Different Types Of Waste Research Articles

Accumulation of microorganisms on work clothes of workers collecting different types of waste – A feasibility study

Electrostatic dust cloths have previously been used to study microorganisms in settled dust by placing the cloths horizontally on surfaces (called Electrostatic Dust Collectors, EDC). In this study, we investigate whether the same cloths, henceforth called ‘E-Cloths’, can be used to study accumulation of microorganisms and endotoxin on workers’ clothes. This was studied as current methods have limitations. It was examined for waste collection workers, as their work environment is associated with elevated exposure to microorganisms and endotoxin. Each worker received a kit with a T-shirt with an attached E-Cloth on the front, a instruction letter, and a questionnaire. Workers wore the T-shirts during the next two workdays. Unaffected by waste type collected, it was possible to measure the accumulation of bacteria, fungi, and endotoxin from the work environment on the E-Cloths. Geometric mean concentration of 9 × 106 CFU bacteria/m2, 1 × 107 CFU fungi/m2, and 4 × 104 endotoxin units/m2 were found. In total, 100 different bacterial and 25 fungal species were found. The genus Bacillus (with 18 species) and Brevibacterium aurantiacum were among the dominating bacteria. For fungi, Penicillium brevicompactum, P. commune, Penicillium italicum, and Aspergillus niger were most often found. Importantly, mainly environmental bacteria and fungi had accumulated on the E-Cloths and only few skin-related bacterial species were present, showing that accumulation had happened from the work exposure and not workers’ skin. In conclusion, the T-shirts with an E-Cloth can be used as a self-administered method for measurement of accumulation of microorganisms and endotoxin from the work environment on waste collection workers’ clothes.

Influences of humic acid on the release of polybrominated diphenyl ethers from plastic waste in landfills under different environmental conditions

Landfill-formed humic acid are an important substance in landfill leachate. The effect of landfill-formed humic acid in different environments (temperature and surfactant concentrations) on the release of chemicals from plastic waste remains unknown. In order to explore the pollution release rates of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in different plastic waste, humic acid were used as the extractant to conduct leaching simulation tests to study the effects of time, temperature, and surfactant (sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS)) concentrations on the release of PBDEs in waste. This waste includes polypropylene random pipes (PPRP), polyethylene of raised temperature resistance pipes (PERTP), polyvinyl chloride pipes (PVCP), polypropylene plastic benches (PPB), polypropylene washing machines (PPWM), polystyrene television (PSTV), and flame-retardant acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (FRABS). The leaching amounts of PBDEs had significant linear growth over time. Among them, the leaching amount of PBDEs in daily plastics is lower than dismantling plastics. The rate of leaching of BDE-209 was greater than the other congeners, with a leaching amount of up to 93.10%. Different types of waste exhibited different changes with temperature and surfactants concentrations. Among all the waste types, the leaching amounts of PBDEs in PPRP and PERTP gradually increased with increasing temperature. Surfactants within a certain concentration range can promote the release of PBDEs. The purpose of the research is to explore the dissolution law of PBDEs of different plastic products and the same product in different environment, provides a theoretical basis for the management and risk control of landfills.

An Assessment of Machine Learning Integrated Autonomous Waste Detection and Sorting of Municipal Solid Waste

Municipal solid waste deposition in metropolitan areas has become a major concern that, if not addressed, can lead to environmental degradation and possibly endanger human health. It is important to adopt a smart waste management system in place to cope with a range of waste materials. This research aims to develop a smart modelling method that could accurately predict and forecast the production of municipal solid waste. An integrated convolution neural network and air-jet system-based framework developed for pre-processing and data integration were developed. The results showed that machine learning algorithms could be used to detect different types of waste with high accuracy. The best performers were obtained from neural network models, which captured 72% of the information variation. The method proposed in this study demonstrates the feasibility of developing tools to assist urban waste through the supply, pre-processing, integration, and modelling of data accessible to the public from a variety of sources.

Effects of Composts Made from Broiler Chicken Residues and Blended with Biochar on the Minerals and Phenolic Compounds in Parsley (Petroselinum crispum Mill.)

Soil amendments, such as composts and biochar, are currently widely used as substrates in container gardening. Although different types of wastes have been used in composting, formulating growing mediums for specific plants using different materials is necessary. In the present study, organic substrates comprising mixtures of (a) broiler chicken wastes composted with sugar bagasse, sawdust, urban tree, napier grass, or cotton residues, and (b) five different proportions of biochar (0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, and 60%) were used to produce mineral and flavonoid-rich parsley plants. The sawdust-based substrate led to the highest yields (27.86 g pot−1 on average), regardless of the amount of biochar added; however, this substrate resulted in plants with no appreciable antioxidant activities. Plants grown using the tree-based substrate had moderate yields (16.95 g pot−1), and the highest phenolic levels (e.g., 7.93 mg GAE g−1) and antioxidant activities (DPPH scavenging activity over 11.17 g TE g−1). Such activities were better described by the presence of apigenin-7-apiosylglucoside and diosmetin-apiosylglucoside. Moderate yields were also obtained with the cotton-based substrate; however, such yields were only obtained at biochar proportions greater than 30%; this substrate led to the highest K contents (47.19 g kg−1). The lowest yields (3.20 g pot−1) and N (20.96 g kg−1), P (1.33 g kg−1), K (33.26 g kg−1), and flavonoid (13.63 mg CE g−1) contents were obtained with the napier-based substrate. However, this substrate led to the production of parsley plants with the highest levels of anthocyanins (0.40 mg CGE g−1), which may have accumulated as stress sensors and defense components. The bagasse-based substrate also led to high yields and appreciable flavonoid contents with 60% biochar. In most cases, no linear relationship was found between the biochar amount and the chemical parameters evaluated. Overall, the substrates formulated using urban tree residues had higher suitability for parsley development than those formulated using sugar bagasse, sawdust, napier grass, or cotton residues.

Applications of bioactive compounds extracted from olive industry wastes: A review.

The wastes generated during the olive oil extraction process, even if presenting a negative impact for the environment, contain several bioactive compounds that have considerable health benefits. After suitable extraction and purification, these compounds can be used as food antioxidants or as active ingredients in nutraceutical and cosmetic products due to their interesting technological and pharmaceutical properties. The aim of this review, after presenting general applications of the different types of wastes generated from this industry, is to focus on the olive pomace produced by the two-phase system and to explore the challenging applications of the main individual compounds present in this waste. Hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, oleuropein, oleuropein aglycone, and verbascoside are the most abundant bioactive compounds present in olive pomace. Besides their antioxidant activity, these compounds also demonstrated other biological properties such as antimicrobial, anticancer, or anti-inflammatory, thus being used in formulations to produce pharmaceutical and cosmetic products or in the fortification of food. Nevertheless, it is mandatory to involve both industries and researchers to create strategies to valorize these byproducts while maintaining environmental sustainability.

Antimony distribution and mobility in different types of waste derived from the exploitation of stibnite ore deposits

Wastes derived from the exploitation of stibnite ore deposits were studied to determine their mineralogical, chemical, and environmental characteristics and establish the Sb distribution and the current and long-term risks of Sb mobilization. Representative samples of mine waste rocks, mine tailings, and smelting waste were studied by X-ray powder diffraction, polarized light microscopy, electron microprobe analysis, and digestion, leaching, and extraction procedures. The main Sb-bearing minerals and phases identified in the smelting waste were natrojarosite, iron (oxyhydr)oxides, mixtures of iron and antimony (oxyhydr)oxides, and tripuhyite; those in the mine tailings and mine waste rocks were iron (oxyhydr)oxides and/or mixtures of iron and antimony (oxyhydr)oxides. Iron (oxyhydr)oxides and natrojarosite had high Sb contents, with maximum values of 16.51 and 9.63 wt% Sb2O5, respectively. All three types of waste were characterized as toxic; the mine waste rocks and mine tailings would require pretreatment to decrease their leachable Sb content before they would be acceptable at hazardous waste landfills. Relatively little of the Sb was in desorbable forms, which accounted for <0.01 and <0.8% of the total Sb content in the smelting waste and mine waste rocks/mine tailings, respectively. Under reducing conditions, further Sb mobilization from mine waste rocks and mine tailings could occur (up to 4.6 and 3.3% of the total content, respectively), considerably increasing the risk that Sb will be introduced into the surroundings. Although the smelting waste had the highest total Sb content, it showed the lowest risk of Sb release under different environmental conditions. The significant Fe levels in the smelting waste facilitated the formation of various Fe compounds that greatly decreased the Sb mobilization from these wastes.

Combined effects of bayer process bauxite waste (red mud) and agricultural waste on technological properties of fired clay bricks

The sustainability of raw materials used in great amounts in the production of building materials used in the construction industry is of great importance. This research investigates the utilization of bayer process bauxite waste and agricultural residues as alternative additive materials for clay replacement to produce eco-friendly porous ceramic bricks. The use of organic and inorganic additives in brick production reduces the consumption of natural clay reserves and the weight of the brick. In addition, these additives have been used as pore formers in brick production to increase thermal performance and waste remediation in ceramic structures for environmental beneficial. Considering these issues, two different types of waste and their combinations were evaluated in brick production in the study. Hazelnut shells (HS) (from 2.5 wt% to 10 wt%), which is an agricultural waste, were used as pore former during firing of brick. On the other hand, this study is related to the evaluation of red mud waste (RM) (from 5 wt% to 30 wt%), which is released in large quantities at the result of Bayer process in the aluminum metallurgy and threatens environmental health, as an alternative raw material in the production of clay bricks. The compacted samples were fired at 900 °C and 1000 °C for 2 h to investigate the effects of firing temperature. Bulk density, water absorption, apparent porosity were determined by Archimedes method. Thermal conductivity and compressive strength of the samples were measured by a thermal conductivity analyzer with a modified transient plane source, and the mechanical test method, respectively. Also, the microstructural and leaching analysis of produced samples was performed. This research have confirmed that the potential use of these wastes decreases the bulk density and mechanical strength and increases the porosity, which leads to higher thermal insulation . The results indicated that samples produced with addition of 10% HS-30% RM exhibited the lowest thermal conductivity values (0.45 W/mK) and the acceptable compressive strength (9 MPa). Also, the effective thermal conductivity coefficient of the perforated brick model designed from this sample is found as 0.112 W/mK in ANSYS Fluent 19.1 Software. Furthermore, the brick samples with a high amount of waste materials show values of leaching toxicity much lower than the specified limits of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The microstructures are also supporting the porosity ratios of brick samples. Based on the results, the combination of waste materials considered for making brick samples in this study can be used as additives in lightweight eco-friendly brick production to reduce waste landfill and recycle waste. • An agricultural residue is evaluated as a pore maker in brick production. • Red mud exhibits partially a flux effect with increasing firing temperature. • Addition of wastes increases porosity and lightweight bricks are produced. • Thermal conductivity of a perforated brick model designed from obtained results is simulated. • Leaching analysis is revealed that the fired bricks are eco-friendly.

Eco-friendly application of vermiwash obtained from different types of waste with neem seed kernel extract against papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink

Eco-friendly application of vermiwash obtained from different types of waste with neem seed kernel extract against papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink

Application of Ion Exchange for Recovery of Noble Metals

The production of noble metals has started to shift towards using different types of wastes. The leaching solutions collected during the processing of waste have low concentrations of noble metals; therefore, it forces the use of sorption methods in recovery technology. This work focused on recovering noble metals with a technological solution, obtained during the processing of waste from refining processes. The research consisted of a set of experiments using a batch method that enabled determination of the parameters of the process and selection of the leading resins. Sorption isotherms were determined and kinetic studies were conducted, along with the preliminary elution tests with the use of different eluents. Cementation experiments were the final part of the research. During the experiments, it was concluded that the leading resins for the sorption of noble metals were Puromet MTS9200, Puromet MTS9850, and Lewatit K 6362. The volume ratio Vr:Vs = 1:10 and the reaction time 15–30 min could be used as basic conditions to conduct the experiments in the column; the solution of thiourea in hydrochloric acid can be used as an eluting agent from which noble metals could be cemented using powder zinc.

Recent advances in waste-recycled nanomaterials for biomedical applications: Waste-to-wealth

Abstract Global overpopulation, industrial expansion, and urbanization have generated massive amounts of wastes. This is considered as a significant worldwide challenge that requires an urgent solution. Additionally, remarkable advances in the field of biomedicine have impacted the entire spectrum of healthcare and medicine. This has paved the way for further refining of the outcomes of biomedical strategies toward early detection and treatment of different diseases. Various nanomaterials (NMs) have been dedicated to different biomedical applications including drug delivery, vaccinations, imaging modalities, and biosensors. However, toxicity is still the main factor restricting their use. NMs recycled from different types of wastes present a pioneering approach to not only avoid hazardous effects on the environment, but to also implement circular economy practices, which are crucial to attain sustainable growth. Moreover, recycled NMs have been utilized as a safe, yet revolutionary alternative with outstanding potential for many biomedical applications. This review focuses on waste recycled NMs, their synthesis, properties, and their potential for multiple biomedical applications with special emphasis on their role in the early detection and control of multiple diseases. Their pivotal therapeutic actions as antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant nanodrugs, and vaccines will also be outlined. The ongoing advancements in the design of recycled NMs are expanding their diagnostic and therapeutic roles for diverse biomedical applications in the era of precision medicine.

Leveraging a Process-Oriented Perspective on Frugal Innovation Through the Linkage of Lean Product Development (LPD) Practices and Waste

Frugal innovation aims to attain significantly cheaper solutions on the market. The literature points out a lack of studies addressing frugal innovation from a process-oriented (ex-ante) perspective, as well as how to structure and leverage the frugal product development process. This paper explores how lean principles and fundamentals, and more particularly lean product development (LPD) can help fill this gap. The incidence of different types of waste has been observed throughout the new product development (NPD) process, and their mitigation could certainly leverage frugal innovation from the process perspective. However, to operationalize waste mitigation, an evaluation of how different types of waste are related to the various existing LPD practices is necessary. We accordingly build a relationship matrix between LPD practices and waste mitigation throughout the NPD process, based on a literature review encompassing 310 studies. By correlating LPD practices and waste, this paper proposes and discusses a conceptual model that brings insights to understanding how LPD can drive frugal innovations from an ex-ante perspective. The contributions of this paper are the categorization and classification of waste within NPD; the assessment and classification of the lean practices most studied in the literature; the association of the categories of waste with the corresponding lean practices; and the discussion of the possible contribution of LPD literature to leverage frugal innovation from a process-oriented perspective.

Legislative landscape of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) as feed

The demand for animal-based protein sources is increasing rapidly. The rearing of insects on bioproducts and their subsequent use as feedstock for animals has been receiving a lot of attention lately.Hermetia illucens, black soldier flies are highly investigated insects owing to their ability to reduce and transform different types of wastes, such as agricultural, household, municipal wastes, and human sludge. The nutritional composition and amino acid profile of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) raised on these organic wastes is similar to that of several feed constituents making it a suitable material for feed. However, the commercialisation of BSFL is limited due to prevailing unclear legislative requirements regarding their use as feed. In this paper, the legislative landscape involved in using BSFL as feed in different regions is addressed. European Union, Australia, Canada and USA specifically allow the trade and manufacture of BSFL as feed under specific conditions. Interestingly, most countries where entomophagy is a tradition, lack specific regulations concerning their use as feed and are currently drafting regulatory frameworks. Understanding the legislative layout is essential for harmonising the industrial upscaling of BSFL as animal feed.

Surgery, anesthesia, and pathology: A practical primer on greening the delivery of surgical care

Because of its energy intensive requirements and multi-disciplinary interdependencies, perioperative care, including surgery, anesthesia, and pathology, is one of the greatest contributors to the direct greenhouse gas emissions of healthcare systems. By reducing this contribution, the paradox of harming human health through the delivery of healthcare services can be addressed. Energy use and waste generation are the main underlying factors contributing to these downstream health harms of providing surgical care. On-site energy is consumed primarily by heating ventilation and air conditioning systems, lighting, and equipment. A variety of different types of waste are also generated on-site, including regulated medical waste, healthcare plastic and packaging waste, single-use devices, anesthetic gasses, medication, chemicals, and water. In this review, we discuss practical ways to reduce direct energy use and decrease and avoid waste generation during the surgical experience. Following these environmental best practices supports triple bottom line performance, which delivers significant financial, environmental, and social benefits.

Factors Affecting the Hazardous Waste Management Practices in Heavy Industries

Among the different types of waste, hazardous waste poses a serious challenge to humans and the environment if not properly managed. Although many industries generate hazardous waste in various degrees, heavy industries generate the largest volume of hazardous waste. While hazardous waste management (HWM) has been studied well in many industry sectors and countries, it is not so with heavy industries in developing countries. The purpose of this paper was therefore to identify the factors affecting the HWM practices in heavy industries in Sri Lanka. The data was collected from 40 companies in ten different industrial categories of heavy industry. The respondent was the environmental officer of each company. The analysis reveals that technological facilities, public resistance, company policy, and economic factors affect the HWM practices in heavy industries in Sri Lanka. This study has several policy level and managerial implications for HWM in heavy industries to contribute towards the achievement of sustainable development.

Characterizing steel waste and analyzing its use as a material in pavement constructions

The boom in the construction of big engineering projects has boosted the demand of steel, which has in turn increased the production of steel waste. This is cause for environmental same time, the exploitation of non-renewable natural resources like stone aggregates is also deteriorating ecosystems, while environmental regulations for doing so are becoming stricter, thus inflating production costs. These scenarios lead to a paradigm shift: using unconventional materials and employing recycling techniques for existing pavements. The use of industrial waste in different processes must be focused on sustainable development and the protection of the environment. The steelmaking process produces different types of waste, including blast oxygen furnace and electric arc furnace slag, and blast furnace dust. This research analyzes the technical convenience of using blast oxygen furnace and electric arc furnace slag as coarse aggregate and studies the alternative of using blast furnace dust as fine aggregate for the manufacture of hot asphalt mixes for pavements. The results of this study evidence that steel waste has characteristics that can be favorable in its use as granular material for the manufacture of asphalt mixtures for pavements. This allows to deduce that it is technically possible to benefit from using this waste and thus contribute to sustainable development and the protection of the environment.

WASTE MANAGEMENT ON BOARD SEAGOING SHIPS

"The reality remains uncomfortable, the climate crisis is coming with extreme phenomena more and more devastating around the globe and more and more people and more and more parts of ecosystems are suffering from the greed of large companies and lack of constructive action and coherent decision-makers. There are various types of waste generated during operation, and to be able to implement a waste management system, it is necessary to identify and quantify the different types of waste on board. The purpose of this paper is to examine the responsibilities, management, handling and disposal of ship-generated waste and the requirements for the preparation of an on-board waste management plan. "

Plastic Food Packaging: Perceptions and Attitudes of Portuguese Consumers about Environmental Impact and Recycling

The use of plastics for packaging has some advantages, since they are flexible and inexpensive. However, most plastics are of single use, which, combined with low recycling or reuse ratios, contributes substantially to environmental pollution. This work is part of a project studying the habits of Portuguese citizens concerning plastic food packaging and focuses on aspects related to sustainability. The survey was carried out via an online questionnaire about sustainability, recycling, and knowledge of the effects of plastic materials or their residues on the environment. The results were obtained based on a statistical analysis of the data. The participants tend to think about the negative impact of plastic packages on the environment; 39% sometimes do not buy plastic; and 30% try to look for alternatives. A substantial fraction, 81%, support the avoidance of plastic utensils and reduction in the use of plastic bags. Most participants have a good knowledge of recycling and strongly agree with the use of recycled materials, and 87% of respondents practice separation of different types of waste for recycling. Changing plastic consumption habits has not been an easy task. Nevertheless, it is expected that society will increasingly move toward sustainable habits, questioning its actions and considering their impact on the environment.

CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES LINKED WITH WASTE MANAGEMENT UNDER GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: A MINI REVIEW

In today’s world, Waste production and its handling has become a great challenge. Rapid urbanization and conversion of rural land into housing societies creates bulk of waste withing a short span in any area. Whileincreasing population, increase in waste is a topic of discussion in developed as well as developing countries and it may become the biggest problem in the near futurefor the world. It is emphasized that only municipal solid waste will be 3.40 billion tons by 2050. Different types of waste are produced and it’shandling also requires different techniques. Now a day, different techniques are used to overcome this problem. These techniques reduce the waste by weight and severity of its effect, but they also release end product that maybeharmful for the environment. This review will discuss the techniques like landfills, incineration, composting, recovering, combustion, energy production, plasma gasification etc. Different techniques have different merits and demerits.However, every technique required specific input running cost and it may be variedfrom area to area and country to country due to economic crises in developing countries. This review covers thetypes of waste, waste management opportunities, and challenges as well as the benefits of waste management techniques

Electrochemical systems equipped with 2D and 3D microwave-made anodes for the highly efficient degradation of antibiotics in urine

This work focuses on the importance of choosing a suitable electrochemical cell to remove antibiotics from urines. For this purpose, we investigate the use of two electrochemical cells for electrolysis and photo-electrolysis of urine polluted with a mixture of Penicillin G, Meropenem, and Chloramphenicol. The two reactors studied were a conventional flow pass electrochemical cell (E-cell) and a microfluidic flow-through reactor (MF-Reactor). Both reactors are equipped with a mixed metal oxide anode (MMO-RuO2IrO2) produced by hybrid heating using microwaves. The MMO coating was deposited on a Ti plate for the E-cell (2-D electrode) and on a Ti foam for the MF-Reactor (3-D electrode). Results demonstrate that the MF-Reactor stands out to reduce two important factors in electrochemical oxidation, the ohmic resistance associated with the microfluidic concept and the mass transfer limitations associated with the flow-through configuration. Moreover, it allows operating at a lower effective current density because of its larger active anodic surface area. Photo-electrolysis results in faster removal of all antibiotics studied in the MF-Reactor and E-cell, compared to the single electrolysis, thereby highlighting the significance of UV light-mediated electrochemical oxidation processes. This work highlights that despite the large number of papers focused on the selection of suitable electrodes for the electrochemical treatment of different types of wastes, the choice of the electrochemical cell can be even more important than the selection of those electrode materials, and it demonstrates that even using the same coating as the anode, highly different outcomes can be reached.

The Role of Lean Marketing in Achieving Sustainable Competitive Advantage: An Analytical Study at Al-Mosul Dairy Manufactory

This paper aims to examine the relationship between Lean Marketing (LM) and implementing Sustainable Competitive Advantage (SCA). Based on discussing the different types of waste that a company can produce during the production process. This study targeted the Mosul Dairy Manufactory. In total (67%) valid completed questionnaires, out of (75) questionnaire forms distributed to the manufacturer’s marketing departments and distribution outlets. This study is based on a number of conceptual and applied questions concerning the relationship of correlation and its influence between the variables of research. The questionnaire was used as the main tool for collecting data and information. Statistical quantitative methods like (SPSS) were adopted in analyzing the data collected by the questionnaire. The main outcomes indicated, the existence of a significant correlation between the two variables, as well as, the existence of a significant impact of lean marketing on the sustainable competitive advantage. The main significance suggests; the necessity to adopt the concept of lean marketing in the manufacturing facility to achieve sustainable competitive advantage.