Different Types Of Victimization Research Articles

Adolescent risk correlates of bullying and different types of victimization

This study examined correlates of different types of bullying and victimization relevant to the adolescent context. Of particular interest was the importance of risk factors that emerge and/or undergo significant changes during adolescence. Logistic regressions were performed using a representative sample of approximately 6,500 Canadian adolescents. We found that high-levels of victimization (7.6%), bullying (6.1%), and bully-victimization (0.9%) were quite prevalent amongst adolescents. The patterns of risk associated with each of these labels were different from each group. An examination of the different sub-types of victimization revealed that there were differences in both the prevalence and the risk patterns associated with each sub-type. Physical, verbal, and rumor victimization (the most common types) had similar risk patterns, while sexual victimization and ethnic victimization (the least most common type) each had a unique risk pattern. We conclude that emerging and/or changing risk factors associated with adolescent development are significantly related to bullying and victimization, with the specific relationships depending on the specific type of activity examined. These findings suggest that successful intervention strategies should try to be sensitive to the variations in prevalence and relationships with the risk factors.

Longitudinal Associations Between Submissive/Nonassertive Social Behavior and Different Types of Peer Victimization

Previous research, primarily in North America, has found that submissive and nonassertive behaviors are associated with peer victimization during childhood. A limitation of this work has been the failure to examine the relationships between such behaviors and different types of peer victimization. To overcome this weakness, we developed an inventory to assess the bidirectional longitudinal associations between three different types of victimization and submissive/nonassertive social behavior. The inventory was completed by 449 children aged 9 to 11 years at two time points over the course of an academic year. The inventory generated self-report scores and peer nominations. A robust finding was that submissive/nonassertive social behavior predicted an increase in social exclusion only. In examining the other direction of the relationship, we found that only social exclusion predicted changes in submissive/nonassertive social behavior over time. The findings advance our understanding of the social skills deficits that put children at risk for peer victimization, and of the implications of victimization for the development of submissive/nonassertive social skills problems.

Social Connection to Neighbors, Multiple Victimization, and Current Health Among Women Residing in High Crime Neighborhoods

This study assessed current health [physical health, bodily pain, global distress, posttraumatic stress-related disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and illicit substance use] among 160 minority women residing in high crime areas with varying numbers of different types of victimization histories and varying levels of social connections (SCs) to neighbors. Multivariate analyses of covariance indicated a main effect for number of different types of victimization and for SC to neighbors, after considering ethnicity, immigration, and marital status. Women with two or three+ different types of victimization reported higher global distress, PTSD symptoms, and illicit substance use than women with zero or one type of victimization. Likewise, women with low levels of SC to neighbors reported higher bodily pain than women with high levels of SCs to neighbors.

An Uphill Climb

The Community Partnership Team (CPT) was created to more effectively address the problems of child sexual victimization and domestic violence in the rural, northeast corner of Connecticut. A multi-disciplinary team was formed to improve collaboration between agencies serving victims of violence. Observations of meetings and confidential interviews suggested that most participants felt quite positively about the process; however, serious conflicts emerged between agencies serving different types of victims. Results indicated that it is important to identify barriers to collaboration, to recognize and use differences to build relationships across agencies, and to maintain a formal mechanism for resolving conflict.

Fear and Expectations: Differences Among Female Victims of Domestic Violence Who Come to the Attention of the Police

This study investigated a broad range of female victims of domestic partner abuse who came to the attention of the police. Ninety-five consecutive victims were interviewed by officers in a police department's domestic violence unit. Twenty-two percent of the victims matched expectations of women who were both afraid of their abusers and expected future abuse. Surprisingly, 46% of the victims were unafraid of their offenders and believed that future abuse was unlikely. A consistent pattern of findings supports the conclusion that a much broader range of victims than expected comes to the attention of the police. These results suggest exploring alternative police responses for different types of victims.

Identity theft: An overview of the problem

Identity theft is becoming a prevalent and increasing problem within the United States. An identity thief only needs one thing - a Social Security Number; with it, he can decimate a victim's life and credit. Historically, federal laws in place to combat identity theft are weak and ineffective. Law enforcement, faced with jurisdictional and technological issues, is ill-equipped to deal with this. State and local law enforcement are forced to look to numerous federal agencies for help in combating this crime. It is difficult to determine the scope of this problem but initial figures show that identity theft has many different types of victims and financial targets. The ways in which identity theives victimize and prevention practices individuals can use to protect themselves are also examined. This article establishes a literature review on which future, and much needed, research can be based.

Bully/victim problems and coping with stress in school among 10- to 12-year-old pupils in Åland, Finland

The aim of the present study was to investigate connections between roles in bullying and coping with stress in school. The differences between pupils who were victims of different types of bullying were also analysed. The participants were 510 ten- to twelve-year-old pupils. Slightly modified versions of the Bully/Victim Questionnaire [Olweus D (1978): Hemisphere; (1993): Cosmoprint] and the Life Events and Coping Inventory [Dise-Lewis (1988): Psychosomatic Medicine 50:484–499] were used. The results suggest that the coping strategies of “aggression” and “self-destruction” were associated with bullying. For boys, victims of bullying did not differ as much as bullies, and especially bully/victims, from uninvolved pupils. For girls, there was a tendency for victims of indirect bullying to use more “self-destruction” strategies compared with victims of direct bullying. Aggr. Behav. 26:57–65, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Bully/victim problems and coping with stress in school among 10- to 12-year-old pupils in �land, Finland

The aim of the present study was to investigate connections between roles in bullying and coping with stress in school. The differences between pupils who were victims of different types of bullying were also analysed. The participants were 510 ten- to twelve-year-old pupils. Slightly modified versions of the Bully/Victim Questionnaire [Olweus D (1978): Hemisphere; (1993): Cosmoprint] and the Life Events and Coping Inventory [Dise-Lewis (1988): Psychosomatic Medicine 50:484–499] were used. The results suggest that the coping strategies of “aggression” and “self-destruction” were associated with bullying. For boys, victims of bullying did not differ as much as bullies, and especially bully/victims, from uninvolved pupils. For girls, there was a tendency for victims of indirect bullying to use more “self-destruction” strategies compared with victims of direct bullying. Aggr. Behav. 26:57–65, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

RESUSCITATION IN THE NEW MILLENNIUM

This article discusses resuscitation from a historical perspective; physiology; the optimal timing and volume for and fluids and endpoints of resuscitation; and the role of resuscitation in the future. Whether different types of victims of trauma should be resuscitated using different endpoints also is discussed.

Quality of life after a first ischemic stroke. Long-term developments and correlations with changes in neurological deficit, mood and cognitive impairment.

Studies on determinants of quality of life (QOL) after a stroke focus on one aspect (most important: neurological deficit, mood disorders or cognitive failure) and as such provide no insight in the relative contribution of each factor on QOL. The groups of patients studied often contain victims of different types of stroke. This inhomogenity in patients leads to further confusion about QOL after stroke. To evaluate in one study factors important for QOL in the period 3-12 months after a first one-sided ischemic stroke in the region of the middle cerebral artery. Measures for QOL (Sickness Impact Profile, SIP), cognitive status (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale revised), mood and neurological deficit were scored 3. 6 and 12 months after the stroke. Successive patients admitted to a general hospital and rehabilitation clinic in The Hague, The Netherlands. A complete examination was performed three times in 35 patients. The results were compared to those of 20 controls matched for age, last occupation and educational level. There was no significant neurological improvement between 3 and 12 months after the stroke. Cognition was impaired when compared to the estimated premorbid level and to the controls. There was incomplete recovery over the study interval. The patients as a group were depressed and remained so over the period of the study. The resulting quality of life scores were abnormal at 3 months and improved only slightly. Stepwise regression analysis revealed that depression and degree of paresis were the most important variables for the SIPtotal outcome. In a homogenous group of stroke patients the QOL improved somewhat in the period 3 to 12 months after the stroke but was still highly abnormal after 1 year. The decrease in QOL was correlated with depression and - to some degree - with neurological deficit, but not to cognitive disturbances.

Victimization and Fear of Crime

Victimization has generally been associated with increased fear of crime. Analysis of two very large victimization surveys completed with the Canadian city of Edmonton, Alberta, explores the ways in which age and gender condition the experience of different types of victimization. While younger women were sensitized by assault (current or prior), older women appeared to be desensitized by similar victimization.

Blitz rape and confidence rape: a typology applied to 1,000 consecutive cases.

The case records of 1,000 consecutive rape victims seen at a crisis center were analyzed to identify important categories of rape victimization. The most noteworthy finding was a replication and extension of the blitz rape and confidence rape typology. The distinction between these two types of rape corresponded to a series of significant differences in the victims' characteristics, the rape settings, the victims' activities before they were raped, the assailants' characteristics, and the victims' immediate responses to the assaults. The authors discuss the implications of these differences with respect to specific strategies of outreach and treatment for victims of different types of rape.

Correlation between walking energy expenditure and tachographic gait parameters.

A group of 53 adult men, normal subjects as well as victims of different types of lower-extremity handicaps, took part in tachographic gait studies and measurements of physiological energy expenditure whilst walking at a self-selected pace. The observations were analysed to explore the relationships between walking energy expenditure and various gait parameters. This analysis allowed the authors to identify some biomechanical indices which can be used for objective evaluations of human performance in locomotion. The investigation reported in this paper is a follow-up to the authors’ pilot study which was published in an earlier issue of'JMET.

The Effect of Gun Availability on Violent Crime Patterns

Social scientists have started to find answers to some of the questions raised in the ongoing debate over gun control. The basic factual issue in this debate concerns the effect of gun availability on the distribution, seriousness, and number of violent crimes. Some evidence is available on each of these dimensions of the violent crime problem. The distribution of violent crimes among different types of victims is governed in part by the "vulnerability pattern" in weapon choice. The seriousness of robbery and assault incidents is influenced by weapon type, as indicated by the objective dangerousness and instrumental violence pattern. A reduc tion in gun availability would cause some weapon substitution and probably little change in overall robbery and assault rates—but the homicide rate would be reduced.