Different Types Of Regulation Research Articles

Right and Duty: Investment Risk Under Different Renewable Energy Support Policies

AbstractRenewable energy projects are subject to risk due to the uncertainty of future electricity prices and the amount of energy produced. Public support usually consists of some form of guarantee, either on the price received per MWh supplied or the return on investment per MW installed. This support reduces the investor’s risk, which is then assumed by the regulator. However, most of these policies do not only grant the investor the right to receive a guaranteed payment but also limit its potential benefits (i.e., impose an obligation). We propose a model with analytical solutions in which, considering the randomness of the market price, as well as that of the energy production, we quantify the risk removed under different types of regulations and assign a value to both the rights and the obligations that each policy entails. Finally, we apply the model to the case of Spain, which has undergone several changes in its green energy support system in recent years. Our results indicate that in the context of low electricity prices, the obligations imposed by most of these policies are negligible compared to the rights received. By contrast, in the context of high electricity prices and increasingly competitive renewable energy sources, the assumed obligations become more notable to the point of the support policy becoming a liability. Nevertheless, a sufficiently risk-averse investor may be incentivized by a policy with negative expected regulatory costs.

The Impact of Environmental Regulation and Technical Cognition on Farmers’ Adoption of Safety Agro-Utilization of Heavy Metal-Contaminated Farmland Soil

Regarding the large-scale heavy metal pollution in farmland, China has innovatively explored a farming measure governance approach of “production while repairing”. However, due to farmers’ difficulty breaking through conventional planting habits, the governance effects need to be more sustainable. Based on 447 survey data of farmers in 14 cadmium-polluted counties (cities) in Hunan Province, this paper uses the Bootstrap method to explore the impact of environmental regulation, technical cognition, and self-efficacy on farmers’ adoption of “variety–irrigation–pH” (VIP) technology. The results show the following: (1) Environmental regulation can effectively improve farmers’ adoption of VIP technology, and different types of regulation are classified as guidance regulation, constraint regulation, and incentive regulation according to the size of their impact. (2) Technical cognition mediates the environmental regulation process influencing farmers’ adoption. (3) In the process of environmental regulation influencing farmers’ adoption of irrigation and pH through technical cognition, the moderating effect of self-efficacy was positive. Enhance the strategic planning of environmental regulation, bolster technological research and development efforts, and nurture innovative agricultural entities that can promote the adoption of VIP technology. The results have practical significance for further guiding farmers to participate in treating heavy metal pollution.

Public attitudes towards prostitution in Bulgaria in the context of social and legal neglection

The article discusses the public perception of prostitution and its regulation in Bulgaria in the light of absence of knowledge-based discussions and legal regulation. A starting point for the paper is the premise that due to the specifics of the studied social phenomenon, the public opinion is one of the important components required in the process of acceptance of legal regulation towards prostitution, in accordance with the national context. The paper presents briefly the existing regulation models for prostitution around the world. It makes an overview of the sporadic initiatives to introduce regulation of prostitution in Bulgaria. The data used in the text is from two public opinion surveys on prostitution in Bulgaria, representative of the adult Bulgarian population. The surveys were carried out in 2010 and 2020 by reputable sociological agencies using questionnaires prepared by the author. The results of the two surveys, conducted with a 10-year gap, offer an important comparative perspective with regard trends and changes in the public attitudes towards prostitution. The attitudes towards the different types of regulation on prostitution as well as the differences in the opinion about the phenomenon depending on gender, age, education, settlement and ethnicity are explored. The importance of the relationship between moral judgments and (lack of) knowledge in the creation of public policies is discussed.

The proportionality between trade secret and privacy protection: How to strike the right balance when designing generative AI tools

Conflict between the right to privacy and data protection and the right to protect trade secrets must be regarded as more or less inevitable. The balancing of different rights is an issue of fundamental importance in data protection and privacy. Navigating the spectrum between the protection of technological development and the protection of fundamental rights is crucial to ensure safer implementation of generative AI tools. The proportionality principle serves as a globally recognised legal instrument to resolve the existing conflicts of fundamental rights. This poses the question of whether there is a need to reevaluate the balance between the disclosure of technical aspects and privacy and data protection rights and related obligations imposed on privacy engineers when developing generative AI tools. The concept of the proportionality principle, which is composed of the test of necessity, suitability and proportionality `sensu stricto`, can address the most vital tensions or interactions between these rights (especially when supported by the application of the appropriate legal framework). Therefore, this paper contributes not only to the discussion of a balanced approach when implementing AI tools, but also presents some general considerations for the global, regional and country-specific legal regulations (including different types of regulations and modes of enforcement when taking into account some technical aspects of the AI tools) within artificial intelligence that can support achieving this aim. To this end, this paper could be of value not only for lawmakers and developers of generative AI systems, but equally for practitioners, including law firms, to navigate the complex ethical and regulatory landscape in a thoughtful and cautious way.

Вплив об’ємного пневмопресингу низької інтенсивності в осіб з різним типом регуляції автономної нервової системи на центральну гемодинаміку

The purpose of our study was to determine changes in central hemodynamics under the condition of exposure to low-intensity IPC on the lower limbs in individuals with different types of regulation of the autonomic nervous system. The group of 62 participants in age of 18-22 years were investigated. Testing session that included pressure of 40 mmHg and 20-minute period of temporary occlusion of the lower extremities was performed by intermittent pneumatic compression with Recovery Pump PRX device (“Mego Aftek AC Ltd”, Israel). Before, during the exposure and recovery period of the procedure arterial blood pressure was recorded with Korotkov’s auscultative method by mercury tonometer (“Dr.Frei”A-10, Switzerland). For monitoring hemodynamic changes impedance cardiography (ICG) method was applied (“ХАІ-medica”, Kharkiv, Ukraine), by 15 sec. Based on the spectrum power values in the range of 0.15-0.4 (HFnorm), which was calculated according to the formula HFnorm = HF/(HF+LF)∙100%, 3 groups of volunteers were determined by method of sigma deviations. The 1st group included 29 people with a predominance of the sympathetic link of regulation of the autonomic nervous system, HF norm at rest is less than 40 nu. The 2nd - 19 people with a normotonic type of regulation, HFnorm from 40 to 60 nu. The 3rd - 14 people with a predominance of the parasympathetic link, HF norms higher than 60 nu. It has been established that in persons of the 1st group blood pressure maintenance is a result of complex neurohumoral interactions, in the 3rd group - due to vascular components. The decrease in the heart rate and cardiac index in the 1st and 2nd groups is caused by a decrease in venous return to the heart, and in the 3rd group - by contractile function of the heart. The proven impact of non-invasive IPC on peripheral blood circulation improving supports the concept of orthostatic tolerance. Future long-term studies are needed to evaluate the further long-term efficacy of IPC, safety and tolerability of this approach in clinical practice.

Зміни варіабельності серцевого ритму та периферичної гемодинаміки під час впливу об’ємного пневмопресингу в осіб з різним типом регуляції автономної нервової системи

Intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) widely used in the therapy of preventing the formation of blood clots, improving the oxygenation of peripheral tissues. IPC is an established method in the therapy of post-operative recovery and in geriatrics and sports medicine. The purpose of our study was to determine functional changes in heart rate variability (HRV) and peripheral hemodynamics during exposure to lowintensity IPC depending on different types of regulation of the autonomic nervous system. We investigated 62 participants in age of 18-22 years. Testing sessions that included pressure of 40 mmHg and 20-minute period of temporary occlusion of the lower extremities was performed by intermittent pneumatic compression with Recovery Pump PRX device (“Mego Aftek AC Ltd”, Israel). During the procedure exposure and recovery period, arterial blood pressure was recorded with Korotkov’s auscultative method by mercury tonometer (“Dr. Frei”A-10, Switzerland). Heart Rate was monitored using a Cardio Trainer Polar H9 (“Polar Electro Oy”, Finland). For monitoring hemodynamic changes, impedance cardiography (ICG) method (“ХАІ-medica”, Kharkiv, Ukraine) was applied by 15 s. Based on the spectrum power values in the range of 0.15–0.4 (HFnorm), 3 groups of volunteers were determined using sigma deviations. Group 1 included 29 volunteers with an advantage of the sympathetic link of regulation of the autonomic nervous system (the background HFnorm was less than 40 nu). Group 2 included 19 persons with a normotonic type of autonomic nervous system regulation (HFnorm from 40 to 60 nu). Group 3 included 14 individuals with predominance of the parasympathetic link of the autonomic nervous system (HFnorm above 60 nu). In conclusion, IPC treatment in groups 1 and 2 inhibited the sympathetic activation, increased the blood flow in the large femoral arteries and tone of small arteries. In group 3, the blood outflow from the lower extremities was predominance, the blood flow volume and speed decreased. Therefore, we conclude effectivity of the low intensity IPC using. Also, HRV and peripheral hemodynamics depend on the types of regulation of the autonomic nervous system.

The impact of regulations and motivations on behavioural intentions of customers with self-service technology difficulties

ABSTRACT Due to the increase in self-service technology (SST) practices across various hospitality service settings, this paper analysed customers’ experience with SST. This study focused on the effect of regulations and motivations (interjected and integrated regulations, intrinsic, and extrinsic motivations) on patron behavioural intention among customers with SST difficulties in the restaurant industry. From 218 participants, the results of partial least squares structural equation modelling support the relative impact of interjected and integrated regulations in the formation of both intrinsic and extrinsic motivations. Also, the study identified the impact of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation on intention to use SST. Finally, the role of the service environment atmosphere (specifically, crowd and time pressure) on the relationship among regulations, motivations and behavioural intention is identified. For instance, the impact of interjected regulation on motivations is higher for customers with a high level of pressure, whereas integrated regulation shows a stronger effect when customers feel less pressure from crowds and time. Because the literature has focused on general customers, the findings inspire research of service studies by distinguishing the role of different types of regulations and motivation of customers with SST difficulties.

RhoA regulation in space and time.

RhoGTPases are well known for being controllers of cell cytoskeleton and share common features in the way they act and are controlled. These include their switch from GDP to GTP states, their regulations by different guanine exchange factors (GEFs), GTPase-activating proteins and guanosine dissociation inhibitors (GDIs), and their similar structure of active sites/membrane anchors. These very similar features often lead to the common consideration that the differences in their biological effects mainly arise from the different types of regulators and specific effectors associated with each GTPase. Focusing on data obtained through biosensors, live cell microscopy and recent optogenetic approaches, we highlight in this review that the regulation of RhoA appears to depart from Cdc42 and Rac1 modes of regulation through its enhanced lability at the plasma membrane. RhoA presents a high dynamic turnover at the membrane that is regulated not only by GDIs but also by GEFs, effectors and a possible soluble conformational state. This peculiarity of RhoA regulation may be important for the specificities of its functions, such as the existence of activity waves or its putative dual role in the initiation of protrusions and contractions.

On the Development of AI Governance Frameworks

There is growing demand to frame artificial intelligence (AI) regulations to minimize the risks to public safety and preserve human rights while at the same time enabling a flexible and innovative environment. This article explores new frameworks, institutional arrangements, and different types of regulation to devise and implement governance of artificial intelligence technologies, services, and devices.

RNA Modifications in Gastrointestinal Cancer: Current Status and Future Perspectives.

Gastrointestinal (GI) cancer, referring to cancers of the digestive system such as colorectal cancer (CRC), gastric cancer (GC), and liver cancer, is a major cause of cancer-related deaths in the world. A series of genetic, epigenetic, and epitranscriptomic changes occur during the development of GI cancer. The identification of these molecular events provides potential diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic targets for cancer patients. RNA modification is required in the posttranscriptional regulation of RNA metabolism, including splicing, intracellular transport, degradation, and translation. RNA modifications such as N6-methyladenosine (m6A) and N1-methyladenosine (m1A) are dynamically regulated by three different types of regulators named methyltransferases (writers), RNA binding proteins (readers), and demethylases (erasers). Recent studies have pointed out that abnormal RNA modification contributes to GI tumorigenesis and progression. In this review, we summarize the latest findings on the functional significance of RNA modification in GI cancer and discuss the therapeutic potential of epitranscriptomic inhibitors for cancer treatment.

Structural and Functional Characterization of Orcokinin B-like Neuropeptides in the Cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis)

The cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) is a Cephalopod mollusk that lives in the English Channel and breeds in coastal spawning grounds in spring. A previous work showed that the control of egg-laying is monitored by different types of regulators, among which neuropeptides play a major role. They are involved in the integration of environmental cues, and participate in the transport of oocytes in the genital tract and in the secretion of capsular products. This study addresses a family of neuropeptides recently identified and suspected to be involved in the control of the reproduction processes. Detected by mass spectrometry and immunocytochemistry in the nerve endings of the accessory sex glands of the females and ovary, these neuropeptides are also identified in the hemolymph of egg-laying females demonstrating that they also have a hormone-like role. Released in the hemolymph by the sub-esophageal mass, a region that innervates the genital tract and the neurohemal area of the vena cava, in in vitro conditions these neuropeptides modulated oocyte transport and capsular secretion. Finally, in silico analyses indicated that these neuropeptides, initially called FLGamide, had extensive structural homology with orcokinin B, which motivated their name change.

Direct regulation of TCR rearrangement and expression by E proteins during early T cell development.

γδ T cells are widely distributed throughout mucosal and epithelial cell-rich tissues and are an important early source of IL-17 in response to several pathogens. Like αβ T cells, γδ T cells undergo a stepwise process of development in the thymus that requires recombination of genome-encoded segments to assemble mature T cell receptor (TCR) genes. This process is tightly controlled on multiple levels to enable TCR segment assembly while preventing the genomic instability inherent in the double-stranded DNA breaks that occur during this process. Each TCR locus has unique aspects in its structure and requirements, with different types of regulation before and after the αβ/γδ T cell fate choice. It has been known that Runx and Myb are critical transcriptional regulators of TCRγ and TCRδ expression, but the roles of E proteins in TCRγ and TCRδ regulation have been less well explored. Multiple lines of evidence show that E proteins are involved in TCR expression at many different levels, including the regulation of Rag recombinase gene expression and protein stability, induction of germline V segment expression, chromatin remodeling, and restriction of the fetal and adult γδTCR repertoires. Importantly, E proteins interact directly with the cis-regulatory elements of the TCRγ and TCRδ loci, controlling the predisposition of a cell to become an αβ T cell or a γδ T cell, even before the lineage-dictating TCR signaling events. This article is categorized under: Immune System Diseases > Stem Cells and Development Immune System Diseases > Genetics/Genomics/Epigenetics.

Balance of positive and negative regulation for trade-off between efficiency and resilience of high-dimensional networks

The study of resilience for high-dimensional systems is a challenging problem in physical sciences. Although a generic dimensional reduction method has been proposed to study the resilience of large-scale networks, an important yet unsolved question is how different types of regulation affect network resilience. Here we propose a new method to reduce the size of a large-scale regulatory network to the number of regulation types in the system. For each type of regulation, a symbolic variable is introduced to represent the function of that regulation in determining the resilience of the high-dimensional network. Using the genetic networks in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae as the test systems, we examine how positive and negative regulation affect the resilience of these systems. Analytical and numerical studies suggest that the reduction of positive regulation deteriorates network resilience, while the decline of negative regulation enhances the resilience property. More importantly, we show that there is a trade-off between network efficiency and resilience, which is supported by the balance of positive and negative regulation. The proposed method provides a general framework to evaluate the key role of different regulatory mechanisms in determining the resilience of high-dimensional networks.

Comparative analysis of the energy efficiency of dimmable LED lamps with different types of luminous flux control

The article presents the results of experimental studies of the energy efficiency of dimmable LED lamps with different types of regulation. It has been established that CCR-controlled LED lamps pollute the electrical network less with current harmonics, which reduces power losses and loads the electrical network less. When the supply voltage changes, the energy characteristics of CCR-controlled LED lamps are generally less subject to negative changes than PWM-controlled LED lamps.

Genetic modifications of critical regulators provide new insights into regulation modes of raw-starch-digesting enzyme expression in Penicillium

BackgroundStarch is a very abundant and renewable carbohydrate and an important feedstock for industrial applications. However, most starch-based products are not cost-efficient due to the high energy input needed in traditional enzymatic starch conversion processes. Raw-starch-digesting enzymes (RSDEs) from filamentous fungi have great commercial value in starch processing. However, the regulatory mechanisms associated with their production in filamentous fungi remain unknown.ResultsIn this study, we reported the novel finding that cellulolytic fungus Penicillium oxalicum 114-2 has broad RSDE activity. Four regulators, including the amylase transcription activator AmyR, the catabolite repression repressor CreA, the group III G protein α subunit PGA3, and the nonhistone chromosomal protein HepA, have been found to play a crucial regulatory role in RSDE expression. Enzymatic assays revealed that RSDE production significantly increased after the overexpression of AmyR and HepA, the deletion of CreA and the dominant activation of PGA3. RT-qPCR analysis demonstrated that there is a mutual regulation mode between the four regulators, and then formed a cascade regulation mechanism that is involved in RSDE expression. Comparative transcriptomic analysis between the wild-type strain and genetically engineered strains revealed differentially expressed genes that may mediate the RSDE expression.ConclusionsThe four different types of regulators were systematically investigated and found to form a regulatory network controlling RSDE gene expression. Our results provide a new insight into the regulatory mechanism of fungal amylolytic enzyme expression and offer a theoretical basis to rationally improve the RSDE yield in the future.

Regulations and the characteristics of entrepreneurs

In this study, we examine whether different types of regulations affect the composition of small business owners in U.S. states. We employ a national survey titled the “United States Small Business Friendliness Survey”. This survey asks small business owners their opinions on different types of regulations (i.e. “health and safety regulations”, “employment regulations”, “tax code”, “licensing regulations”, “environmental regulations”, and “zoning regulations”). The survey also asks business owners questions on their own characteristics like “position in the firm”, “previous entrepreneurial experience”, “gender”, “age”, “political view”, “education level”, and “race”. Our results show that each regulation category affects almost all categories of owner characteristics. The exceptions are the following: “Health and safety regulations” do not affect position in the firm, “employment regulations” do not affect gender and age, “tax code” does not affect position in the firm and age, “licensing regulations” and “environmental regulations” do not affect position in the firm and gender, and “zoning regulations” do not affect position in the firm, previous experience, and gender. “Health and safety regulations” affect gender, age, political view, education level, and race. “Employment regulations” affect previous entrepreneurial experience, political view, education level, and race. “Tax code” affects previous entrepreneurial experience, gender, political view, education level, and race. “Licensing regulations” affect previous entrepreneurial experience, age, political view, education level, and race. “Environmental regulations” affect previous entrepreneurial experience, age, political view, education level, and race. “Zoning regulations” affect age, political view, education level, and race. Overall, our findings indicate that regulations affect the geographical choice of entrepreneurs. The states with a more favorable score in a certain area of regulation attract a certain group of entrepreneurs. Policymakers should consider these findings when devising their strategies to attract certain types of entrepreneurs to their states.

ASSESSMENT OF HEART RATE VARIABILITY IN ATHLETES OF DIFFERENT DISCIPLINES

The analysis of the obtained data showed that the differences in HRV indicators between the representatives of different sports do not provide a basis for a clear assessment of the specificity of the vegetative regulation of heart rhythm inherent in each sport. The distribution of athletes into 4 groups according to the types of regulation showed that football players, judokas and classic wrestlers to some extent prevail in the autonomous regulation (types 3 and 4); among freestyle wrestlers and athletes the central and autonomic regulation types were distributed almost equally. At the same time, the athletes were dominated by the 3rd type of autonomic regulation, regardless of kind of sport. Based on the data obtained, it can be concluded that some differences in HRV rates between sports are due to the pre¬dominance of different types of regulation rather than kind of sport, and it is more appropriate to assess the functional status of athletes by type of regulation.

A Path Dependent Approach for Characterizing the Legal Governance of Autonomous Systems

Autonomous systems promise significant improvements in many fields. These systems will be subject to legal governance requirements. The literature has largely focused on “autonomous governance” as a framework that is broadly applicable to autonomous devices regardless of the type of system ( <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">e.g</i> ., aviation or motor vehicles) at issue. While there are regulatory principles applicable to autonomous systems generally, an “autonomy-focused” approach is an inadequate lens to consider the governance of these systems. Rather, because autonomous systems are improvements of currently regulated complex systems, the regulation of autonomous elements will occur within those systems’ preexisting regulatory framework. Accordingly, the nature of future autonomous regulation will likely depend on the preexisting features of that substantive system, rather than on an optimal approach divorced from that history, an attribute known in the social science literature as path dependency. In order to characterize diverse regulated systems with an eye toward assessing future autonomous developments, we develop a framework of regulatory approaches to identify specific features of the preexisting regulatory scheme for a given system. We then analyze that approach by examining three different regulatory regimes (aviation, motor vehicles, and medical devices), across two different continents, and consider how the same type of requirement, <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">e.g</i> ., fail-safe systems, can lead to different types of regulations depending on the differing baseline framework.

Impacts of Environmental Regulations on Tourism Carbon Emissions.

This research analyzed the impact of environmental regulations and their power in suppressing tourism carbon emissions. The results showed that: (1) four types of environmental regulations had significant inhibiting effects on tourism carbon emissions, but different types of regulations had varying effects; and (2) environmental regulations had a significant time lag effect on tourism carbon emissions. The decay rates of the environmental regulation effects were dissimilar for supervisory management, market incentives, command and control, and public participation; and (3) environmental regulations had dissimilar influences on tourism carbon emissions at the regional level. Government agencies should choose differentiated environmental regulation tools, attach great importance to the time-lag effect of environmental regulations on tourism carbon emissions, and establish systems and mechanisms of public participation in environmental matters.

Can the dual-rating regulation improve the rating quality of Chinese corporate bonds?

We developed a dual-reputational rating shopping model to introduce public and institutional reputations. Investor’s and regulator’s penalty rates are described as public and institutional reputations, respectively. We achieved the available conditions of single-rating and dual-rating regulations to prevent rating inflation in this model. To examine the regulatory effects of different types of regulations on Chinese corporate bond ratings, we utilize panel ordered logit models. Theoretical analysis and empirical tests show that, when the reputation effect is low, the single-rating regulation is better at improving rating quality, and when the reputation effect is high, the dual-rating regulation induces rating agencies to provide more accurate ratings. Compared to the regulatory effects of the single-rating and the multi-rating regulations, the dual-rating regulation most effectively improves the rating quality of corporate bonds and prevents rating inflation.