Different Types Of Motion Research Articles

Responses of a System Comprising a Rigid Block with Resettable Sliding Key Under Base Excitation

The relatively uncontrolled dynamic behavior of a rigid block resting on a flat surface under ground motion has been well studied. In contrast, a block with a gently inclined V- or W-shaped sliding key would ensure dynamic self-centering or resetting performance under various seismic conditions. To better understand the nonlinear responses of rigid blocks having this type of interface where both rocking and sliding movements are possible, an event-based algorithm is put forward to cover various types of motions, including the transition stages between different types of motions. A comprehensive study is carried out to examine the dynamic responses of blocks of different sizes and aspect ratios. Moreover, the simplified pure rocking model and pure sliding model are also adopted to obtain rough estimates of dynamic response for comparison. The results show that the simplified models are reliable for some special cases only, e.g. squat blocks and slender blocks. The study also evaluated the influence of the coefficient of friction and slope inclination on the resetting capabilities of typical sliding-prone and rocking-prone systems. For those cases that are prone to toppling or excessive sliding under strong earthquakes, the provision of vertical post-tensioning can effectively ensure stability and resetting performance. Such findings provide insight into the performance of precast segmental bridge columns with resettable sliding joints.

Ebro Valley Gypsum Escarpment Near Zaragoza (NE Spain)—Combination of Highly Valuable Rock Record, Dynamic Geomorphosites and Associated Cultural Heritage

The 40-km-long escarpment of the Ebro River valley to the north-west of Zaragoza (NE Spain) is a remarkable geomorphological feature and an important geoheritage locality. Being 30 to 150 m high, the escarpment exposes a complex evaporate-clastic succession of Early to Middle Miocene age, with alternating gypsum and mudstone/marl units, as well as halite beds at depth. The escarpment is a highly dynamic feature, extensively shaped by mass movements of different types, especially in sections where it is directly undercut by the Ebro River. It also hosts abundant evidence of salt and gypsum dissolution, contributing to ongoing instability. Diverse cultural heritage is associated with the escarpment, including an ancient Celtiberian settlement, medieval castles, abandoned villages, rock-cut churches and dwellings and ancient salt mines. Twenty-six possible geosites are identified, with six considered as most representative described in detail. Opportunities to develop the area for geotourism are presented, but these will be associated with challenges of properly managing steep, dynamic and fragile terrain.

Perspectives of linear motors in electrical engineering

The use of electric linear motion machines is one of the main directions of scientific research in the more advanced drive systems development. The relevance of this direction is due to a wide range of tasks that are set for electric drive systems and the complexity of their designs resulting from various kinematic chains. One of the advantages of using linear electric motors is their ability to compete successfully with other types of drives in many branches of technology, such as automation, instrumentation, robotics, medical technology, etc. The absence of a converter and the ability to perform different types of movement makes linear motors attractive for various applications. One of the promising tasks is the implementation of the translational movement of the mechanism working body using a linear electric motor. This provides new opportunities for the development and improvement of various industrial and technological processes.

Aspects of Assessing Noise and Vibration in Mechanical Transmissions

The problem of noise and vibration is very popular among mechanical constructions, and especially in mechanical constructions inside which different types of movements occur in order to produce a necessary mechanical work. The study of mechanical transmissions under the vibroacoustic aspect is quite important because the oscillations produced inside the aggregate not only create unwanted acoustic discomfort during the actual operation, but also lead to the damage of the construction, finally, to its failure. In the paper, the sources of occurrence and the most practiced methods of vibroacoustic determination were structured with the presentation of some practical solutions. Information and computer modeling technologies allow models to be simulated at the design/upgrade stage in order to determine their weak points and possible areas of occurrence of oscillations during operation under high loads and variable speeds. For the acquisition of experimental data, specialized software is used, one of which is Lab VIEW.

The slow molecular mobility in the amorphous solid and supercooled liquid phases of brucine, an anti-cancer drug. A study by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermostimulated currents (TSC) and dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS)

In this work, we explore in detail the molecular mobility in amorphous brucine, i.e. in the glassy state and in the supercooled liquid immediately above the glass transition, where viscosity is high and where a spatially heterogeneous dynamic is detected. Brucine is an alkaloid used in ancient times by Chinese medicine in the treatment of cancer, it can be obtained in the amorphous form by cooling from the melt and the high stability exhibited makes it a good candidate for being use in novel formulations.Combining thermostimulated depolarization currents (TSDC), and dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS) different types of motions have been probed. In the glassy state, two secondary relaxations γ and β were characterized, the latter with features compatible with a Johari-Goldstein mobility. The cooperative α relaxation was clearly identified, and by combining also with results taken from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), it was possible to determine parameters such as the glass transition temperature, and fragility index which indicate a moderately fragile glass former. In addition, the determination of the βJG relaxation times and activation energy, both above and below Tg, were a new result of the current investigation.Additionally, TSDC measurements, although with some uncertainty, reveal the existence of a mobility above Tg. On the other hand, in the supercooled liquid region, the analysis of the conductivity obtained by DRS, shows a breakdown of the Debye-Stokes-Einstein relation pointing to a heterogeneous dynamic that could be in the origin of the observed mobility by TSDC.

Teams moving more synchronously are perceived as socially dominant

Characteristics indicative of individual and group power can be used to judge social dominance. The present study investigated whether observers use movement synchrony to judge the dominance of teams during a social conflict. How synchronously individuals move together has been found to influence judgments of team effectiveness and the formidability of groups. Across four experiments, the present study examined whether movement synchrony is also used as a cue of team dominance. Experiment 1 provided evidence that teams of animated characters with higher movement synchrony were judged as more likely to win a competition and were rated as more dominant. A similar effect of synchrony on teams winning a competition was observed in Experiment 2 with different types of movement. Experiment 3 replicated the effects of the prior experiments: teams that moved more synchronously were judged as more likely to win a competition and rated as more socially dominant. These effects were extended in Experiment 4 with a new set of stimuli, human-like avatars performing complex dance actions, replicating synchrony-effects with different types of characters. This research indicates that human observers use movement synchrony to judge the social dominance of teams. This expands the types of behavioral cues that are used to predict the power of teams when social conflicts occur.

The Concept of Al-Kasb Theory in Islamic Theology: A Critical Analysis from Quranic Perspective

This article discusses the development of the al-Asy'ary method of thought as one of the sects in the Alhusunnah Wal Jama'ah movement, which is a form of rejection of the Mu'tazilah group. The kasb used by al-Asy'ary implies that something arises from the receiver of kasb (al-muktasib) through the created power, and the creator of that power is God himself. Iktisab, on the other hand, is something that happens through the created power, thus making the acquisition or kasb for the person whose action arises with the help of that power. Al-Asy'ary tried to clarify this theory by presenting a division of movement (al-harakah) where every human being has two different types of movement. The first is an involuntary movement that cannot be avoided (al-harakah al idhtirariyyah), which comes from outside human will. The second is voluntary movement (al-hirakah al iradiyyah), which arises based on the efforts made by humans. The core issue of al-Asy'ary's kasb theory is actually found in the first verse mentioned above, namely in QS al-Shaffat/37:96: "Allah is the one who created you and what you do." If we look at the previous verse (munasbat ayat), it relates to the expression of Prophet Ibrahim's (as a sign of his disapproval) towards his people who worshipped the idols they made themselves. Meanwhile, his thought, specifically in the kasb theory, can be seen that humans acquire their actions created by God when they desire to do something.

Optoelectronic graded neurons for bioinspired in-sensor motion perception.

Motion processing has proven to be a computational challenge and demands considerable computational resources. Contrast this with the fact that flying insects can agilely perceive real-world motion with their tiny vision system. Here we show that phototransistor arrays can directly perceive different types of motion at sensory terminals, emulating the non-spiking graded neurons of insect vision systems. The charge dynamics of the shallow trapping centres in MoS2 phototransistors mimic the characteristics of graded neurons, showing an information transmission rate of 1,200 bit s-1 and effectively encoding temporal light information. We used a 20 × 20 photosensor array to detect trajectories in the visual field, allowing the efficient perception of the direction and vision saliency of moving objects and achieving 99.2% recognition accuracy with a four-layer neural network. By modulating the charge dynamics of the shallow trapping centres of MoS2, the sensor array can recognize motion with a temporal resolution ranging from 101 to 106 ms.

Spatial inconsistency of memorized positions produces different types of movements

Animals are known to use information such as spatial memory in order to search for or relocate their goals. Some animals show self-avoiding walks to present straight movements. Interesting, animals alter their migratory and diffusive behaviors in response to their own experiences or independently in a similar environment. To tackle this problem by focusing on the decision-making of the random walker, we developed an artificial agent-based model in which the agent considers the time series of its memorized locations. In our proposed model, the agent sometimes regards part of its memorized cells as past information and changes its directional rule in order to not to revisit those locations. Experimental results demonstrated that the agent succeeded in producing both super-diffusive walks and sub-diffusive walks. Importantly, these various characteristic movements emerge without any adjustments of parameters.

The Movement Ecology of Mutualism (CSEE/ESA 2022, OOS17)

The Movement Ecology of Mutualism (<scp>CSEE</scp>/<scp>ESA</scp> 2022, <scp>OOS17</scp>)

Examination of the ZXY Arena Tracking System for Association Football Pitches

Modern analyses of football games require precise recordings of positions and movements. The ZXY arena tracking system reports the position of players wearing a dedicated chip (transponder) at high time resolution. The main issue addressed here is the quality of the system's output data. Filtering the data to reduce noise may affect the outcome adversely. Therefore, we have examined the precision of the data given, possible influence by sources of noise, the effect of the filtering, and the accuracy of the built-in calculations. The system's reported positions of the transponders at rest and during different types of movements, including accelerations, were recorded and compared with the true positions, speeds, and accelerations. The reported position has a random error of ≈0.2 m, defining the system's upper spatial resolution. The error in signals interrupted by a human body was of that magnitude or less. There was no significant influence of nearby transponders. Filtering the data delayed the time resolution. Consequently, accelerations were dampened and delayed, causing an error of 1 m for sudden changes in position. Moreover, fluctuations of the foot speed of a running person were not accurately reproduced, but rather, averaged over time periods >1 s. Results calculated from measured values appeared accurate and were readily reproduced in a spreadsheet output. In conclusion, the ZXY system reports the position with little random error. Its main limitation is caused by averaging of the signals.

Landslide susceptibility mapping using maximum entropy (MaxEnt) and geographically weighted logistic regression (GWLR) models in the Río Aguas catchment (Almería, SE Spain)

A landslide susceptibility analysis has been made in the Río Aguas catchment (Almeria, Southeast Spain), using two statistical models, Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) and Geographically Weighted Logistic Regression (GWLR). For this purpose, a previous landslide inventory has been used and re-elaborated, reaching a total incidence of 2.58% of the whole area. Different types of movements have been distinguished, being rock falls, slides and complex movements the predominant. From the inventory, the centroid of the rupture zone has been extracted to represent the landslides introduced in the models. A previous factor analysis has been made, using 12 predictors related to morphometry, hydrography, geology and land cover, with 5 m grid spacing, allowing the selection of factors to be used in the analysis and discarding those showing correlation between them. Then, MaxEnt and GWLR models are applied using different distributions of training and testing samples from the landslide inventory. For the validation, the Area Under the Curve of the Receiver Operating Characteristic (AUC-ROC) has been used but additionally, the degree of fit (DF) has allowed to validate the rupture zones themselves, not only the centroids. Results show an excellent prediction with both metrics in all the methods and samples, but the better results are obtained in the GWLR method for AUC and in the MaxEnt for the degree of fit. Therefore, a consensus model of both methods has been obtained, that improves even more the results reaching an AUC value of 0.99 and a degree of fit of 90%.

Metal polymer tribosystems for different types of movement

The results of experimental studies of temperature and service life of composite fluoroplastic-containing coatings with different types of working movements in tribological systems are presented. Keywords: polymeric fluoroplastic coating, translational, rocking and rotational movements, temperature, service life.nihotina-nadezhd@mail.ru

Alumni Capital: University Alumni Relations strategy

The purpose of this study is to describe the strategies of interaction with alumni and suggest directions for their inclusion in the managerial arsenal of the central administration of the university. The Far Eastern Federal University, relatively recently created on the basis of four independent universities, three of which were strongly industry-oriented, provides rich material for research on strategies of interaction with alumni that have developed in its various structural divisions. At the same time, most of these strategies are not initiated by the central administration, and the biggest part of them even is out of its view. Strategies for interaction with alumni arise as forms of reproduction, increment and conversion of the social capital of alumni, leaders of the academic community and several departments of the university. The university appears to researchers as a kind of “exchange office”, in which there is a constant movement of different types of capital, the main of which is social and its subspecies – alumni capital.

Muscle activation patterns and muscle synergies reflect different modes of coordination during upper extremity movement.

A core issue in motor control is how the central nervous system generates and selects the muscle activation patterns necessary to achieve a variety of behaviors and movements. Extensive studies have verified that it is the foundation to induce a complex movement by the modular combinations of several muscles with a synergetic relationship. However, a few studies focus on the synergetic similarity and dissimilarity among different types of movements, especially for the upper extremity movements. In this study, we introduced the non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) method to explore the muscle activation patterns and synergy structure under 6 types of movements, involving the hand open (HO), hand close (HC), wrist flexion (WF), wrist extension (WE), supination (SU), and pronation (PR). For this, we enrolled 10 healthy subjects to record the electromyography signal for NMF calculation. The results showed a highly modular similarity of the muscle synergy among subjects under the same movement. Furthermore, Spearman's correlation analysis indicated significant similarities among HO-WE, HO-SU, and WE-SU (p < 0.001). Additionally, we also found shared synergy and special synergy in activation patterns among different movements. This study confirmed the theory of modular structure in the central nervous system, which yields a stable synergetic pattern under the same movement. Our findings on muscle synergy will be of great significance to motor control and even to clinical assessment techniques.

Coupled Rotary and Oscillatory Motion in a Second-Generation Molecular Motor Pd Complex.

Molecular machines offer many opportunities for the development of responsive materials and introduce autonomous motion in molecular systems. While basic molecular switches and motors carry out one type of motion upon being exposed to an external stimulus, the development of molecular systems capable of performing coupled motions is essential for the development of more advanced molecular machinery. Overcrowded alkene-based rotary molecular motors are an ideal basis for the design of such systems as they undergo a controlled rotation initiated by light allowing for excellent spatio-temporal precision. Here, we present an example of a Pd complex of a second-generation rotary motor whose Pd center undergoes a coupled oscillatory motion relative to the motor core upon rotation of the motor. We have studied this phenomenon by UV-vis, NMR, and density functional theory calculations to support our conclusions. With this demonstration of a coupled rotation-oscillation motion powered by a light-driven molecular motor, we provide a solid basis for the development of more advanced molecular machines integrating different types of motion in their operation.

The sliding motility of the bacilliform virions of Influenza A viruses.

Influenza A virus (IAV) infection relies on the action of the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) membrane proteins. The HA ligands anchor the IAV virion to the cell's surface by binding the sialic acid (SA) present on the host's receptors while NA is an enzyme capable of cleaving the SA from the extracellular environment. It is believed that the activity of NA ligands increases the motility of the virions favoring the propagation of the infection. In this work, we develop a numerical framework to study the dynamics of a virion moving across the cell surface for timescales much bigger than the typical ligand-receptor reaction times. We find that the rates controlling the ligand-receptor reactions and the maximal distance at which a pair of ligand-receptor molecules can interact greatly affect the motility of the virions. We also report on how different ways of organizing the two types of ligands on the virions' surface result in different types of motion that we rationalize using general principles. In particular, we show how the emerging motility of the virion is less sensitive to the rate controlling the enzymatic activity when NA ligands are clustered.

DETERMINATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CHANGE OF THE MOTION MODES OF THE WORKING ARRAY AND THE DESIGN FEATURES OF THE “TURBULA” TYPE TURNING MACHINE

Using the SolidWorks automated design system, analytical studies of the “Turbula” type rolling machine with an additional movable rocker link with a vertical axis of rotation were carried out for the possibility of determining the dependence between the change in the movement modes of the working array and the design features of this rolling machine. It is noted that the movement of the working array in the filling tanks with different types of movement can be carried out in cascade, waterfall, mixed, as well as closed modes of movement. During the implementation of each mode of movement of the working array, conditions are created for the performance of appropriate felting technological operations or mixing of loose fine-dispersed substances. It was established that the change in the modes of movement of the working array in the rolling container performing complex spatial movement depends on three factors – the large-scale standard size of the rolling machine, the angular velocity of the drive shaft and the ratio of the interaxial distance of the container to the interaxial distance of the forks, which is characterized by the coefficient λ, the relationship is established the relationship between these factors. Mathematical dependencies have been obtained to determine the maximum angular speed of the drive shaft of the “Turbula” type rolling machine with an additional movable rocker link with a vertical axis of rotation, which will correspond to the implementation of the necessary mode of movement of the working array, when it moves in a given capacity. The obtained results of analytical studies can be used in the relevant design bureaus of machine-building enterprises at the stage of designing rolling equipment with complex spatial movement of working capacities.

Litho-structural control on rock slope failures at Garmaksla, Billefjorden coastline, Svalbard

The eastern slope of Garmaksla, a flat-topped mountain at the western margin of Billefjorden, Svalbard, is affected by mass movements of different types. Rotational rock slides, rock fall and a rock avalanche affecting the coastal cliff are shallow surface expressions covering a larger rock mass instability that is bordered to the west by the Balliolbreen Fault. This structural feature is part of the Billefjorden Fault Zone and accommodated multi-phase deformation since Devonian time. Based on a comprehensive morpho-structural analysis, the mapped surface features and rock slope failures are explained by a compound rock slide model that reveals a litho-structural control on the type and mechanism of slope instability. The Balliolbreen Fault serves as an inherited zone of weakness that is reactivated as the rear rupture surface of the rock slide. In addition, favourably oriented bedding planes and pre-existing fault zones serve as prime conditioning factors for the compound rock slide. A postglacial age of at least 6 ka is derived from 14 C dated sediments of Garmaksla Lake, a perennial sag pond along the main scarp. Although the current state of activity of the compound rock slide is unclear, an increase of shallow slope instabilities is expected owing to climate warming.

Body mass and triglycerides predict departure of free‐living nomadic pine siskins

Abstract Facultative migrations are observed across vertebrate taxa, include irruptive and nomadic movements, and occur in response to ephemeral and unpredictably variable resources. While the physiology underlying seasonal, obligate migrations is thoroughly studied, much less is known about the physiological mechanisms of facultative movements. We test two hypotheses in a free‐living, nomadic bird, the pine siskin (Spinus pinus). The Prepare Hypothesis predicts that, like obligate migrants, siskins increase fuel stores to prepare for migratory movements and elevations of baseline corticosterone (CORT) support departure. The Escape Hypothesis predicts that siskins do not prepare for departure, body condition declines as food availability declines, and stress‐related levels of CORT induce escape from resource‐poor areas. Under the controlled lab conditions of previous studies, food restriction induces declines in body condition and increases in CORT and locomotor activity, supporting the Escape Hypothesis. This study evaluates the ecological relevance of these captive findings by testing the Prepare and Escape Hypotheses in the field for the first time. During two fall field seasons, we radio‐tagged siskins and tracked their local movements using handheld and automated telemetry. We assess how body condition and CORT relate to feeding behaviour [estimated via plasma triglycerides (TRIG)], space use and departure. We do not find support for either the Prepare or Escape Hypothesis, but rather observe an intermediate pattern. Birds with higher TRIG, and therefore greater food intake, are more likely to depart. Birds in poor condition stay longer near the field site; however, above a threshold body mass, body condition does not predict departure. These findings suggest moderate energy stores are necessary for departure, but movement decisions depend on other factors among birds with sufficient fuel. Siskin movements are physiologically distinct from both obligate and fugitive movements, and we discuss how food availability and body condition interact to drive different types of movement. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.