Different Types Of Wastewater Research Articles

Liquid–liquid extraction method for the gas chromatography – mass spectrometry analysis of volatile fatty acids in wastewater

ABSTRACT This study addresses the need to transition WWTPs from energy-intensive operations to carbon-neutral and energy-efficient systems by examining VFAs’ concentrations, which vary significantly with different types of wastewater. The analytical performance of the liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) method using two solvents – methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and dichloromethane (DCM) – followed by injection into a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) system is evaluated. The limit of quantification (LOQ) and limit of detection (LOD) for VFAs ranged from 3 to 7.41 mg/L and 0.91 to 2.25 mg/L, respectively. Precision for lower VFAs (ethanoic (C2), propanoic (C3), 2-methyl-propanoic (iC4), butanoic (C4), methyl-butanoic (iC5), and pentanoic acids (C5)) using DCM and MTBE ranged from 1.99% to 8.64% and 1.21% to 6.68%, respectively, with accuracies of 90.35% to 107.27% and 81.55% to 105.96%, respectively. For higher VFAs (iC6, C6, and C7) using DCM, precision ranged from 18.44% to 27.06%, and accuracy ranged from 70.1% to 101.4%. In contrast, MTBE failed to detect VFAs iC6, C6, and C7. These findings underscore the importance of solvent selection in VFA analysis and its implications for optimising WWTP operations.

The impact of different types of wastewaters on electrode passivation in electrical coagulation systems

Water is a crucial part of the production process when the company uses reaction or cooling water to create customized goods. It is therefore expected that some of the chemical components from the boats will be present in the water. Ensuring the safety of discharged water into rivers for human consumption is vital, as water supplies are limited and subject to cycles. Industrial wastewater sometimes includes higher concentrations of heavy metals like copper, lead, and other pollutants, whereas domestic wastewater usually has higher amounts of nitrogen and phosphate. Our previous strategy to dealing with these components involved adding chemicals and filtering them, but this method introduced additional compounds into the water sample. Science and technology have advanced alongside sewage treatment techniques. In this paper, we investigated the effects of electrical coagulation on water treatment in a rapidly industrializing environment. The effectiveness of electrical coagulation has been extensively studied, but less is known about how it impacts aquatic habitats and machinery. This work addresses the issue of equipment passivation in a number of potential methods that are related to an improvement in water quality.

Variations in the persistence of 5′-end genomic and subgenomic SARS-CoV-2 RNAs in wastewater from aircraft, airports and wastewater treatment plants

Wastewater sequencing has become a powerful supplement to clinical testing in monitoring SARS-CoV-2 infections in the post-COVID-19 pandemic era. While its applications in measuring the viral burden and main circulating lineages in the community have proved their efficacy, the variations in sequencing quality and coverage across the different regions of the SARS-CoV-2 genome are not well understood. Furthermore, it is unclear how different sample origins, viral extraction and concentration methods and environmental factors impact the reads sequenced from wastewater. Using high-coverage, amplicon-based, paired-end read sequencing of viral RNA extracted from wastewater collected directly from aircraft, pooled from different aircraft and airport buildings or from regular wastewater plants, we assessed the genome coverage across the sample groups with a focus on the 5′-end region covering the leader sequence and investigated whether it was possible to detect subgenomic RNA from viral material recovered from wastewater. We identified distinct patterns in the persistence of the different genomic regions across the different types of wastewaters and the existence of chimeric reads mapping to non-amplified regions. Our findings suggest that preservation of the 5′-end of the genome and the ability to detect subgenomic RNA reads, though highly susceptible to environment and sample processing conditions, may be indicative of the quality and amount of the viral RNA present in wastewater.

A panoramic view of the virosphere in three wastewater treatment plants by integrating viral-like particle-concentrated and traditional non-concentrated metagenomic approaches.

Wastewater biotreatment systems harbor a rich diversity of microorganisms, and the effectiveness of biotreatment systems largely depends on the activity of these microorganisms. Specifically, viruses play a crucial role in altering microbial behavior and metabolic processes throughout their infection phases, an aspect that has recently attracted considerable interest. Two metagenomic approaches, viral-like particle-concentrated (VPC, representing free viral-like particles) and non-concentrated (NC, representing the cellular fraction), were employed to assess their efficacy in revealing virome characteristics, including taxonomy, diversity, host interactions, lifestyle, dynamics, and functional genes across processing units of three wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Our findings indicate that each approach offers unique insights into the viral community and functional composition. Their combined use proved effective in elucidating WWTP viromes. We identified nearly 50,000viral contigs, with Cressdnaviricota and Uroviricota being the predominant phyla in the VPC and NC fractions, respectively. Notably, two pathogenic viral families, Asfarviridae and Adenoviridae, were commonly found in these WWTPs. We also observed significant differences in the viromes of WWTPs processing different types of wastewater. Additionally, various phage-derived auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs) were active at the RNA level, contributing to the metabolism of the microbial community, particularly in carbon, sulfur, and phosphorus cycling. Moreover, we identified 29 virus-carried antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) with potential for host transfer, highlighting the role of viruses in spreading ARGs in the environment. Overall, this study provides a detailed and integrated view of the virosphere in three WWTPs through the application of VPC and NC metagenomic approaches. Our findings enhance the understanding of viral communities, offering valuable insights for optimizing the operation and regulation of wastewater treatment systems.

Sustainable sewage water treatment based on natural plant coagulant: Moringa oleifera

In response to global water scarcity and environmental degradation, one promising technique in natural plant coagulation that has gained attention in recent years is the use of Moringa oleifera a plant native to the Indian subcontinent. This study investigates the potential of Moringa oleifera as a sustainable solution for sewage water treatment. The problem of effective wastewater treatment was addressed by employing Moringa oleifera as a natural plant coagulant (NPC). The methodology involved the use of a jar test as a qualitative technique in coagulation and flocculation to assess the plant’s effectiveness in reducing turbidity and impurities in sewage water. The physical and chemical parameters of raw and treated water were analyzed, revealing that an optimum dose of 0.4 g/1000 mL resulted in significant reductions in various water quality parameters: turbidity by 92%, COD by 88%, total solids by 96%, chloride by 75%, total hardness by 74%, and inorganic phosphorous by 68%. The specific reduction in BOD was not provided, indicating a need for further investigation. The results suggest that Moringa oleifera could offer significant improvements in water quality and societal health while promoting sustainability and environmental harmony. The study concludes that Moringa oleifera presents a promising green technique for sustainable sewage water treatment, with implications for future research focusing on the scalability of this method and its effectiveness in treating different types of wastewater.

A Comparison of the Co-Treatment of Urban Wastewater and Acidic Water Using a Ternary Emergy Diagram

The Pasco region in Peru is an area that has historically been polluted by mining activity and population growth. As a result, there is an increased production of urban wastewater and acidic water that contaminate local lakes such as Quiulacocha and Patarcocha. The construction of a treatment plant that can treat the different types of wastewaters has not yet been studied, and its sustainability has not yet been evaluated. The objective of this research was to predict the sustainability of co-treatment systems in different scenarios between urban wastewater and acidic water, expressed in terms of a ternary emergy diagram. The design of the co-treatment plant was carried out at an inflow of 10 L/s. The first scenario (Treatment I) has a primary settler for the mixture of urban wastewater and acidic water, while the second scenario (Treatment II) involves a settler and a subsurface artificial wetland, and the third scenario (Treatment IIIa and IIb) presents a settler, an electrocoagulation system and a secondary settler; this scenario differentiates between the use of urban wastewater and eutrophicated water from Patarcocha Lake. The results of the ternary diagram show the contributions of the fractions of renewable resources from Treatment I (69%), from Treatment II (65.7%), from Treatment IIIa (61.6%), and from Treatment IIIb (21.8%); the fractions of non-renewable resources in Treatment I (26.13%), Treatment II (24.13%), Treatment IIIa (23.33%), and Treatment IIIb (9.50%); and the fractions of imported inputs in Treatment I (4.84%), Treatment II (9.37%), Treatment IIIa (15.04%), and Treatment IIIb (68.72%). It is concluded that the use of a co-treatment system for urban wastewater and acidic water is sustainable in the long term when using an electrocoagulator or an artificial wetland.

Overview of the research work of Dr. Hui-Ping Chuang

Dr Hui-Ping Chuang, Sustainable Environment Research Laboratories, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, is investigating the ability of different environmental microorganisms to degrade pollutants and produce sustainable resources. A particular focus is on the microbes involved in the nitrogen cycle. She collaborates with Japanese researchers at DHS Technology, Hiroshima University and Tohoku University, among others, as well as communicating with Taiwan researchers based at National Taiwan University and National Chiayi University. Chuang is currently involved in five studies: exploring different types of sponge media for cultivating slow-growing functional microbes; investigating aerobic autotrophic microbes for the conversion of greenhouse potential (GHP) gases such as N2O and CO2 to mitigate global warming; investigating the application of different functional microbes for treating different types of wastewaters containing nitrogenous compounds or alkylphenol compounds or long-term alkanes; cultivating a chloroethane-degrading community used for remediation of soil and groundwater pollution; exploring the use of an anaerobic microbial community for the treatment of biological waste to produce the green energy as methane (CH4) and nitrogen fertiliser as resources; and developing a microbial monitoring platform integrating chemical and molecular analyses. This microbial monitoring platform can be used to detect and quantify nitrogen oxidising or reducing microorganisms, as well as other groups with some modifications and it has now been used in various fields to understand important relationships.

Growth and phosphate uptake of microalgae under different phosphate conditions

Microalgae could utilize the nutrients in the environment and therefore are widely used in wastewater treatment. The variety and complexity of phosphates in the water column and different types of wastewater can affect the growth of microalgae, which further affects the treatment efficiency of phosphorus- containing wastewater. In this study, phosphate uptake and microalgal growth were investigated under different phosphate conditions. The results showed that the increase of phosphate concentration could promote the growth of microalgae. Phosphate species affected the phosphate uptake and transformation process. Orthophosphate and polyphosphate were first adsorbed on the surface of microalgae and then transported inside the cell. Polyphosphates produce desorption in the early stages of uptake. The adsorbed polyphosphates were released back into the culture medium and were taken up and utilized again in the later stages of incubation. Polyphosphates were taken up and utilized by microalgae for a longer period of time than orthophosphates. It was also found that orthophosphate was more readily utilized by microalgae compared to polyphosphate. An increase in phosphate concentration promotes the growth of microalgae.

Mokra polja kao potencijalno rešenje u procesu prečišćavanja otpadnih voda

Constructed wetlands are engineering systems that are used in the process of purifying waste water and improving water quality. Wetlands are engineered systems that are built to take advantage of the processes that occur in natural wetlands, including vegetation, soil, and associated microbial activity to treat wastewater. These systems can be used as part of decentralized wastewater treatment systems and can be used to treat different types of wastewater. The paper presents different types of wet fields, their application, design criteria and methods of wastewater treatment. These systems are used as a secondary treatment process meaning that the wastewater is treated in a primary treatment step before entering the wet field filter. There are different types of wet fields, such as wet fields with surface movement of wastewater, wet fields with underground movement of wastewater, where water can move horizontally and vertically, as well as a hybrid system that is a combination of the previously mentioned two systems. The use of wet fields for wastewater treatment is becoming an increasingly popular system in various parts of the world, both in developed and developing countries

Use of ornamental plants in floating treatment wetlands for greywater treatment in urban areas

Floating treatment wetlands are considered a promising and low-cost technology for the treatment of polluted water and wastewater. However, their functionality and efficiency in different types of wastewater are not fully understood. In this study, several ornamental plant species (monocultures: Canna sp., Iris sp., polyculture: Iris orientalis, Cyperus sp., Acorus gramineus) were tested in two different types of floating mats, including a media supported floating mat (MSFM) or a simple plastic grid, and evaluated for optimal removal of the studied pollutants. The results regarding pollutant removal revealed that planted systems grown in MSFM achieved significantly higher removal rates (up to 90 %) compared to the plastic grid (up to 80 %). Statistically significant higher removal rates were obtained for the planted systems compared to the unplanted systems either grown in MSFM (for turbidity (planted: 82–90 %; unplanted: 44 %), COD (planted: 74–84 %; unplanted: 32 %) and BOD5 (planted: 76–85 %; unplanted: 51 %), respectively) or grown in the plastic grid (for turbidity (planted: 64–78 %; unplanted: 44 %) and COD (planted: 43–75 %; unplanted: 32 %), respectively). During the experimental period (7 months), all plants managed to survive and withstand the weather variations. The plants in polyculture followed by Iris sp. plants in plastic grid floating mats were better adapted, as indicated by maximum quantum efficiency of PSII values and chlorophyll content index, while all the plants were considered well adapted in the MSFM. Overall, the implementation of floating treatment wetlands with ornamental vegetation for greywater treatment in urban areas seems to be a sustainable and efficient approach.

Antibiotic resistance determinants among carbapenemase producing bacteria isolated from wastewaters of Kathmandu, Nepal

The emergence of carbapenem resistant bacteria (CRB) possesses a remarkable threat to the health of humans. CRB and carbapenem resistance genes (CRGs) have frequently been reported in clinical isolates from hospitals, however, their occurrence and distribution in wastewaters from various sources and river water have not been emphasized in Nepal. So, this study aimed to detect carbapenem resistant bacterial isolates and their resistance determinants in river water and different types of wastewaters. River water and both untreated and treated wastewater samples from hospitals, pharmaceutical industries, and municipal sewage were collected in summer and winter seasons. From 68 grab wastewater samples, CRB were detected only in 16 samples, which included eight hospital wastewater, and four each from untreated municipal sewage and river water. A total of 25 CRB isolates were detected with dominance of E. coli (44.0%) and K. pneumoniae (24.0%). The majority of the isolates harbored blaNDM-1 (76.0%), followed by blaOXA (36.0%) and blaKPC (20.0%) genes. Hospital wastewater majorly contributed to the presence of blaNDM-1, blaKPC, and blaOXA along with intI1 genes compared to river water and untreated municipal sewage, especially during the winter season. However, CRB were not detected in treated effluents of hospitals and municipal sewage, and both influents and effluents from pharmaceutical industries. The combined presence of each blaNDM-1 &blaOXA and blaKPC &blaOXA occurred in 16.0% of the bacterial isolates. The increased minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of meropenem was significantly associated with the presence of CRGs. The results of this study highlight the significance of carbapenem resistance in bacteria isolated from wastewater and river water, and underscore the necessity for efficient monitoring and control strategies to prevent the dispersion of carbapenem resistance in the environment and its potential consequences on human health.

Growth of microalgae adapted to high-light temperature conditions in different types of wastewater.

To obtain microalgae strains adapted to wastewater in the Mediterranean region, microalgae present in the Nile River were cultivated at both high-light temperature (HLT) and low-light temperature (LLT) conditions. It was found that the species which became dominant under HLT was chlorophyta of the genus Scenedesmus. In contrast, under LLT, bacillariophyta became dominant. The microalgae strain (Scenedesmus arcuatus) was subsequently isolated and cultivated in different types of primary treated wastewater under HLT and LLT conditions. The different types of primary treated wastewater were black water (BW), grey water (GW), and sewage water (SW). Growth rates reached during the exponential phase at HLT using GW, BW, and SW were between 0.38 and 0.4 (day-1). At LLT, 1.5-2.7 folds of lower growth rates were determined due to limitation by CO2. Removal of COD and inorganic N and P from sewage wastewater reached up to 88, 96, and 100%, respectively. Results thus indicate that microalgae adapted to the climate conditions can be efficiently used for COD removal and nutrient recovery from wastewater in the Mediterranean.

Key Principles of Advanced Oxidation Processes: A Systematic Analysis of Current and Future Perspectives of the Removal of Antibiotics from Wastewater

In line with the development of industrial society, wastewater has caused multiple environmental problems. Contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in water and wastewater are persistent, and for this reason they can cause serious problems for human health, animal health, and the whole environment. Therefore, it is absolutely necessary to apply efficient methods for the treatment of wastewater that has a high concentration of organic compounds. Over recent years, the prescribed and non-prescribed consumption of antibiotics has increased significantly worldwide. Large quantities of antibiotics are discharged into wastewater because of their incomplete absorption by living organisms. However, even small concentrations present in aquatic environments represent a major risk to human health and environment protection. This paper presents the main advantages and disadvantages of advanced oxidation processes, and the current state and new perspectives in the field of environment protection. This study summarizes data from the most recent specialized scientific literature that focuses on the topic of advanced oxidation processes, thus bringing all these aspects to the attention of researchers in a single work that adds comments and interpretations related to the presented processes. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are often used in the treatment of different types of wastewater. AOPs are based on physicochemical processes that create significant structural changes in chemical species. The majority of antibiotics may be eliminated using physicochemical processes, such as photo-Fenton oxidation, photolysis, ozonation, electrooxidation, heterogeneous catalysis, and other bioprocesses. In comparison to conventional chemical processes, AOPs provide superior oxidation efficiency, ideal operating costs, and zero secondary pollutants.

Enhancing the Mn-Removal Efficiency of Acid-Mine Bacterial Consortium: Performance Optimization and Mechanism Study.

In this study, an acclimated manganese-oxidizing bacteria (MnOB) consortium, QBS-1, was enriched in an acid mine area; then, it was used to eliminate Mn(Ⅱ) in different types of wastewater. QBS-1 presented excellent Mn removal performance between pH 4.0 and 8.0, and the best Mn-removal efficiency was up to 99.86% after response surface methodology optimization. Unlike other MnOB consortia, the core bacteria of QBS-1 were Stenotrophomonas and Achromobacter, which might play vital roles in Mn removal. Besides that, adsorption, co-precipitation and electrostatic binding by biological manganese oxides could further promote Mn elimination. Finally, the performance of the Mn biofilter demonstrated that QBS-1 was an excellent inoculant, which indicates good potential for removing Mn contamination steadily and efficiently.

Wastewater treatment by using microalgae: Insights into fate, transport, and associated challenges

The remediation of wastewater with microalgae is a new topic that concentrates on devising a cost-effective and environmentally beneficial method. Multiple microalgae and bacterial consortiums have recently been evaluated to determine if they can purify effluent from various sources. Critical to a system's efficacy is its ability to remove nutrients such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) and heavy metals such as arsenic (As), lead (Pb), and copper (Cu). This study compared traditional wastewater treatment systems to microalgae-based systems for treating different types of wastewater. The research investigates the potential for microalgae to cleanse wastewater. The research also evaluates wastewater parameters, methods, and scientific techniques for extracting nutrients and heavy metals from polluted water. According to the literature, Microalgae can remove between 98.7% and 100% of nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), and heavy metals from various effluents. The paper concludes by discussing the difficulties of using microalgae to remediate wastewater. The elimination of nutrients from the effluent is influenced by biomass production, osmotic capacity, temperature, pH, and O2 concentration. Therefore, a “pilot” study is recommended to investigate contaminants.

Effects of calcium on phosphorus recovery from wastewater by vivianite crystallization: Interaction and mechanism analysis

Phosphorus recovery by vivianite from different types of wastewater has attracted considerable attention recently. However, the existence of calcium (Ca) would unavoidably affect the formation of vivianite. In this work, the effect of calcium on vivianite crystallization was investigated. The pH of the solutions with low Ca concentration (1–10 mg/L) increased by only 0.06 compared to the conditions without Ca, while a more visible change occurred at high concentrations. Besides, higher removal rate of phosphorus was obtained at higher Ca concentration and the residual amount of Fe in the supernatant increased from 2.01 mg/L in control to 27.29 mg/L at 100 mg Ca/L, indicating competition between Ca and Fe ions. Furthermore, microscopic observation revealed that Ca caused the surface of vivianite to be covered by fine particles, resulting in the inhibition of vivianite growth. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis demonstrated the fine particles covering in the surface of vivianite crystals were mainly amorphous Ca3(PO4)2 and the formation of Fe-phosphate (s) also led to the decrease of the recovery rate and purity of vivianite. The zeta potential of the recovered product indicated that electrostatic adsorption existed in the process and complemented with surface adsorption to become the main routes of Ca binding. The results obtained herein will provide a theoretical basis for understanding the interference of calcium with vivianite crystallization.

Using of Constructed Wetlands in The Treatment of Wastewater: A Review for Operation and Performance

Wastewater recycling for non-potable uses has gained significant attention to mitigate the high pressure on freshwater resources. This requires using a sustainable technique to treat natural municipal wastewater as an alternative to conventional methods, especially in arid and semi-arid rural areas. One of the promising techniques applied to satisfy the objective of wastewater reuse is the constructed wetlands (CWs) which have been used extensively in most countries worldwide through the last decades. The present study introduces a significant review of the definition, classification, and components of CWs, identifying the mechanisms controlling the removal process within such units. Vertical, horizontal, and hybrid CWs were used to treat different types of wastewater from individual households, waste disposal sites, oil refineries, agricultural production, and tannery effluent. The effects of several design and operational factors related to the type of plant, substrate, and flow direction are studied and surveyed in this work to be the starting point for researchers in future investigations

The Potential of Phytoremediation to Treat Different Types of Wastewater - A Review

Globally, with an increase in population, water demand is also increasing, but on the other hand, water availability is continuously decreasing due to various factors. Contamination of existing water bodies is the main factor for the freshwater shortage. Conventional methods are there to treat polluted water, but their construction and operational cost are very high. Phytoremediation is an economical, solar-driven, green plants (macrophytes) based, environment-friendly technology being researched worldwide. Many researchers contributed to identifying the potential of phytoremediation to treat different types of wastewater. Along the same line, an attempt has been made with this literature survey to contribute to technological advancement. The study results showed that water hyacinth plants could potentially treat almost all types of wastewater. Still, their use with other plants like Phragmites australis, Azolla filiculoides, Lemna minor, Typha latifolia, etc., as polyculture (mixed culture) could perform way better than the individual. It not only improves the efficiency of phytoremediation but also helps some plants to grow and perform for a long duration when used in mixed culture.

Impact of wastewater characteristics on the removal of organic micropollutants by Chlorella sorokiniana

Microalgae-based technologies can be used for the removal of organic micropollutants (OMPs) from different types of wastewater. However, the effect of wastewater characteristics on the removal is still poorly understood. In this study, the removal of sixteen OMPs by Chlorella sorokiniana, cultivated in three types of wastewater (anaerobically digested black water (AnBW), municipal wastewater (MW), and secondary clarified effluent (SCE)), were assessed. During batch operational mode, eleven OMPs were removed from AnBW and MW. When switching from batch to continuous mode (0.8 d HRT), the removal of most OMPs from AnBW and MW decreased, suggesting that a longer retention time enhances the removal of some OMPs. Most OMPs were not removed from SCE since poor nutrient availability limited C. sorokiniana growth. Further correlation analyses between wastewater characteristics, biomass and OMPs removal indicated that the wastewater soluble COD and biomass concentration predominantly affected the removal of OMPs. Lastly, carbon uptake rate had a higher effect on the removal of OMPs than nitrogen and phosphate uptake rate. These data will give an insight on the implementation of microalgae-based technologies for the removal of OMPs in wastewater with varying strengths and nutrient availability.

Life Cycle Analysis of Lab-Scale Constructed Wetlands for the Treatment of Industrial Wastewater and Landfill Leachate from Municipal Solid Waste: A Comparative Assessment

Purpose: The objective of this study was to measure the environmental impact of five different laboratory-scale constructed wetland (CW) treatment systems with varying design approaches, which have been employed to treat different types of wastewater. Moreover, the present study also assessed the feasibility of treating landfill leachate using four different hybrid wetlands built outdoors, and analyzed the environmental viability based on the life cycle assessment (LCA). Primarily, the choice of media materials has been the focus of evaluating the sustainability of the systems, as for each system the media materials cover major material consumption and define treatment performance. Methods: This study applied a life cycle assessment using the SimaPro software tool to quantify the environmental impacts from the constructed wetland systems. Primarily, the LCA has been applied by adopting the ReCiPe 2016 method with cross-validation using the Impact 2002+ method. Moreover, an uncertainty analysis has been performed to determine any uncertainties involved in the datasets, along with sensitivity analysis on the inventory. Results and discussions: As the results suggest, the systems employed for wastewater treatment using cement mortar have the highest environmental burden. In contrast, the natural media choices, sugarcane bagasse and coco-peat, have proved to be environmentally favorable. Media employment from recycled materials like brick and steel slag could significantly redeem the previous environmental burdens of these materials, providing treatment efficiency. However, the systems employed for landfill leachate treatment revealed the CW using brick chips as the most vulnerable system with regards to environmental concerns, implying that the media brick chips are certainly the major contributor behind this high leap in the scale. However, both the systems worked very well in the carcinogenic category, providing good treatment performance, and eventually exerting lesser impact. Conclusion: The overall assessments suggested choice of media materials are essential to deciding the sustainability of a CW design. However, the CW is more beneficial and environmentally friendly than the other treatment methods, until the design scale has a high capacity. Nevertheless, the choice of the LCA method is also significant, while measuring impact scales.