Different Types Of Waste Research Articles

Smart-recycling technology for construction waste in furniture design training

The paper reviews the results of the creative team of teachers and students to explore the possibilities of recycling some construction waste. The analysis of publications in the sphere of ecological design testifies to the constant search of ways of recycling of different types of waste. The authors have focused their attention on the potential of using construction waste, the amount of which increases every year. The purpose of the study is to teach students to design furniture objects using recycled plastic pipes through educational Smart-technologies. The use of new Smart-technologies guarantees the achievement of the desired result. Their implementation was carried out in a distributed learning environment in stages. Preparatory stage: study of environmental problems and ways to overcome them, characteristics of construction waste, production and disposal of plastic pipes and existing ways of their recycling. Experimental stage: the study of plastic as a material for the manufacture of pipes, the technology of their manufacture, methods of connection; the development of an artistic and imaginative concept of furniture sets using plastic pipes. The final stage: the study of the possibilities of the project; the production of a prototype of the product in full size. The results of the study can be viewed from two positions: pedagogical and technological. From a pedagogical point of view, it is the promotion of students consciousness in the field of environmental design. From the technological point of view the formulation of methodological recommendations for the design of high-quality products from secondary raw materials.

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT AT GAS FIRED ELECTRIC POWERED PLANT: A CASE OF KARACHI, SINDH, PAKISTAN

This paper aims to provide an overview of current solid waste management practices at gas fired powered plant in Karachi, Pakistan. During the annual maintenance activities at gas powered plant it is obvious that different type of waste is generated such as metal waste including, aluminum, copper, iron and other metals, electronic waste, non-metal waste such as cotton rags, wood, paper, hand gloves and other miscellaneous waste. Three gas powered plants located in Karachi were surveyed and interviews were conducted to comprehend the existing practices of solid waste management there. Waste disposal and storage scraps yard of the selected power plants were also visited to study the process of waste segregation, reuse and recycling and final disposal. The results of this study indicate that highest amount of solid waste generated form selected power plants includes the heavy metals; aluminum, copper and iron comprising about 15% each. Cotton rags/ gloves, rubber and plastic make 11%, 6% and 4% respectively of the total waste stream. Study indicate that out of the total waste generated, approximately 70% is being disposed to scrap yard which is the source of revenue collection and remaining 30% is being lost as it is not being collected, segregated, and disposed as per the current practice of gas-powered plants. Study also finds that the waste that is currently not being disposed properly, can result in revenue increase of almost 27% (metal waste), 0.63% (cotton rags/hand gloves) and almost 4% (miscellaneous waste).

DETERMINATION OF ECOTOXIC SUBSTANCES IN WASTEWATER FORMED IN THE PURIFICATION PROCESS OF PETROLEUM OILS WITH HYDROGEN BY SPECTRAL METHODS

The article analyzes the determination of the amount of dissolved ecotoxicants in the sample taken from the industrial wastewater obtained during the process of hydrogen treatment of petroleum oils. During the hydrogenation process, different types of wastes are formed, depending on the nature of each compound contained in petroleum distillates. Every gas, liquid, solid waste formed during the process of hydrogen purification of petroleum distillates by the oil refining industry has a negative impact on the environment in various ways. One of the main directions of our scientific research is the ecological assessment of the environmental impact of wastewater formed in the process of hydrogen treatment of petroleum distillates.Based on the results obtained, the environmental impact of the wastewater was assessed. The amount of volatile ecotoxicants in the wastewater sample was determined by spectral methods and is shown in the table. We used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; optical emission spectrometry method for metals; spectrometry method for phenols, dyes and fluorine; nephelometry method for turbidity; the gravimetry method for total suspended particles. Based on the results obtained, it is possible to assess the environmental impact of wastewater generated during the technological process at the hydrogen treatment plant. Keywords: petroleum distillates, hydrogen purification, spectral method, ecotoxicants, effluents.

The Effects of the Type and Quantity of Recycled Materials on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Concrete and Mortar: A Review

The reuse of industrial wastes to produce concrete and mortar is an environmental solution for their disposal as well as for the development of ecological and sustainable concrete. A large number of previous studies summarized in this review paper focused on adding different types of waste in the concrete and mortar mix in the form of fine aggregates, coarse aggregates or cement additives, and investigated the physical and mechanical properties of the enhanced material. Reusing waste in concrete and mortar mix design significantly affects the material’s fresh and hardened properties. This literature review offers a general insight to the civil and industrial engineering community on ecological waste-based concrete and mortar that can serve as a basis for construction and future work in this field.

Waste in Zero-Waste Households: The Power of Materials and Norms in Everyday Consumption

This research examines the challenges of everyday waste minimization of ‘zero waste’ practitioners in Chinese cities. Drawing on 45 in-depth interviews and virtual ethnography of a zero-waste community, this article details the processes during which different types of waste were ‘inevitably’ produced in everyday practices, such as those related to shopping and gifting, food provisioning and eating, binning and composting. Using theories of social practice, this article turns away from focusing on individual awareness, behavior, and choice, and instead seeks to explain how practices that people come to perform can be reproduced and reinforced despite individuals’ commitments to change. The findings illuminate how waste generation is subject to culturally and collectively constructed norms and rules, key social relations of love and care, and is embedded in the material arrangements that make up everyday life. The research sheds light on the importance of paying attention to both the more routinized and reflexive aspects of everyday life, and the power of diverse actors in affecting and shaping daily activities of consumption and waste.

Smart bin: Waste segregation system using deep learning‐Internet of Things for sustainable smart cities

AbstractWaste management is a major issue with the emerging growth in the world population, and we need to find efficient ways to recycle and reuse waste. Segregating waste has become a primary need in waste management as different types of waste like Bio & Non‐Bio‐degradable waste should be processed differently. Effective waste isolation at the fundamental level is especially required for this. Several Smart cities oriented smart garbage management systems are also proposed using Internet of Things (IoT) and GSM. The existing smart bins using IoT and wireless sensor network (WSN) are dependent significantly on two major things. First, multiple types of sensors, as a single sensor may not be able to detect different material waste, and second, the console (Microcontroller, Arduino Raspberry Pi) and connectivity which in turn dependent on programming and operating system. These limitations of the embedded smart bin are overcome by combining IoT with artificial intelligence approaches such as deep neural network (DNN) systems. In this paper, we have presented a Friendly Waste Segregator Using Deep Learning and the IoT to classify and isolate the waste objects as biodegradable and nonbiodegradable. Our proposed method utilizes, a robust deep learning network to classify the waste accurately and IoT for monitoring and connectivity using various sensors. Our proposed method with initial training can identify and segregte real‐time waste objects without human intervention with an average accuracy of 97.49 %. Our smart bin intends to provide optimized waste management of bio and non‐bio‐waste and help to build an ecologically safe society.

Methods for Intensifying Biogas Production from Waste: A Scientometric Review of Cavitation and Electrolysis Treatments

This article presents future trends in research using microbiological methods to intensify bioprocesses for biogas production. The pretreatment by combinations of physical and chemical methods, such as cavitation and electrolysis, is considered. The approach of the article involved reviewing the residual area on the intensification technologies of anaerobic digestion with current methods to improve the quality and quantity of biogas. The most valuable reported positive results of the pretreatment of biological raw materials in the cavitation process were reviewed and are presented here. A model of the effect of electrolysis on the species diversity of bacteria in anaerobic digestion was developed, and changes in the dominance of the ecological and trophic systems were revealed on the basis of previous studies. The stimulating effect on biogas yield, reduction in the stabilization period of the reactor, and inactivation of microorganisms at lower temperatures is associated with different pretreatment methods that intensify anaerobic digestion. More research is recommended to focus on the electrolysis treatment of different types of waste and their ratios with optimization of regime parameters, as well as in combination with other pretreatments to produce biomethane and biohydrogen in larger quantities and in better qualities.

A Review on the Rheological Behavior of Organic Waste for CFD Modeling of Flows in Anaerobic Reactors

Anaerobic digestion is a widely used process for organic waste treatment and renewable energy production. This is a complex natural biodegradation of organic matter involving four main biochemical reactions through the action of four microbial groups. The performances of anaerobic digestion (biodegradation and biogas production) depend on the contact between the biodegradable materials and the micro-organisms. Consequently, hydrodynamics phenomena have a significant impact on the anaerobic digestion. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations allow to simulate the flow field within anaerobic digesters. In these models, the waste are characterized by their physical properties, specifically their rheological properties. Rheology consists in the study of the flow of liquids or viscous materials. In this respect, it involves the properties related to the flow behavior of liquids and the temporary and/or permanent deformation of materials. The knowledge on the rheological properties of the biowaste is crucial in order to describe the flows using CFD models. The aim of this review is to present the physical properties of different type of waste, as well as the rheological models. In conclusion, the rheological behaviors of wastewater, manure, and sludge are described in literature. However the rheological behaviors of a mix of biowaste and solid food waste are poorly known. Research should focus on the experimental measurements of these biowaste. These data are necessary for CFD modeling of flows in anaerobic reactors treating this type of waste. Graphical Abstract

Ensuring Sustainability via Application of Root Zone Technology in a Rubber Product Industry: A Circular Economy Approach

Rapid urbanization has led to the exploitation of water quality and quantity. Urban growth and its activities result in the pollution of freshwater by generating different types of waste. Root Zone Technology (RZT) has successfully been adopted and employed in several countries to promote sustainable development. RZT paves the way for the incorporation of automated dynamics into an artificial soil ecosystem. This study’s primary goal was to develop a water treatment process for industrial effluents naturally and effectively using RZT. The technology adopts layers of coarse and fine aggregates, charcoal, sand, and planted filter beds consisting of compost media to treat effluents; the system is easily installed, low-maintenance, and has low operational costs. Selected plants achieved a result of 50–80% pollutant removal. RZT reduces the characteristics of effluents, such as chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, pH, color, TSS, TDS, BOD, COD, etc., by a more significant amount. Further studies of more plant species should be performed to improve this technology. Soil tests will also be an excellent option for understanding the concepts of reed absorption mechanisms. In addition, incorporating modeling in agricultural systems will be beneficial for future studies.

Identifying new Product Opportunities From Waste: Eliminating Waste in Tomato Production

The challenge of new product development (NPD) has seen a growth in literature on both idea generation and sustainability, but these two areas have not yet fully been integrated. The development of products from agricultural waste has particularly been overlooked, although the need to utilise sustainable materials and reuse waste is increasingly acknowledged. Our paper answers the question: How can different sources of agricultural food waste be utilized to create new product opportunities? We present a new framework for the identification and evaluation of NPD opportunities. This framework offers a new perspective to conceptualise different types of waste and identify their relative sensory, nutritional and functional properties. We present a case study of a UK tomato grower, using data gathered from interviews, attendance of meetings, observations and secondary data. Tomato production creates significant volumes of waste from unripe, imperfect, damaged and overripe fruits. Furthermore, processing tomatoes (for ketchup, passatas, juices, etc.) generates other kinds of waste such as seeds, skins and water. We show how firms can uncover new product opportunities through an analysis of each of these properties. For example, in tomato juice production around 5% of the raw material goes to waste since skins and seeds cannot be used. However, skins and seeds are nutritionally, sensorially and functionally useful and versatile. Nutrition: skins and seeds are rich in essential amino acids, minerals, fatty acids and lycopene, an antioxidant with several reported health benefits. Sensory: skin contains crystalline cellulose which can improve mouthfeel of food in low fat products, while seeds can increase hardness in flat breads. Functional: skins are partially permeable to liquids and gases, giving them potential for packaging and biodegradable tableware, while seed powder can be effective in removing organic dye molecules from coloured textile effluents. On the basis of our analysis we conclude that by examining the nutritional, sensory and functional characteristics of tomato waste, this can lead NPD managers to explore new alternatives in industries different from the original source of waste.

Pyrolysis of municipal waste: Effect of waste type and co-pyrolysis on the formation of products and coke over zeolite catalyst

Thermal pyrolysis of different types of wastes including LDPE, carton, tire and poplar wood was conducted to investigate the effect of feedstock on the properties of products. The co-pyrolysis of single feedstocks was also the next trial. Zeolite (A4) was the catalyst. The reason for this was to study the influence of the catalyst on the products and also the effect of feedstock type on the structure of coke. The results showed that the type of feedstock could change the quantity and quality of the products significantly. Considering the average of the properties of the products obtained from the single feedstocks pyrolysis, the specification of the products obtained from the pyrolysis of mixture feedstock showed nonlinear changes. This indicated the cross-interaction of volatiles and non-volatiles through the secondary reactions during the co-pyrolysis process. Depending on the feedstock type, zeolite (A4) had different effects on the pyrolysis process. Zeolite (A4) increased the rate of cracking of large species and also their polymerization, but differently for different feedstocks. The nonlinearity of the change of the properties during the catalytic co-pyrolysis was observed. No coke/little amount formed on the surface of the catalyst after the pyrolysis of all types of the feedstocks used. However, the slight deactivation of the catalyst due to the change of the catalyst structure was seen.

Solid wastes generation and its management in tourist destinations of Sri Lanka

In the recent decade (2009-2019), the tourism industry has become a major driving force Sri Lankan economy. It accounts for 12.6 % of the country's GDP and is considered one of the significant employment generators in the service sector. However, it is an industry that generates a decent amount of solid waste, but a few research findings rely on this to verify. Hence, this review study aimed to identify, quantify, and characterize different types of waste in major tourist destinations of Sri Lanka with adopted management strategies. Solid waste generation in touristic locations is varied between 1 to 12 kg per guest per day, which mainly depend on the tourist attributes, the season of the year, and the prevailing environmental legislation of the country. The management of solid waste in tourist destinations is particularly problematic due to climatic conditions, topography, financial restraints, planning issues, changing consumption patterns, transient population, and seasonal variations in solid waste quantity and composition. Improper waste management methods, lack of essential facilities, underestimation of actual waste generation rates, and inadequate management and technical skills are the key factors attributed to the poor waste management of developing countries like Sri Lanka. Overall, the literature concludes that the proper management of solid waste would enhance the sustainable development of the tourism industry and economy of Sri Lanka.

Optimization of the Sustainable Distribution Supply Chain Using the Lean Value Stream Mapping 4.0 Tool: A Case Study of the Automotive Wiring Industry

The transformation to Supply Chain (SC) 4.0 promises new opportunities for companies to gain competitiveness. The Lean Value Stream Mapping (VSM) tool allows the supervision of all the processes of the entire SC, from which we can identify the different types of waste that hinder the competitiveness of the SC. Following the existing problems detected with the help of a diagnostic, we will propose a new process design by integrating 4.0 technologies to modernize the company. For our case study, we treat the multinational SC of Automotive Wiring Equipment Morocco, where we will focus on the downstream part of the SC composed of the warehouse and the different stages of road and sea transport until the final delivery in Austria. Then, we will consider the opportunities offered by each country in terms of logistics competitiveness. In this research work, we will show how Lean VSM4.0 will contribute to sustainable development by integrating the three pillars economic, environmental, and social. With the Lean VSM 4.0 tool, all logistic processes will be visualized, from which improvements could be obtained, especially the optimization of the lead-time, the cost, the energy consumed, and the follow-up of the products during the whole SC while reducing accidents.

Replacing the greater evil: Can legalizing decentralized waste burning in improved devices reduce waste burning emissions for improved air quality?

Open waste burning emissions constitute a significant source of air pollution affecting human health in India. In regions where cleaner fuels have displaced solid biofuel usage, open waste burning is rapidly becoming one of the largest sources of airborne human class-I-carcinogens and particulate matter. As the establishment of waste management infrastructure in rural India is likely to take years, we explore whether health-relevant emissions can be reduced by legalizing the burning of dry non-biodegradable waste in improved devices. We measure the emission factors of 76 VOCs, CH4, CO, and CO2 from different types of waste burned in two different improved devices, a burn basket and a local water heater. Based on our experiments, we create four “what-if” intervention scenarios to assess the improvement of air quality due to the emission reductions that can be accomplished by four management strategies. We find that substituting the traditional, more polluting water heating fuels with dry plastic waste across rural India can reduce primary emissions (e.g., −29 Ggy−1 for benzene) and ozone formation potential (−2960 Ggy−1) from open waste burning. When dry waste is used in lieu of more polluting fuels, and its burning serves a purpose, the net class-I-carcinogen benzene emissions, would be halved compared to the present. The change in emissions for the class-I carcinogen 1,3-butadiene would become net negative. This happens because the emissions avoided when part of the solid biofuel currently used in rural India is replaced by plastic waste (4.1 (1.2–4.1) Ggy−1) exceed the waste burning emissions of this compound (3 (1.2–3.7) Ggy−1) by so much, that residential sector emission reductions offset all waste burning emissions including those of landfill fires. Our study demonstrates that India's air quality can be improved by permitting and promoting the use of dry packaging waste in lieu of traditional biofuels and by promoting improved burning devices.

Investigating the use of zinc production wastes as filler in asphalt mixtures

This study aimed to evaluate different types of zinc production wastes for using as filler in asphalt mixtures. Four different types of waste, namely, leach cake, nickel cake, cobalt cake and zinc ash have been chosen along with limestone powder as the control filler for evaluation. Elemental analysis of the fillers, the rheological properties of the mastics and some mechanical properties of the mixtures using Marshall and indirect tensile strength (ITS) tests and their environmental effects using Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) and Synthetic Precipitation Leaching Procedure (SPLP) tests have been investigated. Results show that, except the nickel cake, for which the cadmium concentration exceeds the legal limit, rest of the fillers can be used as filler in asphalt concrete. The zinc ash filler results in much better performance than the other fillers. Leach and cobalt cake are found to be hydrophilic with low resistance against moisture damage.

Evaluating the environmental and economic sustainability of energy from anaerobic digestion of different feedstocks in Turkey

Anaerobic digestion (AD) of organic wastes is recognised as a promising solution to reduce GHG emissions owing to its multiple functions, such as energy supply, waste treatment and production of organic fertiliser. Being the 7th largest country for agricultural production, Turkey produces large amounts of agricultural wastes and livestock manure, most of which is underutilised or managed in unsustainable ways causing adverse effects on the environment. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the environmental and economic sustainability of heat and power cogenerated through AD of different types of waste in Turkey. For this purpose, life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle costing (LCC) have been carried out for biogas plants utilising animal manure (cattle and chicken), organic wastes (vegetable and slaughterhouse wastes) and crop maize silage. Using feedstocks with high solid content and biogas yield (i.e., organic wastes and chicken manure) leads to lower environmental impacts than for the current energy systems (heat from natural gas and electricity from the grid) in 15 out of 17 categories considered, including climate change. On the other hand, due to the lower organic-matter content and biogas yield, bioenergy from cattle slurry (with or without maize silage co-digestion) has 40–70 % higher impacts than the current energy systems for climate change, photochemical oxidants formation and particulates, in addition to a much higher acidification and marine eutrophication (>4 times), but still performing better in nine environmental categories. The digestate application is the main hotspot for the majority of impacts for all feedstocks. However, the credits from the displacement of mineral fertilisers offset most of these impacts fully, providing net savings in eight impacts. The LCC are net-negative, ranging from −$6.1 to −$15.3 per MWhe+th for all the feedstocks due to the incentives for electricity. Levelised costs of energy conversion are also substantially lower than that of natural-gas heat and grid electricity, except electricity generated via the AD of cattle slurry (with or without maize silage). At the national level, if all available chicken manure and 60 % of cattle manure are co-digested with organic wastes for heat and electricity production, this could potentially save 12.2 Mt CO2 eq./yr (or 2.5 %) of annual GHG emissions and $1.3 bn (or 10 %) of fossil-fuel import costs.

IoT-based communal garbage monitoring system for smart cities

In Malaysia, approximately 38,000 metric tons of garbage are generated due to human daily activities. This is due to the growing population in the urban area, hence increasing the tendency of overflowing garbage due to the insufficient space in the garbage container. In addition, the tight schedule of the garbage collection allows the spreading of the toxic odor as the garbage start to rotten up, hence leading to air pollution. Therefore, a systematic waste management system is important to provide a healthy and clean environment to the community. In this work, a communal garbage monitoring system has been developed to notify the administrator of the status of the container. Besides monitoring the level of garbage, the system is also designed to monitor the temperature, humidity, and air quality of the garbage container. These monitored data will be uploaded at the cloud for real-time monitoring. Compared to the other work, a real test-bed implementation has been conducted considering different types of waste including food waste, paper, bottles and metal; to determine the accuracy of the developed system. The results show that the system has high reliability and high accuracy with 96% for food waste and 98% for other types of waste.

Highly efficient engineered waste eggshell-fly ash for cadmium removal from aqueous solution

Sustainable waste and water management are key components of the newest EU policy regarding the circular economy. Simple, performant and inexpensive water treatment methods based on reusing waste are prerequisites for human health, sustainable development and environmental remediation. The design of performant, cost-effective absorbents represents a topical issue in wastewater treatment. This study aimed to investigate the development of a newly engineered adsorbent by functionalizing two different types of waste (industrial and food) with magnetic nanoparticles as environmentally friendly, highly efficient, cheap material for cadmium removal from aqueous solutions. This nano-engineered adsorbent (EFM) derived from waste eggshell and fly ash was used to remove the cadmium from the aqueous solution. SEM analysis has demonstrated that magnetite nanoparticles were successfully loaded with each waste. In addition, was obtained a double functionalization of the eggshell particles with ash and magnetite particles. As a result of this, the EFM surface area substantially increased, as confirmed by BET. A comprehensive characterization (BET, FT-IR, SEM, XRD and TGA) was performed to study the properties of this newly engineered adsorbent. Batch experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of different reaction parameters: temperature, pH, contact time, dosage adsorbent, initial concentration. Results showed that cadmium adsorption reached equilibrium in 120 min., at pH 6.5, for 0.25 g of adsorbent. The maximum efficiency was 99.9%. The adsorption isotherms research displayed that the Cd2+ adsorption fitted on the Freundlich model indicated a multi-molecular layer adsorption process. In addition, the thermodynamic study (ΔG < 0, ΔH > 0; ΔS > 0) shows that cadmium adsorption is a spontaneous and endothermic process. The adsorbent kinetic study was described with the pseudo-second-order model indicating a chemisorption mechanism. Desorption results showed that the nano-engineered adsorbent (EFM) can be reused. These data confirmed the possibility to enrich relevant theoretical knowledge in the field of waste recovery for obtaining newly designed adsorbents, performant and inexpensive for wastewater remediation.

High-Temperature Residual Compressive Strength in Concretes Bearing Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW): An Experimental Study

The steady rise in the amount of waste generated daily worldwide and its concomitant stockpiling poses significant environmental issues. In an attempt to alleviate that problem while reducing the consumption of natural resources and contributing to a more sustainable construction industry, concrete technology research has focused on replacing natural aggregate with different types of waste. Little is known about the behaviour of such waste materials at high temperatures, however. The present study consequently aimed to analyse the effect of high temperatures on compressive strength in recycled aggregate-bearing concretes. Masonry, mixed and concrete waste products, jointly known as construction and demolition waste, CDW, were used as partial replacements for the natural material at ratios of 20% or 30%. The specimens were subsequently tested for compressive strength at 20 °C and after exposure to temperatures of 350 °C and 500 °C. The findings showed that at 350 °C compressive strength declined by 21% in materials containing 20% masonry waste, while the decline in materials bearing mixed recycled and recycled concrete waste ranged from 0 to 5%. The concrete with 30% masonry waste in lieu of natural aggregate exhibited a 32% loss in strength at 500 °C, whereas the loss in the other materials studied under the same conditions did not exceed 9.5%. The highest performance under heat stress was observed for concretes bearing 20% mixed recycled aggregate.

Characterization of legacy landfills with electrical resistivity tomography; a comparative study

Historic landfills that were constructed to standards that would not meet current regulations represent environmental and human-health risks. The adequate characterization of legacy landfills is paramount to manage the risks they pose effectively. In this study, the non-invasive geophysical technique of electrical resistivity tomography has been used to characterize two sites that have been identified as posing risks to the local environment. The sites are significantly different in the type of waste present, moisture content, type of bedrock and shape and distribution of the waste; although they have in common that neither site is lined.The results of the resistivity imaging have allowed defining the boundaries of the landfill and the depth of the waste. Different types of waste and their distribution have been identified. Additionally, a relationship between the resistivity distribution and the release of residual gas from the landfill has been described; where the presence of saturated clay in the waste prevents the release of said gasses. This is be associated with locations with higher resistivity and lower clay content. That relationship is not observed when the clay is dry.When interpreting the results, the heterogeneous nature of the waste can lead to misinterpretations due to resistivity overlap between the bedrock and the waste materials. Therefore, comparison of the resistivity models with direct information like borehole logs can significantly improve the reliability of the interpretations. However, the resistivity survey should predate the installation of bores to identify the most suitable locations for them.