) ve SPAS (ortalama:1.07±2.31mm; medyan:1.14mm) oldukça anlamlı artış gösterdi. Grup-1'de İAS anlamlı olarak azaldı (ortalama: -1,98±3,68 mm; ortanca: -1,36 mm). Grup-2'de önemli bir faringeal değişiklik yoktu. Grup-3'te PAS (ortalama:3.03±2.20mm, ortanca:2.63mm) ve SPAS (ortalama:1.64±1.81mm, ortanca: 1,74mm) anlamlı olarak arttı. Toplam örnek, PAS ve SNA arasında anlamlı pozitif doğrusal zayıf ilişki ortaya koydu (r=0.335); IAS ve B noktası arasında (r=0.275). Grup-3'te PAS ve SNA ölçümleri arasında anlamlı pozitif doğrusal orta ilişki vardı (r=0.613). Sonuç: Farklı kombinasyonlardaki maksillomandibular hareketler üst hava yolunun ön-arka boyutları üzerinde belirgin olarak farklı etkiler göstermiştir. Klinisyenler, hava yolu üzerindeki etkilerini göz önünde bulundurarak ameliyat planlamasını dikkatli bir şekilde yapmalıdır.

Response of deep foundation due to fluctuation in ground water table

Phreatic line or Ground water table (GWT) changes with natural/artificial recharge, flow and extraction of ground water. GWT follows the ground profile and moves under effect of gravity. It also moves from recharge areas to discharge areas. In well-graded and high permeable soil, the movement of GWT is higher. In the Indo-Gangetic-Brahmaputra plane, there is significant fluctuation in the GWT, due to extended summer and heavy monsoon. Flash or seasonal floods enhance it however, huge extraction due to dense population deplete it. Drawdown of the GWT can cause the soil to consolidate, which induces settlement. With softer, more compressible soils, settlements can become large. Building and infrastructure damage occurs where differential movements exceed the thresholds that the buildings or infrastructure can sustain. Effect of lowering of groundwater on shallow foundations buildings had been studied in literature. In the present study, the effect of GWT variation on behavior of pile foundation has been studied. Numerical analysis has been performed using geotechnical package GEO5. A group of six piles having length 10 m and pile cap thickness 1 m has been considered in the study. A concrete of grade M20 having longitudinal and transverse reinforcement of Fe240 has adopted for pile. Pile foundation has been considered in Clayey Sand and Silty Sand, explicitly in two different cases. GWT has been varied to simulate the foundation in complete dry to fully saturated soil condition. Behavior of pile under axial and lateral loads has been observed. Evident change in settlement behavior of the pile group has been reported.